luóbùmá chá

Itiye i-luobuma wukumnika okwenziwe ngamaqabunga omisiwe futhi agaywe ngendlela ekhethekile e-lobuma (Apocynum venetum), isitshalo esihlala iminyaka eminingi esikwazi ukumelana nosawoti emndenini we-Apocynaceae. Ngaphandle kwegama elithi “itiye” egameni, lesi siphuzo asihlobene netiye langempela elisuka eqabungeni le-Camellia sinensis: alinalo iqabunga letiye noma i-caffeine, futhi ohlelweni lokuhlukanisa lwaseChina lubalwa njengokuthi ithatha indawo yetiye, noma ukumnika kwekhambi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Impahla eluhlaza ngokomlando ihlotshaniswa nendawo yechibi elinosawoti elingaphumi lamanzi i-Lop Nur (罗布泊, Luóbùpō) e-Xinjiang — kusuka lapho igama lesitshalo, ngokwezwi nezwi “i-lobuma yaseLop Nur”. Empilweni yaseChina, lolu kumnika luphuzwa njengenye indlela ethambile, engavusi yetiye — isiphuzo esikhanyayo, esinambitheka kancane njengotshani ngaphandle kokubaba okusobala. Lolu wuhlobo oluzimele olunomlando walo, indawo yokutshala, kanye nobuchwepheshe, hhayi “indawo yokubambela” yetiye langempela, futhi kufanele lubhekwe kanjalo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: ukumnika kwezitshalo, into ethatha indawo yetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
• Umthombo wezitshalo: iqabunga le-lobuma, i-Apocynum venetum L.
• Umndeni: i-Apocynaceae.
• Izwe lemvelaphi yempahla eluhlaza: izindawo ezingamathafa anezikhukhula-ogwadule kanye namaxhaphozi anosawoti e-Xinjiang, indawo yase-Lop Nur (罗布泊, Luóbùpō), umfula i-Tarim.
• Ezinye izinto ezingaphansi kwegama elifanayo: kwezohwebo, “i-lobuma” ibuye ibhekisele ezinhlotsheni ezisondelene — i-red lobuma (红麻, hóng má, i-Apocynum venetum ngokwayo) kanye ne-white lobuma (白麻, bái má), okuyinto eminye imithombo iyihlukanisa njengohlobo oluhlukile i-Poacynum (i-Poacynum pictum / i-Apocynum pictum). Ukuchazwa ezingeni lohlobo ezincwadini akuvumelani, ngakho-ke kulungile ukufaka zombili izinketho.

Kumele kushiwo ngokucacile: isihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis asikho kulo mkhiqizo. Lona akulona itiye elimnyama, eliluhlaza noma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwetiye ngokwezitshalo — lokhu kumnika kweqabunga lesitshalo esehluke ngokuphelele. Ohlelweni lokudla lwaseChina, iziphuzo ezinjalo ezenziwe ngezithelo, izimbali, amaqabunga noma izimpande zezitshalo ezingenawo ummango wekhofi zihlanganiswa ngaphansi kwesigaba se-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “esikhundleni setiye”. Ngokuhlukile, kufanele kuphawulwe umehluko wesimo: iqabunga le-lobuma (罗布麻叶, luóbùmá yè) livela ku-Pharmacopoeia ye-People’s Republic of China (中国药典, Zhōngguó yàodiǎn) njengempahla eluhlaza yomuthi wendabuko, ngakho-ke umkhiqizo utholakala emngceleni wokudla kanye nemithi, futhi ukumakethwa kwawo okudayisayo kungahluka.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umsuka wendawo: igama libhekisela esifundeni saseLop (罗布) kanye nechibi i-Lop Nur — izindawo zombuso wasendulo waseLoulan (楼兰, Lóulán) ku-Silk Road.
• Ukusetshenziswa okukabili kwesitshalo: i-lobuma kudala yayigcotshwa ngokuyinhloko njengesitshalo se-bast fiber — iziqu zayo zazikhiqiza i-fiber eqinile (野麻, yěmá, “insangu yasendle”) yezintambo, amanetha kanye nendwangu.

