luòshén huā

I-hibiscus iwukukhishwa okumuncu okunombala orubhu-kubomvu okwenziwa ngezindebe eziyinyama ezomisiwe zesitshalo Hibiscus sabdariffa (i-hibiscus sabdariffa), emhlabeni eyaziwa kabanzi njenge-karkade noma i-rosella. E-China umkhiqizo ubizwa ngo-洛神花 (luòshén huā) — ikakhulukazi e-Taiwan — noma 玫瑰茄 (méiguī qié) ezweni elikhulu; igama lokuqala yilo elagxila njengegama elisankondlo nelithi “itiye.” Kubalulekile ukukucacisa kusukela ekuqaleni: lokhu akulona itiye ngokomqondo wezitshalo, ngoba esiphuzweni alikho iqabunga noma imiqumbe ye-Camellia sinensis (i-camellia yesiShayina), ngakho-ke awekho nama-catechin etiye ne-caffeine. Ngokwesiko lokudla lesiShayina, iziphuzo ezinjalo zifakwa esigabeni sezinto ezithathela indawo yetiye, noma ukukhishwa kwamakhambi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá), lapho ukugalela ngendlela yetiye — kuyindlela yokulungiselela, hhayi inkomba yezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-hibiscus e-China yenze isiko layo lasekhaya: iphuzwa ishisayo futhi ibanda, kwenziwa ujamu nama-candied fruit ngayo, futhi i-Taidong (台東) yase-Taiwan yenza i-rosella yaba uphawu lwendawo yokudla. Ukukhishwa kwaziswa ngombala oqhakazile, ukumunca okuqabulayo, kanye nekhono lokushintsha umbala kuye ngezinga le-asidi.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye neMvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: ukukhishwa kwamakhambi, into ethathela indawo yetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá)
• Izinhlobo zezitshalo: Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
• Umndeni: i-Malvaceae (ama-mallow)
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: izindebe ezikhulile ezinamanzi ngemva kokuqhakaza (hhayi amacembe)
• Amagama esiShayina: 洛神花 (luòshén huā), 玫瑰茄 (méiguī qié)
• Izwe lokuzalwa lomndeni: i-Afrika eshisayo (indawo ngqo yokufuywa ekhaya kuxoxwa ngayo emithonjeni)

Umkhiqizo kumele ubizwe ngegama lawo: awulona itiye. Awunayo i-Camellia sinensis, futhi ngokombono oqinile wezitshalo nezimpahla lokhu ukukhishwa kwesitshalo, hhayi itiye. Ohlelweni lwezigaba zokudla zesiShayina, iziphuzo ezinjalo zidlula njenge-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “itiye elithathela indawo,” okusho izinto ezingavuthiwe zezitshalo ezigalelwayo eziphuzwa esikhundleni setiye. Ukwethembeka okunjalo ekuhlukaniseni akululazi umkhiqizo: i-hibiscus inobuchwepheshe bayo, indawo yayo yokutshala, nendlela yayo yokugalela, futhi kufaneleke kakhulu ukuyicubungula njengohlobo oluzimele lwesiphuzo, hhayi njengokulingisa itiye.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Izwe lokuzalwa lomndeni we-Hibiscus kanye ne-rosella uqobo — yi-Afrika eshisayo; isifunda esithile sokufuywa kokuqala emibhalweni sichazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa imvelaphi yase-Afrika ayinakungabaza. Ngezindlela zokuhweba nezamakholoni, isitshalo sasakazeka ezindaweni ezishisayo zawo womabili ama-hemisphere, sanikeza iziphuzo eziningi zendawo: i-karkade yaseGibhithe neyaseSudan, i-bissap yaseNtshonalanga Afrika, “i-water of Jamaica” yaseCaribbean.

• I-Afrika: indawo yokuqala kanye nesiko lasendulo lokuphuza
• I-China: isiko elithathiwe, lasakazeka ezifundeni eziseningizimu ngekhulunyaka lama-20
• I-Taiwan: i-Taidong (台東) yaba uphawu lwe-rosella yesiShayina

Igama elithi 洛神花 libhekisela kunkulunkulukazi woMfula i-Luo (洛神, luòshén) — umfanekiso ovela enkondlweni yakudala ethi “Ode to the Fairy of the Luo River” (洛神赋, luòshén fù) kaCao Zhi (曹植, cáo zhí). Ukucatshangelwa kabusha okuyinkondlo okunjalo kugcizelela ubuhle bezindebe ezinombala obomvu ogcwele. Ezweni elikhulu kwagxila igama lezitshalo elingenazo izinkondlo elithi 玫瑰茄 (méiguī qié) — ngokwezwi nezwi “isitshalo seqanda esiyi-rose,” ngokwesimo nombala wezingxenye ezithelayo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

I-Hibiscus sabdariffa — isihlahlana esincane sonyaka owodwa (ezindaweni ezishisayo esivame ukuziphatha njengesihlala iminyaka eminingi) esinobude obucishe bube phakathi kwemitha elilodwa kuya kwamabili noma ngaphezulu, sineziqu eziqondile, ezivame ukuba bomvu. Imbali inkulu, iphuzi ngokukhanyayo noma i-cream, inesikhungo esimnyama-bomvu; ivuleka isikhathi esifushane bese iyawa.

