Máo jiān · thetea.app

Igama elithi máo jiān 毛尖 alisho itiye elithile, kodwa lisho uhlobo lweqabunga: amathupha amancane, asontekile anoboya. Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kufihlwe amatiye ahlukene avela ezifundazweni ezahlukene — futhi elinye lawo, ngokuphambene nombono ojwayelekile ‘wohlaza’, lingaphansi kwesigaba samatiye aphuzi.

Okushiwo ngempela ngu-«毛尖»

Izinhlamvu zembula umongo wesimo, hhayi umsuka: máo 毛 — ‘uboya, ubule’ (ucwecwe olubonakalayo olusiliva lwezinwele zamathupha), jiān 尖 — ‘isihloko, ichopho’ (ihlumela elincane elicijile elivela ethupheni neqabungu elisanda kuvuleka). Okusho ukuthi máo jiān — incazelo yesimo setiye eseliphekiwe: impahla encane, esontekwe okwenalithi, enoboya obuningi, eqoqwe emahlumeleni okuqala athambile.

Yingakho igama ‘linamathela’ endaweni futhi lihambahamba emephini yaseChina. Kuphumela emndenini wamagama afanayo: 信阳毛尖, 都匀毛尖, 古丈毛尖, 沩山毛尖 — amatiye amane ahlukene, ahlanganiswe kuphela yisimo sethupha, kodwa hhayi isigaba, isifundazwe noma iphrofayili yokunambitheka. Kukhathalogi lokhu ‘kuwugibe lwamagama’ ojwayelekile: igama elifanayo egameni aliqinisekisi ukuphathwa okufanayo.

Ama-«Mao Jian» amane ebalazweni

信阳毛尖 (xìnyáng máo jiān) — isifundazwe saseHenan (河南), itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶). Umphathi wegama odume kakhulu, isizinda esisenyakatho somlando wokuluhlaza.
都匀毛尖 (dūyún máo jiān) — isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州), itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶). Isihlobo esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga esisezintabeni eziphakeme.
古丈毛尖 (gǔzhàng máo jiān) — isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南), itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶).
沩山毛尖 (wéishān máo jiān) — nayo iHunan (湖南), kodwa itiye eliphuzi (黄茶, huángchá).

Amathathu kwamane — aluhlaza, futhi yi-沩山毛尖 kuphela ephuma kulolu chungechunge. Futhi ayiphumi ngesimo (si-‘yi-mao-jian’), kodwa ngobuchwepheshe — futhi lokhu kuyiphuzu elibalulekile ekuqondeni lonke umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwamaShayina.

Indawo yetshali: isimo esisodwa, izindawo ezahlukene

Ukuhlanganisa lamatiye ngendawo yetshali akunakwenzeka — akukho lutho olufanayo ngawo, ngaphandle komkhuba wezifunda zezintaba zokwenza impahla yamathupha amancane.

I-信阳 yaseHenan — ngomunye wemingcele esenyakatho yokutshalwa kwetiye yezentengiselwano eChina: isimo sezulu esipholile, intwasahlobo efika sekwephuze, ukukhula kancane kwehlumela, okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimilo ‘esiluhlaza’ esigcwele samatiye aluhlaza asenyakatho. I-都匀 yaseGuizhou isezintabeni eziphakeme eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ezinenkungu nokwehluka okukhulu phakathi kosuku nobusuku emazingeni okushisa. Ama-古丈 ne-沩山 aseHunan — lawa aseningizimu emaphakathi nesimo sezulu esincane sezigodi zemifula nemithambeka yezintaba. Ama-latitude ahlukene, ukuphakama okuhlukene, inhlabathi ehlukene — futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinhlaka ezihlukene zokunambitheka eziyisisekelo ngisho naphakathi kwabazalwane abathathu abaluhlaza.

Itheku lokuhlela lilula: indawo yetshali ye-«mao jian» ngayinye yehlukile, futhi ukuziqhathanisa ‘njenge tiye elilodwa elivela ezindaweni ezahlukene’ akulungile ngokwendlela.

Icultivar

Umthombo awuqinisekisi icultivar eyodwa kulamatiye, ngakho-ke asiwabandakanyi nezinombolo ezithile zecultivar. Okubalulekile okunye ukuthi: isimo se-«mao-jian» sifinyelelwa hhayi ngecultivar, kodwa ngokukhethwa kwempahla eluhlaza — ngokukhiwa kusenesikhathi kwethupha neqabungu lokuqala (noma ithupha lodwa) kanye nokusonteka ngokucophelela, okugcina uboya. Umphumela ofanayo wesimo ungatholakala ezinhlotsheni zasendaweni ezahlukene zezifundazwe, okuphinda kufakazele: máo jiān — imayelana nesimo nokukhethwa, hhayi nge-genetics yesihlahla esithile.

Ubuchwepheshe: lapho umngcele wezigaba udlula khona

Nansi indaba eyinhloko. Isigaba setiye laseChina sinqunywa yindlela yokuliphatha, hhayi umbala wokuhlinzwa, igama noma isimo seqabunga.

Ama-Mao Jian aluhlaza (信阳, 都匀, 古丈) enza ukulungiswa kokuhlaza — shāqīng 杀青 (‘ukubulawa kokuhlaza’, ukuvalwa kwe-enzyme ye-oxidative ngesikhathi sokuqala). Lokhu kumisa i-oxidation ye-enzymatic, kugcina i-chlorophyll kanye neprofayili ‘elihlanzekile’. Okulandelayo — ukusonteka, okwakha inalithi ejwayelekile encane enoboya, nokomisa. Asikho isigaba ‘sokuvuthwisa’ okuhlosiwe.

I-沩山毛尖 ephuzi yehluke nge-opération eyisisekelo — mènhuáng 闷黄 (‘ukuvuthwisa phansi komswakama/nofudumele’). Ngemva kokulungiswa kokuhlaza, iqabunga elifudumele nelimanzi liyagcinwa ukuze kwenzeke ukuphuzi okuncane okungeyona i-enzymatic: ingxenye ‘yobukhali bokuhlaza’ iyahamba, iprofayili iyathambeka, kanye nokuthambile okuphawulekayo kwesigaba esiphuzi kuyavela. Ukuba khona kwe-闷黄 kuyona ngokwayo okudlulisela i-沩山毛尖 esigabeni esiluhlaza kuye kwesisiphuzi (黄茶), nakuba ngesimo ihlala ‘iyi-mao jian’.

Okusho ukuthi isimo sethupha kuwo womane sihlobene, kanti isigaba sinqunywa yisinyathelo esisodwa sobuchwepheshe — ngabe kukhona yini 闷黄 noma cha.

Amazinga kanye nokuhleleka kwekhathalogi

Uhlelo lwamazinga lwaseChina (ulayini we-GB/T) luhlukanisa amatiye aluhlaza naphuzi ngezigaba ezahlukene zokuphathwa ngaleli phuzu ngqo — ukuba khona kokuvuthwisa (闷黄) kumaphuzi. Izinombolo ezithile zamazinga kanye nemingcele yezindawo evikelwe yegama ngalinye kulawa abaliwe asiyinikezi ngamabomu lapha: kufanele ithathwe emikhondweni ekhethekile (okuluhlaza — ngezifunda zaseHenan/Guizhou/Hunan; i-沩山毛尖 ephuzi — kumkhondo we-huangcha), hhayi kuthathwe ‘ngokufanisa’. Umthetho wekhathalogi: igama elithi «毛尖» alichazi isigaba noma izinga; isigaba sichazwa ukuliphatha.

Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa

Ama-Mao Jian amathathu aluhlaza ahlanganiswe umqondo ofanayo wokuluhlaza — ukuhlanzeka, iphunga elimnandi ‘elinomdlandla’, umuzwa weqabunga elincane eliphilayo. Kodwa ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka ahluka ngezindawo zawo: i-信阳 yasenyakatho ngokwesiko ibonwa njengegcwele futhi ‘iqinile’ ngesimilo, i-都匀 eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yasezintabeni eziphakeme kanye ne-古丈 yaseHunan — njengezinhlobonhlobo zazo endikimbeni efanayo.

I-沩山毛尖 ephuzi izwakala yehlukile: ngenxa ye-闷黄, ubukhali ‘bokuluhlaza’ buthambile, iprofayili ithambile futhi iyindilinga — lokhu kungumehluko ophawulekayo wesigaba esiphuzi ekunambithekeni.

Umqondo oyisisekelo wokuwenza impahla yamathupha athambile: amanzi athambile, angabili, ukuze ‘ungapheki’ amahlumela amancane anoboya, inani elithe xaxa lamacembe nokugaywa okufushane; ingilazi ivumela ukubuka ‘umdanso’ wamathupha. I-沩山毛尖 ephuzi iphendula kahle esimweni esibucayi kakhudlwana, iveze iprofayili ethambile. Amagremu aqondile namazinga okushisa asiwavamisi lapha — bheka imikhondo ekhethekile.

Umlando namasiko

Womane amagama — ama-«名茶» esifunda (amatiye adumile), ngemuva kwawo kunendabuko yendawo yesifundazwe sawo: iHenan iziqhayisa nge-信阳毛尖 njengomlando wokuluhlaza wasenyakatho, iGuizhou — nge-都匀毛尖 yasezintabeni, iHunan igcine abaphathi begama ababili, futhi omunye wabo ungowesigaba esiyivelakancane esiphuzi. Igama eliphilayo ngokwalo máo jiān likhombisa umkhuba wakudala wokutshala itiye waseChina wokubiza itiye ngesimo sawo sempahla eluhlaza: ‘ichopho elinoboya’ — wuphawu lwemakethe lwekhwalithi (ithupha lokuqala elithambile), olwamukelwa ngokuzimela ezifundeni ezahlukene.

Ungazihlukanisa kanjani

Ungalithembi igama. «毛尖» — isimo (ithupha elincane elinoboya), hhayi isigaba neyindawo. Ngaphansi kwalo kungena amatiye ahlukene.
Bheka isifundazwe. 信阳 — Henan; 都匀 — Guizhou; 古丈 ne-沩山 — Hunan. Igama eligcwele elinendawo liyimpoqo.
Umngcele oyinhloko — ubuchwepheshe. Ingabe kukhona yini 闷黄? Uma kunjalo — ubheke itiye eliphuzi i-沩山毛尖. Uma kune-杀青 kuphela ngaphandle kokuvuthwisa — iluhlaza (信阳/都匀/古丈).
Isifunda esisodwa ≠ isigaba esisodwa. I-Hunan inikeza kokubili i-古丈毛尖 eluhlaza, kanye ne-沩山毛尖 ephuzi — isibonelo esibonakalayo sokuthi ukuba ngumakhelwane ebalazweni akusho lutho ngesigaba.
Lokhu kuyingxenye yephethini enkulu. Igama elithi «银针» (yín zhēn) lisebenza ngendlela efanayo: 白毫银针 emhlophe ≠ 君山银针 ephuzi ≠ [滇红金针](https://zu.thetea.app/article/dianhong-jin-zhen) ebomvu. Isimo ‘senalithi yesiliva’ asisichazi isigaba, njenge-«mao jian».

Isiphetho sekhathalogi: máo jiān 毛尖 — wuhlobo lwesimo seqabunga olujwayelekile, oluhlanganisa amatiye amaningana ahlukene. Amathathu kuwo (信阳, 都匀, 古丈) — aluhlaza, kanti i-沩山毛尖 — iphuzi. Umehluko awunikwa igama futhi akunikwa uhlobo lwethupha, kodwa isinyathelo esisodwa sobuchwepheshe — ukuvuthwisa 闷黄.