Ukusetshenziswa kweqabunga njengesiphuzo kwakheka kamuva kakhulu kunokuqoqwa kwe-fiber yezohwebo futhi kwasakazeka ngekhulu lama-20, lapho impahla eluhlaza evela e-Xinjiang yaqala ukugaywa ngenhloso futhi yapakishwa. Kubantu bendawo yase-oasis endaweni eyomile, lokhu kwakuwukumnika kwasendaweni okwatholakala kalula, kumila eduze kwemisele enosawoti. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, “iqabunga letiye lase-Xinjiang” ladlulela ngaphandle kwesifunda futhi langena endaweni yesiphuzo sakusihlwa esithambile esingenayo i-caffeine.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Indlela yokuphila: isihlahla esincane esihlala iminyaka eminingi noma utshani obude, bufinyelela ku-1.5-3 m ubude.
• Amaqabunga: aphikisayo noma alandelanayo, amise okwe-lance, anomthambo omaphakathi ocacile, umphetho uphelele.
• Izimbali: zincane, zimise okwensimbi, zibomvana-ngokunsomi ohlotsheni olubomvu futhi zikhanyayo kakhulu kohlobo olumhlophe; isitshalo siwumsinga omuhle wezinyosi.
• Ujusi olufana nobisi: njengawo wonke umndeni we-Apocynaceae, isitshalo siqukethe i-latex; esiphuzweni, kusetshenziswa kuphela iqabunga eseligayiwe.
• Impahla eluhlaza yokumnika: amaqabunga amancane naphakathi nendawo, aqoqwa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhluma kanye nokuqhakaza kwezimbali (ehlobo).

4. Indawo Yokutshala kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa:

• Indawo: amathafa anezikhukhula zemifula, izindonga zemisele, imiphetho yamaxhaphozi anosawoti kanye nezingwadule.
• Izindawo eziyinhloko e-Xinjiang: umfula i-Tarim (塔里木河, Tǎlǐmù Hé) kanye nomfula i-Konche Darya / Peacock (孔雀河, Kǒngquè Hé), izindawo eziseduze kwechibi i-Lop Nur.
• Ezinye izifunda ze-China: iyatholakala futhi e-Gansu, e-Inner Mongolia, e-Qinghai, emfuleni i-Yellow River, nasemhlabathini onosawoti osogwini.

I-lobuma iyisitshalo sezindawo ezimbi kakhulu: ibekezelela umhlabath onosawoti, isomiso, ukuguquguquka kwamazinga okushisa kanye nokukhanya kwelanga okunamandla. Kungalesi sizathu impahla eluhlaza evela endaweni yase-Lop Nur ngokwendabuko ibhekwa njengeyindinganiso ngokwemvelaphi — inhlanganisela yomhlabathi onamaxhaphozi anosawoti, isimo sezulu sasemhlabeni wonke kanye nenala yelanga kubhekwa njengesici esikhethekile sendawo yokutshala. Lesi sitshalo sisebenza njengephayona emhlabathini oyincithakalo futhi sisetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi wokuqinisa izindunduma kanye nokuvuselela izindawo ezonakalisiwe ezinomhlabathinosawoti.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuqoqa: ukuqoqa amaqabunga ngesandla noma ngomshini ngenkathi yokufudumala.
• Ukushisisa (萎凋, wěidiāo): ukushisisa ukuze kwehliswe umswakama futhi kuthanjiswe iqabunga.
• Ukuqinisa izinto eziluhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): ukugaywa kokushisa okumisa izinqubo zama-enzayimu — okujwayelekile ohlotsheni “oluhlaza” lwe-lobuma.
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukubumba iqabunga nokucekela phansi izakhiwo zamangqamuzana ukuze kungene kangcono amanzi.
• Ukomisa (干燥): ukuletha ezingeni lomswakama ogxilile.

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zesitayela. Uhlobo “oluhlaza” lwenziwa ngokusondelene nobuchwepheshe betiye eluhlaza — ngokuqinisa izinto eziluhlaza, okulondoloza ukukhanya kokumnika kanye nephrofayili enjengotshani. Uhlobo “olufiphele”/oluvundisiwe lutholakala ngokufaka umoya-mpilo noma ukuguga kweqabunga okulawulwayo, okwenza ukumnika kufiphele futhi kuzuze ukunambitheka okuthambile, okufana “nokoma”. Ukugaywa ngokwesifanekiso setiye akudingekile ukulingisa itiye, kodwa ukwenza iqabunga lifanelekele futhi limnandi ekunambithekeni.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba:

