nán guǎng gāo shān bái chá

I-Nanguang Alpine White Tea (南广高山白茶, Nánguǎng gāoshān báichá) ingummeleli wesigaba samatiye amhlophe (白茶, báichá), eyenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela emasimini etiye asezintabeni endaweni yaseNanguang. Njengawo wonke amatiye amhlophe, ingeyamatiye acutshungulwe kancane: amaqabunga amane adlula ekubuneni isikhathi eside nasekomiseni — ngaphandle kokumiswa kohlaza futhi ngaphandle kokusongwa. Incazelo ethi “alpine” (高山, gāoshān) iphawula isici esiyinhloko sezinto ezingavuthiwe: izihlahla zikhula endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, lapho ukuphola, inkungu kanye nomehluko obonakalayo wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku kubambezela ukukhula kwamahlumela futhi kube nomthelela ekunqwabelaneni kwezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi nezinothe nge-nitrogen. Emasikweni etiye, amatiye afana nalawa aziswa ngobumsulwa bokunambitheka kwawo, ubumnandi obuthambile kanye nekhono lokuvuthwa iminyaka eminingi. Ingengxenye yegagasi lesimanje lokukhiqizwa kwetiye elimhlophe, elidlulele ngalé kwendawo yalo yomlando yesitayela esifundazweni saseFujian futhi lahlanganisa izifunda eziningi zezintaba zaseningizimu yeChina.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye elimhlophe (白茶, báichá) — esinye sezigaba eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zetiye laseShayina, esichazwa indlela yokucutshungulwa, hhayi umbala womcakiselo.
Isitayela: itiye elimhlophe lasezintabeni; kuye ngokwezinga lokukhiwa, lingeqembu lezinhlobo ze-”White Peony” (白牡丹, bái mǔdān) noma i-”Longevity Eyebrow” (寿眉, shòuméi), kuyaqabukela — uhlobo lweqabunga eliyimbali i-”Silver Needle with White Fur” (白毫银针, báiháo yínzhēn).
Imvelaphi: amasimu asezintabeni endawo yaseNanguang (南广, Nánguǎng); igama lendawo likhombisa indawo ethile yokukhiwa, kuyilapho isandiso esithi “alpine” sikhomba ukuthi izingadi zisendaweni ephakeme.
Ukumiswa kwezinga: etiyeni elimhlophe eChina kusebenza izinga likazwelonke elijwayelekile i-GB/T 22291-2017 “White Tea” (白茶), elimisa amaqembu amane ezimpahla kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi yawo.

Ngaphakathi kwesigaba setiye elimhlophe, ukuhlelwa ngokwezigaba kwakheka ngokuyinhloko ngokwezinga lokukhiwa: kusukela emaqabungeni ahlanzekile ayimbali (ibanga eliphakeme kunawo wonke) kuya emaqabungeni avuthiwe kakhudlwana anamacembu amaningana. Ukwabiwa kweqoqwana elithile letiye laseNanguang kulelo nalelo banga kuncike esikhathini nasezingeni lokukhiwa, hhayi egameni lendawo ngokwalo.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Izimpande zesitayela: ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elimhlophe kwakudala kuhlobene nezifunda zaseFuding (福鼎, Fúdǐng) kanye neZhenghe (政和, Zhènghé) esifundazweni saseFujian, lapho ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokubuna nokomisa bakhiwa khona.
Umongo wesimanje: engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20 kanye nangekhulu lama-21, itiye elimhlophe laqala ukukhiqizwa nakwezinye izifunda zezintaba zaseChina, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zezihlahla zendawo nalezo ezilethiwe.

I-Nanguang Alpine White Tea kufanele ibhekwe njengengxenye yalomkhuba obanzi: ubuchwepheshe betiye elimhlophe ngokwabo buzuzwa njengefa esikoleni saseFujian, futhi isici esithile “sezintabeni” sigcizelela indima ye-terroir. Ngokwesiko, itiye elimhlophe lithakazelisa ngoba ukubaluleka kwalo kukhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi — lapho kuzungeza itiye elimhlophe eligugile (老白茶, lǎo báichá) kwakheka umkhuba ohlukile wokugcinwa nokuqoqwa, okuyikhona okunquma indawo yalo ekhethekile phakathi kwamanye amatiye.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Isitshalo: isihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis; etiyeni elimhlophe ngokuvamile kukhethwa izinhlobo ezineqabunga elikhulu eliyimbali, elinothe ngoboya.
Izinhlobo zezihlahla: ezifundeni ezisezintabeni kuvame ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo zendawo (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng), kanye nezinhlobo ezilethiwe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ngokwesiko ezisetshenziselwa itiye elimhlophe, — ngokwesibonelo, i-Fuding Big White (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng dàbáichá) noma i-Fuding Big Fur (福鼎大毫茶, Fúdǐng dàháochá). Ukwakheka okunembile kwezinhlobo zeqoqwana elithile kuncike emsebenzini wezolimo.
Izinga lokukhiwa: iqabunga eliyimbali elilodwa — ezinhlotsheni zamaqabunga ayimbali; iqabunga eliyimbali elinamaqabunga amabili — kwe-”White Peony”; amaqabunga amancane athuthuke kakhudlwana — kwe-”Longevity Eyebrow”.
Uphawu lwezinto ezingavuthiwe: uboya obumhlophe obusiliva obubonakalayo (白毫, báiháo) emaqabungeni ayimbali nasemaqabungeni amancane, okunikeza iphunga elijwayelekile “elinoboya” (毫香, háoxiāng).

