Iqabunga Elihlaza laseMeitan

Iqabunga Elihlaza laseMeitan (湄潭翠芽, Méitán cuì yá) liyitiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elivela esifundeni saseMeitan eGuizhou, enye yemikhiqizo emisha yetiye ephumelele kakhulu eChina. Lasungulwa ngo-1940 endaweni yocwaningo yetiye kahulumeni, futhi ekuqaleni lalaziwa ngokuthi “I-Meitan Longjing” (湄潭龙井), leli tiye emashumini amabili eminyaka lakhula lisuka ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri laya ekubeni wumkhiqizo onenani lama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-71,97, okuwenza ube phakathi kwemikhiqizo eyishumi enenani eliphakeme kakhulu yetiye eChina. Uphawu lwalo oluyinhloko amaqabunga etiye ayisicaba ngokuphelele, afana nembewu kamantshontsho, anephunga elimnene lamakinati kanye nokunambitheka okusha, okumnandi, okuvela ezingeni eliphezulu lama-amino acid (≥4,2%).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nomsuka:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingabiliswanga). Liyingxenye yamatiye aluhlaza aphakathi athosiwe (扁形炒青绿茶, biǎnxíng chǎoqīng lǜchá) — uhlobo olufanayo lokubunjwa njenge Longjing.

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo weNkomba Yendawo (农产品地理标志, 2010). Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki eSifundazweni saseGuizhou (省级非物质文化遗产, 2017). Ngo-2021 wangena kwabayishumi bemikhiqizo yetiye yesifunda enenani eliphakeme kakhulu eChina (inani lomkhiqizo — ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-71,97).

• Umsuka: I-China, isiFundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), iDolobha laseZunyi (遵义市, Zūnyì Shì), isiFunda saseMeitan (湄潭县, Méitán Xiàn). Indawo ekhonjiswe inkombakazi ihlanganisa amalokishi ayi-15 kanye nezigodi zesifunda, kuhlanganise neMeijiangzhen (湄江镇), iYongxingzhen (永兴镇) kanye neFuxingzhen (复兴镇). Ingqikithi yendawo iyidolobhana laseHetaoba (核桃坝村), elihlonishwe ngesiqu esithi “Idolobhana Lokuqala Letiye Elihlelasendaweni entshonalanga yeChina” (中国西部生态茶叶第一村).

• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 27°15′—28°16′ enyakatho ye-eKhwetha, cishe 107°30′ empumalanga ye-longitude.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: I-Meitan Cui Ya yisibonelo esingavamile setiye osuku lwalo lokuzalwa lungashiwo ngonyaka. Ngo-1940, phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iSikhungo Esimaphakathi Sokuhlola Itiye (中央实验茶场, Zhōngyāng Shíyàn Cháchǎng) — umanduleli weGuizhou Provincial Tea Research Institute — yathuthelwa eMeitan, lapho ososayensi bezolimo bakha uhlobo olusha lwetiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba, elivumelaniswe nezinto zokwenziwa zendawo kanye nesimo sezulu. Ekuqaleni lalaziwa ngokuthi “I-Meitan Longjing” (湄潭龙井) — ngokufanisa nomzekelo odumile waseZhejiang. Ngo-1954, ukuze kugcizelelwe ubunjalo balo obuzimele nokwehlukanisa nalo Longjing wangempela, laqanjwa ngokuthi “Meitan Cui Ya” (湄潭翠芽, “Amaqabunga Ahlaza aseMeitan”).

  Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1990: ngo-1999 leli tiye lathola isikhundla “Setiye Elidumile laseGuizhou”. Ngo-2010 — ukuvikelwa kwenkomba yendawo. Ngo-2017 — ubuchwepheshe bafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifundazwe. Ngo-2021 inani lomkhiqizo lase lidlulele kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-71, futhi i-Meitan Cui Ya yangena kwabayishumi bemikhiqizo yetiye enenani eliphakeme kakhulu ezweni.

• Igama:

  • “Meitan” (湄潭) — yigama lesifunda. Uhlamvu “湄” lusho “ugu lomfula”, “潭” lusho “ichibi elijulile”: igama lendawo libhekisela emifuleni nasezindaweni ezinamanzi zalesi sifunda.
  • “Cui” (翠) — “okuluhlaza okotshani”: kuchaza umbala ogqamile ohlaza weqabunga elomile.
  • “Ya” (芽) — “iqabunga, ingcande”: kukhombisa ubumnene bezinto zokwenziwa.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Meitan Cui Ya ingumholi wemboni yetiye yaseGuizhou kanye nophawu lokwenziwa kwesimanje kokulinywa kwetiye: kungukukhiqizwa okukhulu okokuqala kwetiye laseGuizhou ukufinyelela emhlanganweni kazwelonke ngendlela engasekelwe emlandweni omdala, kodwa endleleni yenzululwazi, ukumiswa kwezinga lokukhiqiza, kanye nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo ngobungcweti. Isifunda saseMeitan singesinye sezifunda ezinkulu ezenza itiye eChina, amasimu etiye lapha ayingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho wendawo.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokwenziwa:

• Izinhlobonhlobo / Uhlobo Lwetshalwe: Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • I-Fuding Dabai Cha (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá) — yakha cishe amaphesenti angama-60 okutshalwa. Uhlobo olunamahlamvu amakhulu lwaseFujian lwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis olunoboya obuningi nezithombo ezinkulu, ezinamacembe. Lunikeza ukuma okuyisicaba okuphawulekayo kanye nokufanayo.
  • I-Meitan Taicha Quntizhong (湄潭苔茶群体种, Méitán Táichá Qúntǐzhǒng) — uhlobo lwendabuko lwendawo, oluqashelwa njengohlobo “oluhle lwesifundazwe” (省级良种). Lungenisa ukujula nokunambitheka.

• Ukuvunwa: Izikhathi ezimbili zonyaka:

  • I-Mingqian Cui Ya (明前翠芽): Ekupheleni kukaNdasa — ekuqaleni kukaMbasa. Izithombo eziphelele (单芽). Isimo — “ulimi lukanjoloba” (雀舌, quèshé). Yakha cishe amaphesenti angama-30 okukhiqizwa konyaka. Ukunambitheka — okusha futhi okumfushane.
  • I-Yuqian Cui Ya (雨前翠芽): UMbasa — uNhlaba. Isithombo esisodwa esineqabunga elilodwa esigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka. Ukunambitheka — okuminyene futhi okuqhubekayo.

• Izinga Lokuvuna: Ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (特级) — izithombo eziphelele kuphela (单芽), ubude bungabi ngaphezu kuka-2.5 cm. Ukuze kukhiqizwe amagremu angama-500 etiye elomile lezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kudingeka izithombo ezingama-65,000–70,000.

• Izidingo zezinto zokwenziwa: Izithombo ezimmnene, ezifanayo ezingenakho ukulimala. Ukusetshenzwa — ngosuku lokuvunwa.

4. Indawo Kanye Nezimfanelo Zokutshalwa:

• Isimo Sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo nesiswakeme samonsumi. Umkhawulandeliswa ophelele wonyaka — 14.9°C, imvula yonyaka — 1137 mm. Inani lezinsuku ezinenkungu — ≥200 ngonyaka. Umswakama ohlobene — ≥85%. Ukukhanya okuningi okuphazamisekile kufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwama-amino acid kanye nezinto ezinephunga.

• Ukuphakama Kokutshalwa: Amamitha angama-700–1,000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ingqikithi yendawo — idolobhana laseHetaoba — lisendaweni ephakeme cishe ngamamitha angama-900. Isikhathi esisebenzayo sokuvuna itiye siyizinsuku ezingama-220 ngonyaka, okuyisikhathi eside kakhulu eChina.

• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi (黄壤, huáng rǎng) ene-pH 4.5–6.0, ecebisa ngokwemvelo nge-selenium (okuqukethwe enhlabathini — 0.3–2.8 mg/kg) kanye ne-zinc. Inani lapho kunamahlathi — amaphesenti angama-64,8. Ukungcola kwezimboni — akukho.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Uphawu oluvelele lobuchwepheshe be-Meitan Cui Ya izinga eliphezulu lomshini: ukuzikhiphelela emshinini kufinyelela kumaphesenti angama-95, okuqinisekisa ukuqina kwezinga kanye nokwandiswa kokukhiqizwa. Lokhu kuhlukanisa ngokuyisisekelo i-Meitan kumatiye amaningi aluhlaza adumile, lapho umsebenzi wezandla ugcwele khona.