• Iqabunga elomile: kusuka kokuluhlaza okumpunga kuya kokunsundu ngokumnyama kuye ngohlobo lokugaywa; izingcezu ezimise okwe-lance, ngokuvamile ezinemiphetho egoqiwe.
• Umbala wokumnika: kusuka kokuliphuzi okukhanyayo nokuluhlaza okotshani kuya koku-amber ezinhlobonhlobo ezivundisiwe.
• Iphunga: kunjengotshani-okoma, ngezinye izikhathi kunephunga elincane lezimbali.
• Ukunambitheka: okuthambile, nobumnandi obungaphawuleki kanye nokuqatha okuncane kakhulu, ngaphandle kobabazo obuqinile.
• Ukunambitheka okuhlala emva: okuhlanzekile, okufushane, okuqabulayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Flavonoid: i-hyperoside (金丝桃苷, jīnsītáo gān), i-isoquercitrin, i-quercetin, i-rutin, i-kaempferol.
• Ama-Acid e-Organic: kufaka phakathi i-chlorogenic acid ne-gallic acid.
• Izinto zokushaya kanye nama-polyphenol.
• Ama-Amino acid nama-polysaccharide.
• Ama-macro- kanye nama-micro-element: i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-iron.
• I-Caffeine: ayikho.

Isilinganiso esiqondile sezakhi sincike ohlotsheni lwesitshalo (olubomvu noma olumhlophe), indawo yokuqoqa, ubudala beqabunga kanye nendlela yokugaya, ngakho-ke izinombolo ziyahluka emaqoqweni ahlukene. Okuvame ukungaguquguquki ezincazelweni zempahla eluhlaza yinkimbinkimbi yama-flavonoid.

8. Izinto Eziwusizo:

• Isimo: isiphuzo sokudla, hhayi umuthi.

Ngokwesiko lasekhaya lamaShayina, i-lobuma ivame ukuphuzwa njengokumnika okuzolile, “okupholisayo” ngaphandle komthelela wokuvusa, okuhlotshaniswa nokungabikho kwe-caffeine. Ama-Flavonoid kanye nezakhi ezithile zeqabunga ziyafundwa yisayensi, kufaka phakathi kumongo wesistimu yemithambo yegazi kanye nomsebenzi we-antioxidant, noma kunjalo, imiphumela yocwaningo ayilingani nomphumela wokwelapha oqinisekisiwe esiphuzweni esiphelele. Noma yiziphi izethembiso zezempilo ezidayisayo zingaphandle kobubanzi be-encyclopedia futhi akufanele zithathwe njengolwazi lwezokwelapha.

Ezexwayisweni ezaziwayo, imithombo iphawula ngokungathathi hlangothi ukulinganisela ekusetshenzisweni, kanye nokuqaphela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa ibele ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi. Njengoba izingxenye zesitshalo zifundwa maqondana nesistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kuyaphawulwa ngokuhlukile amathuba okuhlangana nemithi ehambisanayo — lo mbuzo ungaphansi kwekhono likadokotela, hhayi umdayisi noma incwadi yezethenjwa.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

• Isilinganiso: cishe 3-5 g wamaqabunga ku-200-250 ml wamanzi.
• Amanzi: ashisayo, acishe abe ngu-90-100 °C — iqabunga alinankinga futhi liyawamukela amanzi abilayo.
• Izitsha: i-teapot yengilazi noma i-gaiwan, i-porcelain; ingilazi ilungele ukubuka umbala wokumnika.
• Isikhathi: ukumnika kokuqala kuthatha isikhathi eside kunetiye — cishe imizuzu emi-2-4; ngokulandelayo ngokunambitheka.
• Izikhathi zokumnika: kumelana nokumnika izikhathi ezingu-2-4 ngokwandisa kancane kancane isikhathi.
• Ukubilisa: ukubiliswa kancane kweqabunga kuyamukeleka ukuze kutholakale ukumnika okuqinile.
• Ukuphakelwa okubandayo: kuyafaneleka — ukumnika kuyapholiswa noma kulungiswe ngokufakwa emanzini abandayo, okuhambisana kahle nemvelaphi “yasogwadule” yempahla eluhlaza futhi kuqeda ukoma lapho kushisa.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha: ukupakisha okungangeni umoya okungabonisi ngaphakathi noma ithini lensimbi.
• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile engenakho ukukhanya okuqondile.
• Izitha zomkhiqizo: umswakama, iphunga langaphandle, ukushisa — iqabunga limunca umswakama kalula.
• Isikhathi: bheka usuku lomkhiqizi; izinhlobo “eziluhlaza” kungcono ukuphuzwa zisasha, ezivundisiwe zigcinwa ngokulinganayo.