Isivuno esiyinhloko siqhamuka entwasahlobo; ukukhiwa kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo okuyikhona okunikeza izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile nezinephunga elimnandi. Kungenzeka futhi ukukhiwa kwasehlobo nasekwindla, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezivuthiwe kakhudlwana.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Ukuphakama: “okusezintabeni” emkhubeni waseShayina ngokuvamile kubizwa ngetiye elivela emasimini asendaweni ephakeme kakhulu kunezingadi ezisezigodini; lezi zindawo zibonakala ngokuphola nenkungu evamile.
Isimo sezulu esincane: umehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku ubambezela ukushintshana kwezinto emaqabungeni amancane, kwandise ingxenye yama-amino acid futhi kunciphise ubugqinsi bokunambitheka.
Ukukhanya: ukukhanya okuhlakazekile enkungwini nasekubeni namafu kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwephunga elicolekile kakhudlwana.
Inhlabathi: etiyeni lekhwalithi, kukhethwa inhlabathi evunduvundu, ekhipha amanzi kahle, ene-asidi encane yemithambeka yezintaba.

Indawo ephakeme, njengomthetho, isho ukuqala kamuva kokumila kanye nesivuno esincane, kodwa izinto ezingavuthiwe ziba mnandi kakhulu futhi zinephunga elimnandi. Yilena ndlela yezinto eyenza umbhalo othi «高山» ube yisici esibalulekile, hhayi nje incazelo yokumaketha. Izixhumanisi eziqondile kanye nokuphakama kwamasimu aseNanguang kufanele kucaciswe nomkhiqizi, ngoba kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomsebenzi wezolimo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Izigaba eziyinhloko: ukukhiwa → ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo) → ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Izigaba ezingekho: ukumiswa kohlaza (杀青, shāqīng) nokusongwa akwenziwa, ngakho iqabunga lihlala liphelele futhi li-oxidize ngokwemvelo kancane kuphela.

Ukubuna yinhliziyo yobuchwepheshe betiye elimhlophe. Kwenziwa ngokubuna okungokwemvelo elangeni (日光萎凋, rìguāng wěidiāo), endlini enokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa nomswakama, noma ngendlela ehlanganisiwe; inqubo ingathatha amahora amaningi kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi kwenzeka ukomisa okuyingxenye kanye ne-oxidation encane, engokwemvelo (ngokwesilinganiso cishe ku-5–20 %), okwakha ukunambitheka okuthambile nephunga elimnandi. Bese izinto ezingavuthiwe zicomiswa — elangeni, ngamalahle ezinkuni noma ngokomiswa ngomshini ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi — kuze kube umswakama osalayo ozinzile. Ingxenye yetiye elimhlophe emva kwalokhu iyacindezelwa ibe amaqebelengwane namabhrikhethi, nokho inguqulo evundlekile ihlala iyisisekelo.