• Okuqhakazayo: i-corolla ephuzi enomlomo omnyama — ihlala isikhathi esifushane
• Okungena ekukhishweni: indebe kanye ne-epicalyx, ezikhula ngemva kokuqhakaza
• Okususwayo: ikesi lembewu elingaphakathi

Isici esiyinhloko sezinto ezingavuthiwe ukuthi okusetshenziswayo akusiwona amacembe, njengoba kuvame ukucatshangwa, kodwa izindebe (ama-sepal) kanye ne-epicalyx. Ngemva kokuwa kwe-corolla, ziyakhula zibe yinyama, zigcwale umbala obomvu, futhi ziphenduke “inkanyezi” enamanzi, okuyiyona eqoqwayo. Ngaphakathi kwayo kuhlala ikesi lembewu — liyakhishwa, kugcinwe udonga lwendebe olunombala kuphela.

4. Indawo Yokutshala kanye Nezimfanelo Zokutshalwa:

• I-Taiwan: isifunda sase-Taidong (台東) — izindawo zase-Tamali (太麻里, tàimálǐ), i-Jinfeng (金峰, jīnfēng), indawo ezungeze i-Beinan (卑南, bēinán)
• Izwe elikhulu: i-Guangdong, i-Guangxi, i-Fujian, i-Hainan, i-Yunnan — iningizimu efudumele
• Isimo sezulu: libalele, lifudumele, linomswakama owanele

I-rosella — isitshalo esithanda ukufudumala sosuku olufushane: ukwakheka kwemiqumbe kanye nokuqhakaza okuningi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sosuku olufushanayo, okusho ukuthi ekwindla. Lokhu futhi kunquma izikhathi zokuvuna — ngokuvamile, ekwindla kwakamuva. Isitshalo sincamela inhlabathi egeleza kahle kanye nelanga elivulekile, sizwelana neqhwa, okuyikhona okukhawulela ukutshalwa kwaso eningizimu eshisayo nengaphansi kwetropiki. I-Taidong esezintabeni esogwini nesimo sayo sezulu yaba yindawo ephumelela ngokukhethekile, futhi lapha kwakheka ukukhetheka okubonakalayo kwamapulazi nemibukiso yesizini.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuvuna: ekwindla, lapho izindebe sezigcwale amanzi nombala, kodwa zingakabi lukhuni
• Ukusikwa: ukuhlukanisa ikesi lembewu endebeni (ngenkathi yezandla noma ngethuluzi elilula lokuphusha-iphayiphu)
• Ukomiswa: elangeni noma ngokufudumeza okuthambile kuze kube yilapho ziphuka
• Okunye: ukugaywa kabusha kwezindebe ezintsha zibe ujamu, isiraphu, izithelo ezinoshukela (蜜餞, mìjiàn)

Umehluko oyisisekelo etiyeni langempela: lapha akukho ukubuna, akukho ukuvutshelwa, akukho ukugazingwa kweqabunga. Ubuchwepheshe buhlela ekuhlukaniseni ngokucophelela indebe edliwayo engxenyeni yembewu bese kwenziwa ukuphela kwamanzi okulandelayo. Izinga lokomisa linquma ukugcinwa kombala kanye nephunga elimuncu: ukushisa ngokweqile nokukhanya kucekela phansi izingulube. Ingxenye yesivuno ayomiswa nhlobo, kodwa ithunyelwa ekugayweni kabusha okusha — kumajamu kanye nokulungiselelwa okunoshukela, okudumile njengongoti wendawo wase-Taidong.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa:

• Umbala wokukhishwa: kusuka kokubomvu-rubhu kuya koku-purple, okusobala
• Iphunga: elinamajikijolo nezithelo, nokuthinta kwe-cranberry eyomisiwe nezithelo ezimuncu
• Ukunambitheka: okumuncu ngokusobala, okuqabulayo, nokuhlinzwa okuncane
• Umzimba: olula, nokunambitheka okusemva okomile

