I-Maoshan Qing Feng

I-Maoshan Qing Feng (茅山青锋, Máoshān qīng fēng) — «Ikhilifi Eliluhlaza leNtaba iMaoshan» — itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elinosiwe (flat pan-fired) elivela esifundeni saseJintan (金坛区, Jīntán Qū) edolobheni laseChangzhou (常州市, Chángzhōu Shì), esifundazweni saseJiangsu. Leli tiye liqanjwe ngegama lentaba engcwele yobuDao iMaoshan (茅山, Máoshān, amamitha angu-372.5) — enye ‘yezintaba ezintathu ezinkulu zobuDao’ (道教三山, Dàojiào Sān Shān), isizinda somlando sesikole iShangqing (上清派, Shàngqīng Pài, “Isikole Sokuhlanzeka Okuphakeme”). Isimo sekhasi letiye — siqondile, siyisicaba, ‘挺直如剑’ (tǐngzhí rú jiàn, ‘siqondile, njengensika yenkemba’) — kusuka lapha igama elithi ‘Qing Feng’ (青锋, ‘Ikhilifi Eliluhlaza’). Leli tiye lasungulwa ngo-1982 efektri yetiye kahulumeni iMaolu (国营茅麓茶场, Guóyíng Máolù Cháchǎng) futhi ngo-1990 lathola indondo yesiliva yekhwalithi kazwelonke (国家银质奖, Guójiā Yínzhì Jiǎng), bese ngo-1995 lathola indondo yegolide kazwelonke (国家金奖). Ngo-2023, indawo yetiye ‘Ulwandle Lwetiye LwaseMaoshan’ (茅山茶海, Máoshān Chá Hǎi) yafakwa ohlwini lokuqala ‘lwezintaba ezinkulu zetiye zaseChina’ (中国大美茶山, Zhōngguó Dà Měi Chá Shān).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwanga. Elinosiwe eliyisicaba (扁形炒青绿茶, biǎnxíng chǎoqīng lǜchá). Isimo — ‘sinjengenkemba’ (挺直如剑): siyisicaba, siqondile, sinoboya obumhlophe obuningi. Izinga lokuvutshelwa — 0%.

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo yaseChina (国家地理标志产品, Guójiā Dìlǐ Biāozhì Chǎnpǐn). Indondo yesiliva yekhwalithi kazwelonke (国家银质奖, 1990). Indondo yegolide kazwelonke (国家金奖, 1995). Indondo yegolide ye-International Agricultural Exhibition yaseChina (中国国际农产品交易会金奖, 2015). ‘Intaba Enkulu Yetiye YaseChina’ (中国大美茶山, 2023 — indawo ethi ‘Ulwandle Lwetiye LwaseMaoshan’). Ingqikithi yokukhiqiza isendaweni ye-Maoshan National Geopark (茅山国家地质公园, Máoshān Guójiā Dìzhì Gōngyuán). Inani lomkhiqizo — ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.02 (ukuhlolwa kwe-Zhejiang University, 2015).

• Umsuka: I-China, isifundazwe saseJiangsu (江苏省, Jiāngsū Shěng), idolobha laseChangzhou (常州市, Chángzhōu Shì), isifunda saseJintan (金坛区, Jīntán Qū). Esifundeni kunamapulazi etiye acishe abe ngu-60 endaweni ephelele engaba yi-4.1 yezinkulungwane ze-mu (≈ amahektha angu-273). Ingqikithi — indawo yaseMaolu (茅麓镇, Máolù Zhèn).

• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 31°45′ N, 119°33′ E.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Ubukhosi bakwaSui — ukulinywa kwetiye kwasekuqaleni. Isiko letiye laseJintan lisukela ebukhosini bakwaSui (隋朝, 581–618). I-Maoshan ingenye yezindawo ezindala kakhulu zetiye esifundazweni saseJiangsu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ifektri yaseMaolu (茅麓公司) yayisaziwa ngetiye elithi ‘Qiqiang’ (旗枪茶, Qíqiāng Chá, ‘Itiye Lefulegi Nomkhonto’) — itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elalidume ezimakethe zaseShanghai, Nanjing, nasemadolobheni agudla umzila iShanghai–Nanjing. Umphathi wezempi uChen Yi (陈毅) wayethula ‘iQiqiang’ eyayenziwe ngokukhethekile evela efektri yaseMaolu njengesipho sobunxusa kubameleli bamazwe angaphandle.

• Ukusungulwa (1982). Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980, ochwepheshe abaholayo abangaphezu kwamashumi amabili embonini yetiye yesifundazwe saseJiangsu, kanye nabasebenzi befektri yetiye kahulumeni iMaolu, benza umsebenzi weminyaka emithathu wokuthuthukisa ubuciko bendabuko ‘beQiqiang’. Umphumela kwaba yitiye elisha, laqanjwa igama elithi ‘Maoshan Qing Feng’: ‘Maoshan’ (茅山) — ukuhlonipha intaba engcwele yobuDao; ‘Qing Feng’ (青锋) — ‘Ikhilifi Eliluhlaza’ — incazelo yesimo senkemba esiyingqayizivele sekhasi letiye.

• Ukuhlonishwa. 1983 — ‘Umkhiqizo Ovelele Wesifundazwe SaseJiangsu’ (江苏省优质产品). 1990 — Indondo Yesiliva Yekhwalithi Kazwelonke (国家银质奖) — omunye wemiklomelo ephakeme kakhulu yemikhiqizo yetiye e-China. 1995 — Indondo Yegolide Kazwelonke (国家金奖). Isifunda saseJintan ngaso leso nyaka sathola isiqu esithi ‘Ikhaya Letiye Eliluhlaza LaseChina’ (中国绿茶（名茶）之乡, Zhōngguó Lǜchá (Míngchá) zhī Xiāng). 2015 — Indondo Yegolide ye-International Agricultural Exhibition yaseChina. 2023 — ukufakwa ohlwini lwe-‘中国大美茶山’.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko. I-Maoshan ingenye ‘yezintaba ezintathu ezinkulu zobuDao’ (道教三山), indawo eyasungulwa kuyo iSikole se-Shangqing (上清派, ‘Isikole Sokuhlanzeka Okuphakeme’), esinye sezinkambiso zobuDao ezindala futhi ezinethonya kakhulu e-China. Ngokomlando, iJintan yayiyi-‘izulu lesishiyagalombili lasemhumeni, umhlaba wokuqala wenjabulo’ (第八洞天, 第一福地) kuyi-cosmology yobuDao. Izingadi zetiye, ezisemithambekeni yentaba engcwele, zinomoya ongokomoya wesiko lobuDao lamakhulu eminyaka. ‘Ulwandle Lwetiye LwaseMaoshan’ (茅山茶海) — indawo enhle, lapho amapulazi etiye amaningi akha ‘ulwandle oluluhlaza’ ngemuva kwamathempeli nezindlu zobuDao zasendulo: i-Qianyuan Guan (乾元观, okuwukuphela kwendlu yabesifazane yobuDao esifundazweni saseJiangsu), i-Yuanyang Guan (元阳观) nezinye.

• Igama letiye — ukuhlaziywa. 茅山 (Máoshān) — intaba iMaoshan, eqanjwe ngabazalwane abathathu bakwaMao (茅氏三兄弟), abayizicukuthwane zobuDao benkathi yobuHan, abathola ukungafi kule ntaba. 青锋 (Qīng Fēng) — ‘Ikhilifi Eliluhlaza’: 青 — ‘luhlaza, lisemancane’; 锋 — ‘insika, ucijo’ — kubhekisela esimweni sekhasi letiye esifana nenkemba. Incazelo ephelele eyimbongi: ‘Ikhilifi Eliluhlaza elivela entabeni engcwele yaseMao’.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Eziluhlaza:

• Izinhlobo: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.

• I-cultivar: I-Maoshan Quntizhong (茅山群体种, Máoshān Qúntǐzhǒng) — uhlobo lwendawo lwezinhlobonhlobo, olunamahlamvu aphakathi nendawo namancane, olumelana nesithwathwa, olujwayelene kahle nezimo zesimo sezulu esisenyakatho neshisayo saseJiangsu. Luyingqayizivele ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid kanye nobumnene obugqamile bamagqumela anoboya obumhlophe obuningi.