• Ukucacisa kanye nokumunca omswani (摊青 — tān qīng): Amahora amane kuya kwayisithupha okucacisa.

• Ukumisa ukusabela (杀青 — shāqīng): Emgudwini onamakhasi (滚筒, gǔntǒng) ngo-260°C — ukumisa ukusabela okuphezulu kakhulu, okuqinisekisa ukumiswa okusheshayo kwe-oxidation kanye “nokuqinisa” kwephunga elisha.

• Ukucindezela / Ukubumba (压扁 — yā biǎn): Ngomshini ohlezi emuva naphambili (往复式理条机) ngo-90°C. Amaqabunga acindezelwa abe yisimo esiyisicaba esiphawulekayo, esifana nembewu kamantshontsho (葵花籽状, kuíhuāzǐ zhuàng).

• Ukuliniza (做形/摩擦塑形 — zuòxíng / mócā sùxíng): Ukusetshenzwa okwengeziwe ngokuhlikihla, okwenza amaqabunga etiye abe bushelelezi futhi akhanye.

• Ukususa uboya (脱毫 — tuō háo): Isigaba esingejwayelekile se-Meitan Cui Ya — ukuphathwa ngomoya opholile ukususa uboya obungaphezulu obuyinto engafinyeleleki. Yile ndlela enikeza itiye umbala walo ophawulekayo “ohlaza ngokuhlanzekile” (翠绿色泽) — ngokungafani namatiye anoboya, e-Meitan Cui Ya ubuso bushelelezi futhi buyabenyezela.

• Ukwembula Iphunga (提香 — tíxiāng): Ukushisa okokugcina ngo-70°C — ukuqinisa okumnene kwephunga lamakinati.

6. Izimfanelo Zomzwelo:

• Ukubukeka Kweqabunga Elomile: Amaqabunga etiye ayisicaba, aqondile, abushelelezi (扁平光滑), ngokuma afana nembewu kamantshontsho. Umbala — okuluhlaza okotshani okugqamile (翠绿) noboya obucwebezelayo obufihlakele (隐毫). Ubuso — bushelelezi, buyabenyezela (umphumela wesigaba “sokususa uboya”). Kumabanga aphakeme — ukufana okungenasici kwezilinganiso nokuma.

• Iphunga Leqabunga Elomile: Iphunga elimnene lamakinati (嫩栗香, nèn lì xiāng), ukusha okuhlaza okuhlanzekile (清香), “iphunga elincane lobuntanga” (鲜香). Akukho phunga lotshani noma ukuqina.

• Iphunga Lokuphuza: Ukuhlanzeka, ukuphakama, nokuqhubeka (清芬持久, qīngfēn chíjiǔ). Uphawu lwamakinati lumnene futhi luyagona.

• Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi futhi kunomsoco (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — okuqukethwe ama-amino acid ≥4.2% kuqinisekisa uphawu “olumnene” olugqamile kanye nokusha okugqamile. Kumnandi futhi kumnene (甘醇, gānchún). Ubumnandi obubuyiswayo obugqamile nokukhiqizwa kwamathe (回甘生津). Umzimba — uminyene ngokumaphakathi, uhlanzekile. Ubukrakra buncane.

• Umbala Wokuphuza: Oluhlaza okotshani ngobumnene, ohlanzekile futhi osobala (嫩绿清澈), nokucwebezela okuphilayo.

• Indawo yetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Izithombo ezinamacembe, ezimmnene, eziphilayo (肥嫩鲜活), zombala oluhlaza okotshani. Ziyafana, eziphelele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe okuphelele — amaphesenti angama-28,1 omswakama owomile. Okuqukethwe yi-EGCG — amaphesenti angama-9,38 — enye yezimpawu eziphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza ayisicaba. Ngokocwaningo, ukusebenza kwama-catechin ekwehliseni amazinga e-lipid — kuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-1.3 kunetiye eliluhlaza elivamile.

• Ama-Amino Acid: ≥4.2% — ephakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso. I-L-theanine — iyinhloko yengxenye, enikeza ukusha, ubumnandi, kanye “nokumnene”.

• I-Selenium (硒, xī): 0.2–1.5 mg/kg — inothiswe ngokwemvelo enhlabathini equkethe i-selenium.

• Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine — okuqukethwe okulingene. I-Theobromine, i-theophylline.

• Amavithamini kanye Namaminerali: I-Vithamini C, amavithamini e-B, i-potassium, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-manganese.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Umsebenzi onamandla wokulwa ne-oxidative: Okuqukethwe ama-polyphenol angamaphesenti angama-28.1 enesabelo esiphezulu se-EGCG (9.38%) kunikeza amandla agqamile okulwa ne-antioxidant.

• Ukusekelwa kwesistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo: Ama-catechin ehla amazinga e-lipid emgudwini wokuhlala kabanzi ngezinga eliphezulu ngokuphindwe ka-1.3 kunokujwayelekile.

• Ukuvikela emisebeni: I-Selenium (0.2–1.5 mg/kg) iqinisa imisebenzi yokuvikela umzimba.

• Umthelela wokuvuselela: I-Caffeine kanye ne-L-theanine kunikeza ukuvuka okumnene.

• Ukugaya ukudla okungcono: Ama-polyphenol akhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha.

• Kubalulekile: lezi zimfanelo ezibaluliwe zisekelwe emininingweni etholakala emaphethelweni futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha.

9. Ukuntywiliswa:

• Izinga Lokushisa Lamanzi: 80°C (hhayi amanzi abilayo ngokuqinile — izinga lokushisa eliphezulu libhubhisa ama-amino acid, abhekene nokusha kanye nobumnandi).

• Inani Letiye: Amagremu angama-3 kumililitha angama-250 wamanzi.

• Isitsha: Inkomishi yengilazi (250 ml) — ukubona “imbewu” eziyisicaba, zingaze zime ziqonde emanzini.

• Inqubo (indlela “yokufaka kathathu”):

  1. Shisisa inkomishi ngamanzi abilayo, uwachithe.
  2. Faka amagremu angama-3 etiye.
  3. Thela amanzi (80°C) ngosonga lwenkomishi kuze kufinyelele engxenyeni engu-1/3 yomumo.
  4. Linda imizuzwana engama-30 — “mane ugcobe” itiye futhi “wembule” izimpawu zokuqala zephunga (浸润摇香).
  5. Thela amanzi angeze kufinyelele engxenyeni engu-7/10 yomumo.
  6. Ntwilise iminithi engu-1.5.
  7. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokufakwa okuphelele oku-4.

• Qaphela: itiye elisanda kuthengwa lifanele ligcinwe esiqandisini; ngemva kokuvulwa — likusebenzise phakathi nezinsuku ezingama-20 ukuze kulondolozwe ukusha okukhulu. Akunconywa ukuhlanganisa nokudla okunamaprotheni aphezulu (ama-tannin angahle ehlise ukumuncwa kwamaprotheni).

10. Ukugcina:

• Gcina esitsheni esivaleka ngomkhuhlane, endaweni emnyama nepholile.
• Impela kwesikaqandisini ngo-0–5°C.
• Ngemva kokuvulwa — kuyanconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-20.
• Isikhathi sokugcina lapho kuhlangatshezwa khona izimo — kufika ezinyangeni eziyi-12.

11. Intengo Kanye Nama-Fake:

I-Meitan Cui Ya — ingumkhiqizo onezinga eliphezulu lokwahlukaniswa kwentengo. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu (特级) elakhiwe ngezithombo eziphelele — kusuka kuma-yuan angama-2,680 nge-jin (500 g) nangaphezulu. Amabanga okuqala nawesibili — afinyeleleka kakhulu.

• Indlela yokugwema ama-fake:

  • Thenga kubahwebi abathembekile abanophawu lwendawo yesifunda saseMeitan.
  • Bheka ukuma: “imbewu” eziyisicaba ngokuphelele, ezibushelelezi — umphumela wobuchwepheshe obungandile bokususa uboya. Amaqabunga anoboya noma angalingani — awuhlobo oluhlukile lwetiye.
  • Bheka umbala: ohlaza okotshani ohlanzekile ngaphandle koboya obuningi. Itiye elibushelelezi ngesiliva — akulona i-Meitan Cui Ya.
  • Hlola ukunambitheka: ukusha okugqamile nobumnandi (ama-amino acid ≥4.2%). Ukunambitheka okungasho lutho, okungenambitheka — kuyi-fake.
  • Naka intengo: ikilasi elikhethekile alikwazi ukubiza ngabizi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• I-Meitan Cui Ya — yitiye elino “usuku lokuzalwa” olunembile: u-1940. Ladalwa elabhorethri, hhayi ngokukhetha okwenziwe emakhulwini eminyaka — isibonelo esingejwayelekile setiye “lenzululwazi” elibe umkhiqizo kazwelonke.