6. Izici Zokuhlola Ngezwa:

Iqabunga elomile: ezinhlotsheni zamaqabunga ayimbali kanye ne-peony — amaqabunga ayimbali namaqabunga anoboya obusiliva; kwi-”Longevity Eyebrow” iqabunga likhulu kakhudlwana, linemibala ehlukahlukene, kusuka ekuluhlaza okumpunga kuya kokunsundu.
Umcakiselo: kusuka ekuphuzi okuphaphathekile nokubhontshisi okukhanyayo kwetiye elincane kuya eku-amber okugcwele noku-orange okubomvu kwetiye eligugile.
Iphunga: elisha, elinamathoni otshani obomile nobusika, izimbali zasendle, izithelo ezivuthiwe; ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zasezintabeni kuvame ukuvezwa inothi “elinoboya” (毫香).
Ukunambitheka: okuthambile, okuhlanzekile, nobumnandi obungokwemvelo kanye nokukrakra okuncane; ukunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside emlonyeni, umuzwa wokuphola emlonyeni.
Iqabunga elibilisiwe: elilinganayo, elinwebekayo, elinesakhiwo esigciniwe, okuqinisekisa ukungabikho kokusongwa.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka yokugcinwa, iphrofayli iyaguquka: amathoni otshani amasha anika amathoni ojusi, amakhiwane kanye nezinkuni, kuyilapho umcakiselo uba mnyama futhi uba ngqindi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, cháduōfēn): ingxenye ebalulekile; ekubuneni ingxenye yama-catechin (儿茶素, érchásù) iya-oxidize, okuthambisa ukunambitheka uma kuqhathaniswa netiye eliluhlaza.
Ama-Amino acid: okuqukethwe okukhulisiwe, ikakhulukazi i-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān), okunikeza i-umami nobumnandi; ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zasezintabeni lenganxenye ngokuvamile iphezulu.
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): ngokwesilinganiso ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ejwayelekile yetiye (cishe ku-2–4 % wesisindo esomile).
Ama-Flavonoid (黄酮, huángtóng): itiye elimhlophe lihluke ngokuqukethwe okubonakalayo kwawo; ucwaningo oluningana lukhombisa ukukhula kwengxenye yama-flavonoid athile ekugcinweni isikhathi eside.

Amanani anembile ancike ohlotsheni lwesihlahla, ekuphakameni, ezingeni lokukhiwa kanye nesikhathi sokugcinwa, ngakho-ke kufanele anikezwe njengamanani alinganiselwayo.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Amandla e-antioxidant: abangelwa ama-polyphenol nama-flavonoid.
Ukuqabula okuthambile: inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-theanine inikeza ukuphapha ngaphandle kokuba namandla kakhulu.
Imibono yesintu: ngokwesiko lamaShayina, itiye elimhlophe lithathwa njengokupholile ngokwemvelo (性凉) futhi kusukela kudala lalihlotshaniswa nokudambisa ukoma kanye nokuphumuza isimo lapho kushisa futhi kulunywa emphinjeni; itiye elimhlophe eligugile emkhubeni wesintu laliziswa kakhulu.

Ulwazi olunikeziwe lukhombisa imibono yesintu kanye nedatha ejwayelekile mayelana nokwakheka, kodwa akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha. Uma kunezifo kanye nemikhawulo nge-caffeine, kuhle ukubonana nochwepheshe.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izitsha: i-gaiwan noma iketela; etiyeni elincane kuhle ukusebenzisa ingilazi, okuvumela ukubuka iqabunga; kwetiye eligugile, i-clay iyasebenza, kanye nendlela yokubilisa.
Izinga lokushisa: izinhlobo ezincane zamaqabunga ayimbali ne-peony — cishe ku-85–90 °C, ukuze izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile zingashisi ngokweqile; ezivuthiwe kakhudlwana nezigugile — 95–100 °C.
Isilinganiso: ngokwesilinganiso 4–5 g ku-100–150 ml ekuchithweni; ekubiliseni — iqabunga elincane emthanjeni omkhulu wamanzi.
Ukuchithwa: indlela yokuchitha ngomcakiselo wokuqala osheshayo (imizuzwana embalwa) kanye nokwelula okulandelayo kancane kancane; izinto ezingavuthiwe zekhwalithi zimelana nokwenziwa itiye izikhathi eziningi.
Ukubilisa (煮茶, zhǔchá): etiyeni eligugile, umkhuba wokubilisa amaqabunga asechithiwe — lokhu kwembula amathoni agcwele ojusi namakhiwane.

Itiye elimhlophe lasezintabeni elincane alikwamukeli ukubiliswa okunamandla kanye nokugxilisa isikhathi eside: ukushisa ngokweqile nokugxilisa ngokweqile kunikeza ukukrakra okungadingekile futhi “kucindezele” iphunga elicolekile. Amanzi athambile anamaminerali amaphakathi akhethekile kunamanzi aqinile.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: ukoma, ukungabikho kwamaphunga angaphandle, ukuvikela ekukhanyeni, izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi elizinzile.
Ukupakishwa: okuqinile, okunezingqimba eziningi; ekugcinweni isikhathi eside, kuvame ukusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yephepha, isikhwama se-foil kanye nebhokisi noma ifomu elicindezelwe.
Ukuvuthwa: itiye elimhlophe lingelinye lamatiye akwazi ukuba ngcono ngokuhamba kweminyaka ngokugcinwa okufanele.

Netiye elimhlophe kuhlobene isaga esaziwayo: «一年茶，三年药，七年宝» (yī nián chá, sān nián yào, qī nián bǎo) — “unyaka owodwa — itiye, iminyaka emithathu — umuthi, iminyaka eyisikhombisa — ingcebo”, ekhombisa umqondo wokuguquka kancane kancane. Izitha eziyinhloko zokugcinwa — umswakama ophakeme kanye namaphunga angaphandle: zingalimaza unomphela iqoqwana, ngakho-ke ukulawula umswakama kubaluleke kakhulu kunokufuna “ukugcinwa isikhathi eside” nganoma iyiphi indlela.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhonyovu:

Intengo incike ezingeni lokukhiwa (amacembe ayimbali abiza kakhulu kunalawo anamaqabunga), onyakeni wesivuno, ekuphakameni kwamasimu kanye nesithunzi somsebenzi wezolimo. Umbhalo othi “alpine” ukhuphula izindleko, kodwa kunzima ukuwuhlola ngegama elilodwa nje, yingakho-ke ezizungezile kwavela izimo eziningi eziphikisanayo emakethe.

Ukushintshwa kwe-terroir: izinto ezingavuthiwe zasethafeni noma ezisendaweni ephansi zithengiswa zithiwa ezasezintabeni; ngokungaqondile, ezingeni kukhombisa ubumsulwa bokunambitheka, ukugqama kwephunga kanye nokuhlala isikhathi eside kokunambitheka emlonyeni, kodwa ukuhlolwa kokugcina kungenzeka kuphela ngokwethemba umthengisi.
Ukukhohlisa ngobudala: itiye elincane lethulwa njengelidala, kusheshiswa “ukuguga” ngomswakama ophakeme nokushisisa; uphawu lokugcinwa kwezinto okwenziwe ngenkohliso — iphunga elinukayo, “elimanzi” esikhundleni samathoni amsulwa ojusi nezinkuni, kanye nombala ongokwemvelo omnyama ofanayo weqabunga.
Ukudideka kwezinhlobo: amatiye e-”Longevity Eyebrow” ashibhile athengiswa ngaphansi kwegama lezinhlobo zamaqabunga ayimbali noma ze-peony; ukuhlola iqabunga elomile nelibilisiwe kuyasiza.
Isincomo esijwayelekile: ukuhlola ubumsulwa bephunga, ukungabikho kokunuka kanye nesikhunta, ukulingana kanye nokuba ngokwemvelo kweqabunga elibilisiwe, kanye nokucela ulwazi ngonyaka nesifunda sokukhiwa.

Ukuqapha okunengqondo maqondana namacembe “angamadala kakhulu” futhi ashibhile ngokusolisayo, amenyezelwa njengasezintabeni futhi agugile, ngokuvamile kuthethelelwa.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Ubuncane bokucutshungulwa: itiye elimhlophe linenani elincane kunawo wonke lemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezigaba eziyisithupha, kodwa ngaso leso sikhathi lidinga ukulawulwa okunembile kokubuna — ubulula lapha buyakhohlisa.
Iqabunga eliphelele: ukungabikho kokusongwa kushiya isakhiwo seqabunga singathintwanga, okubonakala kahle ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezibilisiwe.
Uboya njengophawu: uboya obumhlophe bamaqabunga ayimbali banikeza igama kuso sonke isigaba futhi kwakhe iphunga elithile “elinoboya”.
Izimpilo ezimbili zetiye: itiye elilodwa futhi elifanayo elimhlophe liyaphuzwa lisemusha, ngokwezimbali, futhi emva kweminyaka — linokunambitheka okugcwele, okufudumele “nokubilisiwe”, okwenza libe yinto ekahle yokugcinwa ekhaya.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Nanguang Alpine White Tea iwukuvezwa kobuchwepheshe bakudala betiye elimhlophe ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zendawo yasezintabeni. Umlingiswa wayo unqunywa iziqalo ezimbili ezihambisanayo: ukucutshungulwa ngobumnene, okuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi ukubuna isikhathi eside kanye nokomisa okuthambile, kanye nezimo ezithile zokukhula endaweni ephakeme, lapho ukuphola nenkungu kwenza izinto ezingavuthiwe zibe nephunga elimnandi futhi zibe mnandi kakhudlwana. Kungakho ekuhloleni itiye elinjalo kubalulekile kokubili imvelaphi, izinga lokukhiwa, kanye nobudala bokugcinwa.

Kumuntu owenzayo, leli tiye lilungele ukusebenza ngezindlela eziningi: lisemusha lembula amathoni otshani nezimbali lapho lenziwa ngokucophelela, futhi ngokuhamba kweminyaka ngokugcinwa okufanele lithola ukujula, okukulungele ukubilisa. Lapho uthenga, kufanele uncike olwazini olusobala mayelana nesifunda nonyaka wokukhiwa kanye nasekuhloleni kwakho ngezwa, ungakhokhi ngokweqile ngezincazelo ezinomsindo, ezingenakuhlolwa enkomishini.

the teas described here are available from teamotea