• Ukuvunwa: Ukuvunwa kwasentwasahlobo, ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi se-Guyu (谷雨, Gǔyǔ, ‘Izimvula Zokusanhlamvu’, cishe zingama-20 kuMbasa). Ibanga eliphakeme livunwa ngaphambi kwe-Qingming (清明, Qīngmíng, cishe zingama-5 kuMbasa). Izinga lokuvuna: igqumela elilodwa + iqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè). Izinto ezivuniwe kumele zifane ngosayizi nobumnene, ngaphandle kwamaqabunga abubende kanye namahlumela ahlaseleke ngezinambuzane eziyizilokazane.

• Amabanga (Grades):

  • Ibanga eliphakeme (特级, tèjí): Igqumela eligcwele noma igqumela elilodwa + iqabunga elilodwa esigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka (一芽一叶初展). Uboya bumboza ≥90% ebusweni bekhasi letiye. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ikhilogremu eyodwa yebanga eliphakeme, kudingeka amagqumela angaba ngu-90,000 — isibalo esifana naleso samanye amatiye aluhlaza ahloniphekile njenge-Lü Yang Chun (绿扬春) yaseYangzhou yakubo. Intengo — kusukela kuma-yuan ayinkulungwane ngo-500 g.
  • Ibanga lokuqala (一级, yī jí): Igqumela elilodwa + iqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶). Isimo silinganile, siyisicaba, sinoboya obubonakalayo.
  • Ibanga lesibili (二级, èr jí): Igqumela elilodwa + amaqabunga amabili (一芽二叶). Amahlamvu mancane amakhudlwana, iphunga elihle lingasho lutho kangako.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu sasenyakatho neshisayo esinomswakama, esinamandla. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 15.3°C. Imvula yonyaka — 1063.5 mm. Amafu angapheli kanye nenkungu evamile kunikeza ukukhanya okuhlakazekile, okusiza ekunqwabelaneni kwama-amino acid kanye nokunciphisa ukubaba ekhasini letiye. Umswakama ophakeme womoya — ≥80%.

• Ukuphakama: Intaba iMaoshan — amamitha angu-372.5 (akuphakeme kakhulu ngezindinganiso zetiye lasentabeni ephakeme, nokho inkungu ehlala ikhona kanye nesimo sezulu esincane esikhethekile se-geopark kuyakunxeshezela ukuphakama okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa).

• Inhlabathi: I-Xia Shu Huangzongrang (下蜀黄棕壤土, Xiàshǔ Huángzōng Rǎngtǔ, ‘Izinhlabathi Eziphuzi Ngokunsundu ZaseShu Ezingezansi’). I-pH engu-4.5–5.5 — i-acidic encane, ilungele isihlahla setiye. Izinhlabathi zijulile, zivundile, zicebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Uhlobo olufanayo lwenhlabathi luyisici sendawo engumakhelwane yaseJintan, lapho kukhiqizwa khona i-Jintan Queshe (金坛雀舌).

• Imvelo: Izingadi zetiye zitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Maoshan National Geopark. Ukumbozwa kwehlathi endaweni yokukhiqiza — 38.5% (ngokweminye imininingwane, engxenyeni emaphakathi yendawo yetiye — kufinyelela ku-55%). Ukungabibikho kwezindawo zezimboni kuqinisekisa ukungabikho kokungcola. Izingadi zetiye ziqinisekisiwe ‘njengomkhiqizo ongenabungozi’ (无公害食品) kanye ‘nomkhiqizo oluhlaza’ (绿色食品); ezinye zezindawo zokukhiqiza zidlule ekuqinisekisweni kwe-organic.

5. Ubucwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubucwepheshe obuyingxubevange yezandla nomshini (半手工半机械, bàn shǒugōng bàn jīxiè), imishini — cishe u-50%. Ubucwepheshe bususelwa ezindleleni zendabuko zokwenza ‘i-Qiqiang’ (旗枪茶), ezacwengisiswa emashumini eminyaka futhi zahlanganiswa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ‘i-Qing Feng’ ngo-1982.

• Ukunweba (摊放, tānfàng): Izinto ezivuniwe zendlalwa ngokulinganayo ezihlungini zoqalo endaweni enomoya omuhle amahora angu-4. Ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama ongaphezulu uyahwamuka ekhasini, futhi kuqala ukuchithwa okuncane kwamaprotheni (hydrolysis) okukhulula ama-amino acid, okubeka isisekelo se-flavour epholile ye-umami.

• ‘Ukubulala uhlaza’ kanye nokubumba kanyekanye (杀青 + 整形, shāqīng + zhěngxíng): Isigaba esibalulekile, esenziwa ngesandla. Ingcweti isebenzisa izindlela ezine ezibonakalayo: ‘liao’ (撩, ukuqoqa), ‘dou’ (抖, ukunyakazisa), ‘tuo’ (托, ukufaka ngaphansi), ‘ting’ (挺, ukuqondisa). Inhlanganisela yale minyakazo yakha isimo sokuqala ‘esifana nensika’ sekhasi letiye futhi yenza i-oksidase ingasebenzi ngokushesha, iqinise umbala oluhlaza kanye nephunga elisha.

• Ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng): Ngemva kokuwosa, itiye lendlalwa ngendwala elincane ukuze liphole futhi umswakama osele usatshalaliswe phakathi kwengaphezulu nendawo ephakathi yekhasi letiye.

• ‘Huiguo’ — ukuwosa kokugcina nokubumba (辉锅, huīguō): Ukuwosa kancane ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi (40–55°C) kanye nokubumba kanyekanye — ‘litiao yabian’ (理条压扁, lǐtiáo yābiǎn, ‘ukulinganisa umugqa + ukwenza isicaba’). Lesi yisigaba esibalulekile esinikeza isimo sokugcina ‘esifana nenkemba’: amahlamvu aba isicaba ngokuphelele, aqonde futhi acwebezele. Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa — ‘先低后高’ (okokuqala kuphansi, bese kukhuphuka), nokulawulwa okuqondile kwengcindezi: umzamo oweqile uyokwenza ikhasi libe banzi kakhulu futhi libe isicaba; umzamo onganele uyolishiya lixegile futhi lingavulekile ngokuphelele.

• Ukucubungula okokugcina (精制, jīngzhì): ‘Gemo bopian’ (割末簸片, gēmò bōpiàn) — ukusika izimvithimvithi nokuhlunga ngomoya. Kususwa izingcezu ezincane, uthuli, kanye namahlamvu angajwayelekile. Umswakama wokugcina — ≤6%.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Isimo sekhasi elomile: Amakilifi ayizicaba, aqondile (扁平挺直如剑, biǎnpíng tǐngzhí rú jiàn). Umbala — uluhlaza ngokucwebezela okunamafutha (绿润, lǜrùn). Ingaphezulu limbozwe ngokulinganayo uboya obumhlophe (显毫, xiǎnháo). Amahlamvu alingana ngosayizi nesimo, angenazo izingcezu kanye nothuli.

• Iphunga lekhasi elomile: Elihlanzekile, elisha, elinamaphimbo ohlaza olusha kanye nephunga elincane likabhontshisi, okuyisici samatiye aluhlaza ayizicaba anoswe aseJiangsu.

• Iphunga lomunyu: Elihlanzekile (清香, qīngxiāng), eliphakeme futhi elisha (高爽, gāoshuǎng). Elihlala isikhathi eside, elivuleka ngezigaba eziningana: okokuqala — uhlaza olusha; okuphakathi — ithoni elula le-quince (chestnut); okokugcina — ubumnandi obuncane bembali obuncane. Iphunga lihlala kuze kube yilapho sekuthelwa okuningana.

• Ukunambitheka: Okusha (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) futhi okujiyile (醇厚, chúnhòu). I-umami ebonakalayo (鲜, xiān), ebangelwa ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid. Ukubuya kobumnandi (回甘, huígān) — okumnene futhi okuqhubekayo. Ukubaba kanye nokubaba kuncane kakhulu uma kuphuzwa ngendlela efanele. Ukunambitheka okusele — okuhlanzekile, nokuphola okuncane.

• Umbala womunyu: Uluhlaza, okhanyayo futhi okhanyayo (绿明, lǜmíng), nonomunyu ophuzi omncane. Ukukhanya okucacileyo kuphezulu.

• Ikhasi elisetshenzisiwe (eliqholiwe): Lihlaza ngobumnene, elilinganayo (嫩绿匀整, nèn lǜ yún zhěng). Amaqabunga avuleka ngokuphelele, egcina ubuqotho nokunwebeka.

7. Ukuhlangana Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): Okuqukethwe — 15–20% yesisindo esomile (ububanzi obujwayelekile bamatiye aluhlaza asentwasahlobo amnene avela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho neshisayo). Ingxenye eyinhloko — ama-catechin (儿茶素, ér chá sù), ikakhulukazi i-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), enomphumela ogqamile wokulwa nokuhlehla kwesikhumba. Izinga elilinganiselwe lama-polyphenol (eliphansi kunalawo amatiye anamaqabunga amakhulu aseningizimu) linikeza ukunambitheka okumnene, okungahlukumezi ngaphandle kokubaba okugqamile.

• Ama-amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): Okuqukethwe okwenyukile — umphumela wesimo sezulu sasenyakatho neshisayo, amafu angapheli, kanye nenhlabathi ene-asidi ephuzi ngokunsundu. Ingxenye eyinhloko — i-L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá ānjīsuān), eyakha cishe ingxenye yenani eliphelele lama-amino acid akhululekile. I-L-theanine ibhekene nokunambitheka kwe-umami (鲜味) kanye nobumnandi obumnene, obuphumuzayo. Isilinganiso sama-polyphenol kuma-amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ) — sehlile, okuwuphawu lwetiye eliluhlaza lekhwalithi ephezulu yasentwasahlobo elinobushá obugqamile nokubaba okuncane.

• I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn): 2–3% yesisindo esomile — izinga elijwayelekile kumatiye aluhlaza. Inikeza umphumela olinganiselwe wokukhuthaza, owenziwe waba mnene ukuba khona kwe-L-theanine.

• I-Fluorine (氟, fú): Okuqukethwe okwenyukile — isici esibonakalayo samatiye avela enhlabathini ephuzi ngokunsundu yaseJintan. Kusiza ekuqiniseni oqweqwe lwamazinyo kanye nokuvimbela ukubola kwamazinyo.

• Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C (i-ascorbic acid) — isalondolozwe ngenani elikhulu ngenxa yokuvutshelwa okuncane. Amavithamini weqembu B (B1, B2), i-vitamin E (ama-tocopherol).

• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-iron, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-selenium (ngamanani amancane, ancike endaweni ethile).

• Amafutha abalulekile (芳香物质, fāngxiāng wùzhì): Abhekene nephunga elihlanzekile elijwayelekile ‘lwe-qingxiang’ (清香). Izingxenye eziyinhloko — i-linalool, i-geraniol, i-cis-3-hexenol (iphunga lotshani obusha obusanda kugundwa).

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Umsebenzi wokulwa nokuhlehla kwesikhumba (antioxidant). Ama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) enza amahlule akhululekile angasebenzi, ebambezela izinqubo zokuguga kwamangqamuzana futhi enciphisa ubungozi bezifo ezingelapheki.

• Ukuqinisa amazinyo nezinsini. Okuqukethwe okwenyukile kwe-fluorine kuhlangene nama-catechin kunomphumela wokuvimbela ngokumelene nokubola kwamazinyo kanye nezifo ezivuthayo zomlomo.

• Umphumela wokukhuthaza. I-caffeine ihlanganiswe ne-L-theanine inikeza ukuphaphama okumnene, okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokukhuphuka okungazelelwe kanye ‘nokwehla’ okulandelayo — lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ‘yithoni yetiye’ (茶醉, chá zuì ngomqondo omuhle).

• Ukusekela imisebenzi yokuqonda. I-L-theanine ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-dopamine kanye namaza e-alpha ebuchosheni, ithuthukise ukugxila, inkumbulo, nekhono lokufunda.

• Ukusekela isimiso senhliziyo nemithambo. Ama-polyphenol etiye asiza ekwehliseni izinga le-cholesterol ‘embi’ (LDL) nokuthuthukisa ukunwebeka kwemithambo.

• Ukusekela ukugaya ukudla. Ama-tannins nama-catechin akhuthaza ukunyakaza kwamathumbu, asize ekuhlukanisweni kwamafutha nasekwenzeni kube ngokwejwayelekile ama-microflora amathumbu.

• Ukusekela ukubona. I-Vitamin C nama-carotenoid, alondolozwe ngenxa yokucubungula okuhle, asiza ekuvikeleni i-retina ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative.

• Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane. Ama-catechin nama-polyphenol avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane abangela izifo, kuhlanganise ne-Staphylococcus aureus kanye ne-Streptococcus mutans (imbangela eyinhloko yokubola kwamazinyo).

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85°C. Ungasebenzisi amanzi abilayo — izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu likhipha ama-polyphenol amaningi ngokweqile, linikeze umunyu ukubaba futhi lihlekele iphunga elithambile.

• Inani letiye: Amagremu angu-3 kumamililitha angu-150 amanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:50).

• Isitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo — okuyindinganiso ‘ye-Qing Feng’. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezingeni lobuchwepheshe letiye kuphawulwe ukukhanya kwengilazi okunconywayo — ≥91.5%, okugcizelela ubuhle bokubukela ‘amakilifi’, ehla kancane emanzini. I-gaiwan yobumba (盖碗, gàiwǎn) nayo iyalungela ukuphisa okulawuleka kangcono.

• Inqubo:

  1. Hlanganisa ingilazi noma i-gaiwan ngamanzi ashisayo, uwachithe.
  2. Thela amagremu angu-3 etiye.
  3. Sebenzisa indlela ‘yokuphisa okuphindwe kabili’ (两次沏泡法, liǎng cì qīpào fǎ): thela cishe ingxenye yesine yomthamo wamanzi (80–85°C), uvumele amahlamvu acwile imizuzwana engu-30 — kulesi sigaba ‘amakilifi’ aqala ukuvuleka kancane.
  4. Thela amanzi aze agcwalise umthamo ogcwele ‘ngomsele ophakeme’ (高冲, gāochōng) — ukuphakamiswa kwethikothela kudala isiphithiphithi, okuvula iphunga.
  5. Ukuthela kokuqala — ukumisa imizuzwana engu-5.
  6. Ukuthela okulandelayo — uyengeze imizuzwana emi-5–10 kokunye nokunye. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa okufinyelela kwengu-5, livule kancane ubumnandi nobumnene.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• ‘Ukuphumula’ emva kokukhiqiza. Itiye elisha liyanconywa ukuba lilindiswe izinsuku eziyi-10–15 ezingeni lokushisa lasekameleni (退火, tuìhuǒ, ‘ukususa ukushisa’), ukuze ‘ukushisa’ okungaphezu kwalokho okuvela ekuwoseni kuhlakazeke futhi iphunga lizinze.

• Ukugcinwa okuyinhloko. Emva kwesikhathi ‘sokuphumula’ — ukupakishwa okuvalekile (nge-vacuum noma nge-nitrogen atmosphere) nokugcinwa esiqandisini ku-0–5°C. Vikele ekukhanyeni, emswakameni, emaphungeni angaphandle, nase-oxygen — izitha ezine eziyinhloko zetiye eliluhlaza.

• Isikhathi sokugcinwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele — kufinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-12–18. Emva kokuvulwa kwephakheji — kumele kudliwe phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-1-2. Itiye elincibilikile akumele liphinde lifakwe esiqandisini.

• Isiqukathi. Kuthandwa i-aluminium foil enongqimba lwangaphakathi lwe-polyethylene noma amathini anesivalo esiqinile. Isitsha sengilazi samukelekile kuphela uma kugcinwa ebumnyameni obuphelele.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

• Ububanzi bentengo. Ibanga eliphakeme (特级) — kusukela kuma-yuan ayinkulungwane ngo-500 g (≈ 140 USD). Ibanga lokuqala — ama-yuan angu-400–800 ngo-500 g. Ibanga lesibili — ama-yuan angu-100–300 ngo-500 g. Emakethe yezitolo, i-‘Qing Feng’ eminingi itholakala kusukela kuma-yuan ayikhulu ngo-500 g, okuyenza ibe ngelinye lamatiye aluhlaza asezingeni eliphansi athengekayo kakhulu aseJiangsu. Izinto ezithinta intengo: isikhathi sokuvuna (okwenziwa ngaphambi kwe-Qingming kubiza kakhulu), ibanga lezinto eziluhlaza, isithunzi sefektri.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:

  • Thenga okunophawu lwe-GI. Itiye langempela linophawu ‘茅山青锋’ (uphawu lwendawo). Abakhiqizi abaqinisekisiwe abakhulu: ifektri yetiye iMaolu (茅麓茶场), i-Fanglu (方麓茶场), i-Xinpin (鑫品茶业) nabanye.
  • Ukuhlola isimo sangaphandle. I-‘Qing Feng’ yangempela — amakilifi alinganayo, ayizicaba, aqondile anosayizi ofanayo, anoboya obumhlophe obugqamile kanye nokucwebezela okuluhlaza okunamafutha. Imikhiqizo yomgunyathi ngokuvamile ayifani ngesimo futhi ayicwebezeli.
  • Ukuhlola iphunga. Itiye langempela linephunga elihlanzekile, eliphakeme, elisha ngaphandle kwephunga elidala, elinjengotshani noma ‘elihhavini’.
  • Ukuhlola umunyu. Umunyu kumele ukhanye, ube luhlaza ngokunombala ophuzi omncane. Umunyu onodaka noma omnyama wuphawu lokucubungula okungalungile noma umgunyathi.
  • Ukuhlola intengo. Intengo ephansi ngokwethusayo ‘yebanga eliphakeme’ (engaphansi kwama-yuan angu-500 ngo-500 g) — isizathu sokungabaza ngobuqiniso.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Intaba engcwele yobuDao. I-Maoshan ingenye ‘yezintaba ezintathu ezinkulu zobuDao’ (kanye ne-Longhu Shan eJiangxi ne-Qingcheng Shan eSichuan), indawo okwasungulwa kuyo iSikole se-Shangqing (上清派, ‘Isikole Sokuhlanzeka Okuphakeme’), esakheka ngekhulu lesi-4. Izingadi zetiye emithambekeni yentaba zanikeza amathempeli nezindlu zobuDao amakhulu eminyaka. Isifunda saseJintan sithathwa ‘njengezulu lesishiyagalombili lasemhumeni, umhlaba wokuqala wenjabulo’ endaweni yobuDao.

• Amagqumela angu-90,000 ngekhilogremu eyodwa. Ngebanga eliphakeme, kudingeka cishe amagqumela athambile okuqala kwasentwasahlobo angu-90,000 ngekhilogremu eyodwa yetiye eseliphelele — ubunzima obuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ahloniphekile afana ne-Lü Yang Chun (绿扬春) yaseYangzhou yakubo kanye ne-Junshan Yinzhen (君山银针) yaseHunan.

• ‘Ulwandle Lwetiye LwaseMaoshan’ — ‘Intaba Enkulu Yetiye YaseChina’ (2023). Indawo ‘茅山茶海’ yaba yingxenye yohlu lokuqala lwe-‘中国大美茶山’ — irekhodi likazwelonke lezindawo ezivelele zetiye. Lena yinto yokuqala enjalo evela esifundazweni saseJiangsu.

• ‘I-Qiqiang’ ngaphambi kuka-1949 kanye nomphathi wezempi u-Chen Yi. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa ‘kwe-Qing Feng’, ifektri yaseMaolu yayidume ‘Ngetiye Lefulegi Nomkhonto’ (旗枪茶) — umanduleli wetiye lanamuhla. Umphathi wezempi u-Chen Yi wayenikeza ‘i-Qiqiang’ kubameleli bamazwe angaphandle, ephawula: “Itiye lami lihlukile kwamanye — okokuqala thela amanzi, bese ufaka amaqabunga”.

• Itiye elivela e-geopark kazwelonke. I-Maoshan Qing Feng ngelinye lamatiye ambalwa e-China, lapho indawo yawo yokukhiqiza ingaphakathi ngokuphelele kwemingcele ye-geopark kazwelonke, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo okuyingqayizivele kanye ne-terroir eyingqayizivele ye-geological.

• Ikhaya lesazi sezibalo u-Hua Luogeng. Isifunda saseJintan — yikhaya lesazi esikhulu sezibalo saseChina u-Hua Luogeng (华罗庚, 1910–1985), owathi: “Akukho okunephunga elimnandi kakhulu kunetiye lasekhaya; akukho muntu osondelene kakhulu kunozakwethu” (香，香不过家乡茶；亲，亲不过故乡人) — amagama aba yisiqubulo esingekho emthethweni sesiko letiye laseJintan.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza Ayisicaba:

• I-Jintan Queshe (金坛雀舌, Jīntán Quèshé, ‘Ulimi Lwendlulamithi Olusagolide LwaseJintan’). ‘Umakhelwane’ kanye ‘nesihlobo’ se-Qing Feng — womabili amatiye avela esifundeni saseJintan, enhlabathini efanayo ephuzi ngokunsundu, ngokuvamile evela emasimini afanayo. Umehluko: i-‘Queshe’ — amagqumela amsulwa angenaqabunga (igqumela elilodwa), isimo sifushane futhi siminyene kakhudlwana (njengolimi lwendlulamithi); i-‘Qing Feng’ — igqumela + iqabunga, side, ngesimo ‘sekhilifi’. Iphunga le-‘Queshe’ — ligxile kakhulu futhi limnandi, kodwa ukuhlala ekucheleleni kuphansi. I-‘Queshe’ — ibiza kakhulu ngebanga (kusukela kuma-yuan ayi-1,500 ngo-500 g ngebanga eliphakeme).

• I-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng). Isibonakaliso esikhulu samatiye aluhlaza ayizicaba aseChina. Umehluko: i-‘Long Jing’ — iphunga likabhontshisi ne-quince (chestnut), ithoni ephuzi ngokuluhlaza egqamile yomunyu, ukunambitheka okugqamile ‘okumnandi kwe-quince’; i-‘Qing Feng’ — iphunga elisha futhi ‘eliluhlaza’ kakhudlwana, umunyu ukhanya kakhudlwana, i-umami yiyona ehamba phambili. Ubucwepheshe: i-‘Long Jing’ ibunjwa ngengcindezi yentende yesandla ebhodweni; i-‘Qing Feng’ — izindlela ezine zezandla (liao, dou, tuo, ting). I-terroir: i-‘Long Jing’ — i-Hangzhou eshisayo, inhlabathi ebomvu ene-asidi; i-‘Qing Feng’ — indawo esenyakatho neshisayo yaseJiangsu, inhlabathi ephuzi ngokunsundu.

• I-Taiping Hou Kui (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóu Kuí). Futhi itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba, kodwa ngesilinganiso esihluke ngokuphelele: amahlamvu e-‘Hou Kui’ makhulu, afinyelela kuma-sentimitha angu-7, avela emaqabungeni amabili anegqumela; i-‘Qing Feng’ — amakilifi aminyene avela egqumeleni elineqabunga elilodwa. Iphrofayili yokunambitheka kwe-‘Hou Kui’ — efana ne-orchid, enokubaba okugqamile; i-‘Qing Feng’ — ihlanzekile, imnene, igxile ku-umami.

• I-Lu’an Guapian (六安瓜片, Liù’ān Guāpiàn). Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lase-Anhui, eliyingqayizivele ngokuthi lenziwa ngaphandle kwamagqumela — lisuke emaqabungeni kuphela. Isimo — ‘imbewu yethanga’. Ukunambitheka kugcwele kakhulu futhi ‘kukhulile’, ngenothi legquma le-quince; i-‘Qing Feng’, ngokuphambene, yakhelwe ebumneneni nasebusha benkathi yokuqala yasentwasahlobo.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Maoshan Qing Feng — ‘Ikhilifi Eliluhlaza’ elivela entabeni engcwele yobuDao: amahlamvu ayizicaba anoboya amafushane afana nenkemba avela emagqumeleni angu-90,000 okuqala kwasentwasahlobo ngekhilogremu, izindondo zesiliva negolide kazwelonke, ummeleli wokuqala we-‘Zintaba Ezinkulu Zetiye ZaseChina’ eJiangsu. Leli tiye elihlanganisa ubuqiniso besimo nobumsulwa bephunga nomoya womoya ongokomoya wenye yezintaba eziyinhloko zobuDao — intaba lapho abazalwane abathathu bakwaMao bathola khona ukungafi, kanti iSikole se-Shangqing sabeka isiko ‘Lokuhlanzeka Okuphakeme’. Kulabo abazisa ubusha obumnene be-umami yasentwasahlobo, ukubuya okumnene kobumnandi, nobuhle ‘bamakilifi’ ehla kancane engilazini ekhanyayo, i-Maoshan Qing Feng iyoba yinto eyatholakala — etholakalayo, kodwa engeyona evamile; eyasendaweni, kodwa efaneleka emhlabeni jikelele.