Ukuziphatha kombala kufanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Izingulube zezindebe — ama-anthocyanin — zisebenza njengenkomba yemvelo ye-acidity: endaweni ene-asidi ukukhishwa kubomvu ngokugqamile, lapho kufakwa i-alkali kusuka kokubomvu-ngokunsomi, kuye kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokuluhlaza. Iconsi lejusi likalamula lenza isiphuzo sibonakale sigqamile futhi sibomvu, kuyilapho intwana ye-soda ishintsha umbala uye ohlangothini olubandayo. Lokhu akulona iphutha noma uphawu lomgunyathi, kodwa into evamile yama-anthocyanin.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Anthocyanin: ngaphezu kwakho konke i-delphinidin-3-sambubioside ne-cyanidin-3-sambubioside (isiphuzo sikweleta umbala kuzo)
• Ama-organic acid: i-citric, i-malic, i-tartaric, kanye ne-hibiscus acid (hydroxycitric) ephawulekayo
• Ama-Flavonoid: izinhlanganisela zeqembu le-flavonol
• I-Vitamin C: ikhona, kodwa ilahleka ngokwengxenye lapho komiswa futhi kufudunyezwa
• Okunye: ama-pectin, ama-polysaccharide, izinto zamaminerali

Inhlanganisela ngqo yama-anthocyanin kanye nengxenye ephezulu yama-organic acid yakha ngesikhathi esisodwa kokubili umbala kanye nokumuncu okucijile, kanye nokuziphatha kwenkomba yokukhishwa. Ukwakheka kuyashintsha kuye ngezinhlobo, isifunda, kanye nendlela yokomisa, ngakho-ke izilinganiso zezinombolo ezithile kufaneleke kakhulu ukuzithatha njengezinkomba, hhayi njengempawu eqondile.

8. Izinzuzo Zempilo:

Ngezansi — yilokho okuvame ukucatshangwa esikweni lasekhaya, kanye nalokho okufundwa yisayensi. Lezi akuzona izimangalo zezokwelapha: i-hibiscus ingumkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi umuthi, futhi noma yiziphi izithembiso zezokwelapha ezithengiswayo zingaphandle kwenqubo ye-encyclopedia.

• Esikweni lasekhaya: isiphuzo sithathwa njengesiqabulayo, esipholisa ukoma, “esilula” ngemva kokudla okunamafutha noma okuningi
• Lokho okufundwa yisayensi: umsebenzi we-antioxidant wama-anthocyanin nama-polyphenol; kuhlolwa ngokwehlukene umthelela wokukhishwa kwe-rosella ekucindezelekeni kwegazi — imininingwane kuyaxoxwa ngayo futhi ayinikezi isisekelo seziphetho zezokwelapha ngaphakathi kwendatshana eyinkomba

Ezingoxwayweni ezaziwayo, okufanele zibizwe ngokungathathi hlangothi: umkhiqizo umuncu ngokusobala, ngakho-ke abantu abane-acidity ephezulu kanye noqweqwe lwamazinyo oluzwelayo kufanele balinganise; ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa, futhi nangesikhathi sokuphuza njalo imithi (ikakhulukazi, ethinta ukucindezeleka kwegazi) ukuqapha nokubonisana nodokotela kufanelekile. Azikho izilinganiso nezinhlelo zokwelapha ezinikezwa lapha ngamabomu.

9. Ukugalela:

• Isilinganiso: okucishe kube 2 – 5 g wezindebe ezomisiwe ku-300 – 500 ml wamanzi
• Izinga lokushisa: 90 – 100 °C
• I-container: ingilazi noma i-porcelain emhlophe — ukuze ubone umbala; insimbi ayifaneleki ngenxa ye-asidi
• Isikhathi: ukugalela imizuzu engu-5 – 10 (lokhu ukukhishwa, hhayi ukuthululwa okusheshayo)
• Ukugalela okuphindwayo: kungenzeka kanye noma kabili, kodwa izinto ezingavuthiwe zinikela ukunambitheka nombala ngokushesha futhi ngemva kokugalela kwesibili ziyaphela ngokusobala

I-hibiscus ibekezelela kahle indlela ebandayo: thela izindebe ngamanzi abandayo noma apholile futhi ulinde amahora amaningana efrijini — ukukhishwa kuba mnene ngokumuncu futhi kubukeke kahle kakhulu ngombala. Ngenxa yokumuncu okugqamile, isiphuzo sivame ukufakwa ushukela ngoju noma ushukela futhi sinikezwa neqhwa. Sakha kalula ukuhlanganisa — ne-rose eyomisiwe, amajikijolo, i-citrus zest, i-licorice; ucezu lukalamula lwenza umbala ugqame.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, emnyama, isitsha esivalwe ngokuqinile
• Umswakama: izinto ezingavuthiwe zimunca umswakama — lapho zimanzi zilahlekelwa ukubukeka ngokushesha futhi ziyahlangana
• Ukukhanya nokushisa: kusheshisa ukucekelwa phansi kwama-anthocyanin, umbala uyaphela
• Isikhathi: cishe izinyanga eziyi-12 – 24 ngokugcinwa okufanele

Isibonakaliso esisebenzayo sokusha — umbala ogcwele obomvu omnyama wezindebe kanye nokuphuka. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezinsundu, ezimanzi noma eziphele umbala zizonikeza ukukhishwa okuphelile.