• Igama lokuqala — “Meitan Longjing” (湄潭龙井) — lakhomba ngqo kumzekelo: i-Longjing edumile yaseZhejiang. Ukuqanjwa kabusha ngo-1954 kwaqopha ukuthola ubunjalo balo obuzimele.

• Ukuzishintshela emshinini wokukhiqiza ezingeni lamaphesenti angama-95 — okungokunye okuphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza adumile aseChina. Iningi lamatiye “adumile” asenziwa ngezandla nanamuhla; i-Meitan ikhombisile ukuthi umshini uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa izinga eliqinile lezinga eliphakeme.

• Isigaba esingejwayelekile sokususa uboya (脱毫) ngomoya opholile — kungukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe baseMeitan, okungenakho ukufana ekulinyweni kwetiye kwendabuko. Yisona sinikeza itiye umbala walo ophawulekayo “ohlanzekile” ohlaza okotshani.

• Inani lomkhiqizo “Meitan Cui Ya” — ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-71,97 (2021) — likhulu kunamanye amatiye anomlando wezinkulungwane zeminyaka, futhi liwubufakazi bokuthi emhlabeni wamanje wetiye ukuthengisa okuhle nekhwalithi eqinile kungabaluleka ukwedlula udumo oludala.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ayisicaba:

• I-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Umzekelo we-Meitan Cui Ya. I-Longjing — “i-lima-nutty”, inophawu “olumnene” olugqamile kanye nokugcwala. I-Meitan — “ihlanzekile” ngokwengeziwe, imnandi futhi ilula, inobuso obushelelezi (kuneqhubu elincane le-Longjing).

• I-Duyun Mao Jian (都匀毛尖): Ngowakubo eGuizhou, kodwa osontekile (hhayi isicaba), onoboya obuningi kanye nesimo esigobile. I-Duyun — inothiswe kakhulu ngama-polyphenol (kufika ku-31.24%); i-Meitan — inama-amino acid amaningi (≥4.2%) futhi ibukeka “ibushelelezi” ngokwengeziwe.

• I-Emei Zhuyeqing (峨眉竹叶青): EseSichuan. Nayo iyitiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba. I-Zhuyeqing — “imfana yomxhwele” ngokuma futhi igxile kakhulu kumkhiqizo; i-Meitan — “injengembewu” ngokwengeziwe futhi nezinga eliphezulu lokuzishintshela emshinini.

• I-Dafo Longjing (大佛龙井): EseZhejiang. Nayo inguhlobo “lwe-Longjing” lokubunjwa. I-Dafo — isondele ku-Longjing yasekuqaleni; i-Meitan — inesimo sendawo saseGuizhou kanye nokuphela okungandile “kokungabi noboya”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Meitan Cui Ya — yitiye, elifakazele ukuthi okukhulu kungazalwa hhayi esikweni lezinkulungwane zeminyaka, kodwa emzamweni wenzululwazi, ophindwe kabili ngendawo ehlukile. Eminyakeni engama-80 ithole indlela isuka “eMeitan Longjing” — ikhophi elinesizotha lomzekelo omkhulu — ukuya emkhiqizweni ozimele onenani lamashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi zama-yuan. “Imbewu” zalo eziyisicaba ngokuphelele ezihlaza okotshani, ezihlanjululwe uboya ngomoya opholile, ukunambitheka okusha okumnandi nophawu lwe-amino acid, kanye nekhwalithi eqinile eqinisekiswa ukuzishintshela emshinini ngamaphesenti angama-95 — konke lokhu kwenza i-Meitan Cui Ya ibe yisibonelo sendlela inzululwazi nemvelo okungakha ngayo itiye, elingalingani nezingcweti zasendulo.