11. Intengo kanye Nokomgunyathi:

• Inkomba yentengo yokuthengisa ngobuningi: cishe 90 ¥/kg ngempahla eluhlaza ejwayelekile; amaqabunga ase-Xinjiang asezingeni aphakeme abiza kakhulu, izingxube ezisezingeni eliphansi zishibhile.
• Ukuthi impahla eluhlaza yangempela ibukeka kanjani: iqabunga eliphelele noma elicishe liphelele elimise okwe-lance elinomthambo ocacile, iphunga elihlanzekile elinjengotshani-okoma, izingcosana ezincane zothuli, iziqu kanye nezinto zangaphandle.

Imikhuba evamile yokufaka okomgunyathi ukuhlukanisa ngamahlamvu ashibhile ezitshalo zangaphandle, ukuxuba izinhlobo ezibomvu nezimhlophe ngaphandle kokuchaza, ukuthengisa impahla engeyona yase-Xinjiang ngaphansi kwegama le-Lop Nur, kanye nokudayisa amaqabunga amadala, amunye kakhulu umoya-mpilo. Okufanele kukuholele ekungabazeni umbala omnyama ngokungemvelo onenqwaba yothuli, iphunga elimunyu noma elibolile, inala yeziqu ezimahhadlahhadla kanye nentengo ephansi ngokusolisayo lapho “imvelaphi” “eyireferensi” imenyezelwa. Kuthembeke kakhulu ukubheka ukumakwa okusobala kwempahla eluhlaza kanye nemvelaphi kunamagama amakhulu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Ifiber ngaphambi kweqabunga: inani lezimboni le-lobuma amakhulu eminyaka lalinqunywa yi-bast fiber, kanti ukusetshenziswa “kwetiye” kweqabunga kuvele kamuva.
• Umthombo wezinyosi: izimbali zihlaselwa kakhulu izinyosi, futhi uju oluvela ezindaweni ezimila i-lobuma lungumkhiqizo wasendaweli ozimele.
• Isitshalo sokuvuselela umhlabathi: ukumelana nosawoti kwenza i-lobuma ibe wusizo ekuqiniseni izindunduma kanye nasekubuyiseleni umhlabathi onosawoti.
• Igama elivela endaweni: icala elingavamile lapho isiphuzo sithwala igama lechibi elithile elomile — i-Lop Nur.

Ekuphetheni:

Itiye i-lobuma liyisibonelo esivelele sohlobo lwaseChina lwe-代用茶: isiphuzo esenziwa futhi siphuzwe ngendlela yetiye, kodwa esenziwe ngesitshalo esehluke ngokuphelele — i-lobuma ekwazi ukumelana nosawoti yase-Xinjiang emathafeni anezikhukhula nasemaxhaphozini anosawoti. Lunomqondo walo siqu — indawo yokutshala enzima yendawo eyomile, impahla eluhlaza ehlukanisekayo, ubuchwepheshe obugayiwe bokugaya amaqabunga kanye nephrofayili yokunambitheka ethambile, engenayo i-caffeine, ebongwayo ngokuzola, hhayi ngokuvusa.

Kufanele lubhekwe ngokwethembeka nangaphandle kokweqisa: akulona “itiye-mbumbulu” futhi akuwona umuthi, kodwa kuwukumnika kwezitshalo okuzimele okunenhloso yokudla. Izingxenye zalo ezithile ziyafundwa ngempela, kodwa intshisekelo yesayensi ayiguquli inkomishi yokumnika ibe yindlela yokwelapha, futhi izethembiso zezempilo zansuku zonke zihlala ngaphandle kobubanzi bolwazi lwamaqiniso. Ngendlela ezolile — ngokunaka imvelaphi yempahla eluhlaza, ukulinganisela kanye nekhwalithi yamaqabunga — i-lobuma ithatha indawo yayo efanele eduze kwetiye langempela, ngaphandle kokuzenza yona.

the teas described here are available from teamotea