11. Intengo kanye Nokungumgunyathi:

• Inkomba ye-wholesale: izinga lesilinganiso — amashumi ama-yuan ngekg yezindebe ezomisiwe; izinto ezingavuthiwe zase-Taiwan ezivela e-Taidong kanye nezindebe eziphelele ezikhethiwe zibiza kakhulu kunaleyo evamile. Intengo ngqo yokuthengisa indatshana ayiyithembisi.

Izinto ezingavuthiwe zangempela zibukeka njengezindebe eziphelele noma izingcezu ezinkulu ezinombala obomvu-bordeaux ojulile, zomile futhi ziphuka, zinephunga elimsulwa elimuncu-elilejikijolo; lapho zigalelwa zikhipha ngokushesha umbala orubhu oqhakazile nokumuncu okucijile.

• Yini okufakwa esikhundleni futhi konga ngani: ukuhlukaniswa kabusha okuyimvithimvithi nezaphuko; ukuhlanganiswa nezinto ezindala eziphele umbala; ukubalwa okungalungile kwemvelaphi (inhlanganisela evamile ngaphansi kwe-Taidong); ezimweni ezisolisayo kakhulu — ukufakwa kombala.
• Okufanele kubhekwe: ukuphelela kanye nokwakheka okuqinile kwezindebe, iphunga lemvelo elimuncu-elilezithelo ngaphandle kwamanothi angaphandle amakhemikhali, ukuziphatha kombala kwemvelo (obomvu ogqamile emanzini ane-asidi, ukusuka koku-purple lapho kufakwa i-alkali). Okufanele kuxwayise umbala wokukhishwa ongokwemvelo ngokweqile, “odwetshiwe,” kanye nephunga elingahambisani nokunambitheka okumuncu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Igama elithi 洛神花 lihlobanisa umkhiqizo nonkulunkulukazi woMfula i-Luo ovela ezinkondlweni zakudala — izehlakalo ezingavamile lapho isitshalo sokudla sathola igama eliyincwadi ngokusobala.
• Ngenxa yama-anthocyanin, ukukhishwa kusebenza njengenkomba ye-acidity yesikole ebonakalayo: uketshezi olufanayo luba bomvu ngo lamula futhi lube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-soda.
• Isitshalo esisodwa sinamagama amaningi emhlabeni jikelele: i-karkade, i-rosella, i-bissap, “i-water of Jamaica,” i-karkade yaseGibhithe — futhi cishe yonke indawo izindebe ziyisetshenziswa.
• I-rosella — iyisihlobo se-okra, i-kenaf, ne-cotton ngokomndeni we-Malvaceae; iziqu zayo zikhiqiza i-fiber eqinile, futhi amaqabunga amancane kwezinye izindawo adliwa njengomifino.
• Inkolelo eyiphutha esabalele — ukuthi kugalelwa “amacembe embali.” Ekukhishweni akungenwa ama-corolla, kodwa izindebe ezikhulile ngemva kokuqhakaza.

Ekuphetheni:

I-hibiscus — imele ibonisa uhlobo lwe-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): isiphuzo esigalelwayo futhi siphuzwe ngendlela yetiye, kodwa asilona itiye futhi asizishayeli isifuba ngalokho. Alinayo i-camellia yesiShayina, alinabo ubukrakra betiye ne-caffeine — esikhundleni salokho kunokumunca okuqhakazile kwama-organic acid nombala orubhu wama-anthocyanin, oshintsha umbala ngokuphendula ku-acidity. Ukumiswa okuqotho okunjalo akululazi ngalutho umkhiqizo: unendawo yawo yokutshala kusukela ezweni lokuzalwa lase-Afrika kuya e-Taidong yase-Taiwan, ubuchwepheshe bawo obungalula, kodwa obudinga ukucophelela, kanye nendlela yawo yokunikeza — eshisayo ebusika futhi ibanda ngeqhwa noshukela ehlobo.

Ukubheka okufanele kwe-hibiscus — njengokukhishwa kwezitshalo okuzimele nobuhle baso kanye nesiko laso lokuphuza, hhayi njengokuthi “esikhundleni” setiye langempela. Ukuyihlola kufanele kwenziwe ngezinga layo: ngokuphelela nombala wezindebe, ubumsulwa bephunga elimuncu-elilejikijolo, kanye nokuphila kokukhishwa okurubhu. Izithembiso zezempilo, okuvame ukuhambisana nazo i-rosella ekuthengisweni, zihlala ngaphandle kwendatshana eyinkomba: lesi isiphuzo esimnandi nesihle sokudla, futhi kulesi simo sizimele sodwa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea