Intwasahlobo Yamashiya Aluhlaza

Lǜ Yáng Chūn (绿杨春, lǜ yáng chūn) — “Intwasahlobo Yamashiya Aluhlaza” — itiye eliluhlaza elivela endaweni yedolobha yase-Yizheng (仪征市, Yízhēng Shì) ngaphakathi kwedolobha lase-Yangzhou (扬州市), esifundazweni sase-Jiangsu (江苏省). Igama lithathwe emfanekisweni owaziwayo wenkondlo yase-Yangzhou: “绿杨城郭是扬州” — “Idolobha lamashiya aluhlaza, iYangzhou yilo” — umugqa osuselwa ezinkondlweni zamaTang futhi uhlanganisa idolobha ngokuqinile nokuhlaza okuthambile kwentwasahlobo yamashiya. Amaqabunga etiye e-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — azacile, amahle, “njengamahlumela amasha e-willow” (形似新柳, xíng sì xīn liǔ) — awumfuziselo lowo ngokuma. Itiye lenziwa okokuqala ngo-1991 efekthri yetiye yaseNashan (捺山制茶厂, Nàshān Zhìchá Chǎng) endaweni ye-Yizheng National Geopark (仪征国家地质公园). Izithako — ziyizithombo zasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuphela: ukuze kutholakale ikhilogremu eyodwa yekhwalithi ephezulu, kudingeka cishe amagxolo angama-90 000. Ngo-2011 itiye lathola uphawu lwendawo yezwe e-China, kwathi ngo-2012 i-Yizheng yathola isikhundla esithi “Izwe Lamatiye Adumile Ase-China” (中国名茶之乡, Zhōngguó Míngchá Zhī Xiāng). Ngo-2025 inani lomkhiqizo wophawu lwe-“Lǜ Yáng Chūn” lalingaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1.4 zama-yuan, kanti ngo-2023 indlela yokwenza ngesandla yaleli tiye yafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angabambeki esifundazweni sase-Jiangsu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwe. Ngokomthombo — liyingxube yokugazinga nokomisa (半烘炒结合, bàn hōngchǎo jiéhé): inhlanganisela yokugazinga (炒, chǎo) esigabeni sokulungisa nokubumba nokomisa (烘, hōng) esigabeni sokugcina. Ngokwesimo seqabunga liwela emathiyeni “amise okwamashiya” (眉形, méixíng): amaqabunga azacile, amahle, agobile kancane, “njengamahlumela amasha e-willow” (形似新柳). Ngokuhlukaniswa — itiye elisamshiya, eligaziwe-elisomisiwe (条形烘炒绿茶, tiáoxíng hōngchǎo lǜchá).

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo oqokwe ngendawo yezwe e-China (国家农产品地理标志产品, 2011). Itiye elijwayelekile lesifundazwe sase-Jiangsu (江苏省地方名茶, 1999). Ophumelele kaningi umklomelo okhethekile we-“Zhōng Chá Bēi” (中茶杯特等奖) — imiklomelo emine ekhethekile, izindawo eziyisithupha zokuqala. Ngo-2001 emqhudelwaneni we-“Zhōng Chá Bēi” isampula lase-Yizheng lathola amaphuzu aphezulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza angama-207 ezweni lonke. “Izwe Lamatiye Adumile Ase-China” (中国名茶之乡, 2012 — Yizheng). Inhloso yesifundazwe yamagugu angabambeki (手工制茶技艺 — 江苏省非遗, 2023).

• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Jiangsu (江苏省), idolobha i-Yangzhou (扬州市, Yángzhōu Shì), indawo yedolobha i-Yizheng (仪征市, Yízhēng Shì). Indawo eqokwe ngendawo yezwe ihlanganisa izigodi eziyisi-9 nehhovisi elilodwa: Xiejí (谢集乡), Yuètáng (月塘乡), Qīngshān (青山镇), Liújí (刘集镇), Tóngshān (铜山办事处), Xīnchéng (新城镇), Xīnjí (新集镇), Mǎjí (马集镇), Zhēnzhōu (真州镇), Chénjí (陈集镇). Isizinda sokukhiqiza — ifekthri yetiye yase-Nashan (捺山茶场, Nàshān Cháchǎng) esigodini sase-Yuetan.

• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 32°14′–32°36′ n.l., 119°02′–119°22′ e.l. Ukuphakama — 5–149 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Indawo enkulu yetiye — ibhande elinamagquma angu-30–40 m.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Isikhathi samaTang namaSong. Ukutshalwa kwetiye e-Yizheng — enye yezindawo ezindala kakhulu zamatiye enyakatho ye-Yangtze — kwavela esikhathini samaTang (唐, 618–907). Ngaleso sikhathi i-Yangzhou yayisiyisikhungo esikhulu sokuhweba somfula i-Grand Canal, futhi itiye lendawo lalingenye yezimpahla ezazithunyelwa ngezindlela zamanzi ziya enyakatho. Ngesikhathi samaSong (宋, 960–1279), itiye elivela emagqumeni e-Shugang (蜀岗, Shǔgǎng) lathola isikhundla se-“gòngchá” (贡茶, gòngchá) — “itiye lokunikela ngobukhosi,” okwakubonisa ukuqashelwa kwekhwalithi yalo ezingeni eliphezulu kunazo zonke.

• Ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo (1988–1991). Ukuthuthukiswa kwetiye lohlobo olusha kwaqalwa ngo-1988 yi-Yangzhou Multifunctional Agriculture Bureau (扬州市多种经营管理局). Ochwepheshe be-Yangzhou Forestry Station (扬州市林业站), amapulazi etiye e-Pingshan (平山茶场), e-Shugang (蜀冈茶场), e-Shanhe (山河茶场) esifundeni sase-Hanjiang, kanye nesikhungo sokuhlola i-Nashan (捺山茶叶试验场) nefekthri yesibili yetiye yase-Nashan e-Yizheng, babandakanyeka kulo msebenzi. Ngemva kweminyaka emine yokuhlola, ngo-1991, itiye lenziwa ngempumelelo. Igama elithi “Lǜ Yáng Chūn” lahlongozwa wunjiniyela omkhulu wefekthri yetiye yase-Yangzhou u-Feng Jinwei (冯金纬): umqondo wegama wawuhlanganisa izakhi ezintathu — i-Yangzhou “idolobha lamashiya aluhlaza” (绿杨城郭是扬州), itiye eliluhlaza njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko wesifunda, kanye nokuvunwa kwentwasahlobo njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lekhwalithi.

• Ukuqashelwa nokujwayeza. Ngo-1999 itiye laphumelela ukuhlolwa kwesifundazwe futhi lamukelwa njengetiye lendawo elijwayelekile lase-Jiangsu. Ngo-2002 i-Provincial Quality Bureau yagunyaza izinga lesifundazwe le-“Lǜ Yáng Chūn.” Ngo-2011 uMnyango Wezolimo we-China wanikeza itiye isikhundla somkhiqizo oqokwe ngendawo yezwe. Ngo-2012 i-Yizheng yathola igama elithi “Izwe Lamatiye Adumile Ase-China.” Ngo-2023 indlela yokwenza ngesandla (手工制茶技艺, shǒugōng zhìchá jìyì) yafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angabambeki esifundazweni sase-Jiangsu.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko. I-Yangzhou ingelinye lamadolobha ahlonishwa kakhulu ezinkondlweni e-China: idolobha lemigudu, izingadi zakudala, “amashiya aluhlaza,” namasiko adumile ase-Yangzhou etiye lasekuseni (早茶, zǎochá). Umugqa othi “绿杨城郭是扬州” ungowembongi yakwaQing u-Wang Shizhen (王士禛, Wáng Shìzhēn, 1634–1711) futhi usuyimpawu yedolobha. I-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — ingumfuziselo wetiye wobunyoninco base-Yangzhou: iqabunga ngalinye liyihlumela elincane le-willow, kanti iphunga le-chestnut likhumbuza ngokuhamba kwentwasahlobo eduze komgudu i-Shouxi Hu (瘦西湖, Shòu Xīhú). Kusukela ngo-2005 i-Yizheng iye yaba nomkhosi wetiye we-“Lǜ Yáng Chūn Zǎo” (绿杨春早, “I-Intwasahlobo Yasekuqaleni Yamashiya Aluhlaza”) minyaka yonke, ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwesiko letiye nezokuvakasha.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezithako:

• Ama-Cultivar: Ekukhiqizeni i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn kusetshenziswa ama-cultivar amaqabunga aphakathi nendawo (中叶种, zhōngyè zhǒng), anoboya obuncane be-clone ye-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, akhethwe ngenxa yokumelana nokubanda nesomiso, ukufaneleka kwetiye eliluhlaza, kanye nobude obuphakathi nokugcwala kwegxolo. Ama-cultivar ayinhloko:

  • Jiūkēng (鸠坑种, Jiūkēng Zhǒng) — elinye lama-cultivar amadala endawo ase-Zhejiang, ajwayeleke kakhulu e-Jiangsu. Linikeza ukunambitheka okuminyene “okuhlala isikhathi eside.”
  • Fúdǐng Dàbái (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng Dàbái) — i-cultivar eyisilinganiso eyijwayelekile, enikeza iphrofayili elinganayo, elinoshukela.
  • Lóngjǐng 43 (龙井43号, Lóngjǐng 43 Hào) — i-clone evuthwa kusenesikhathi, eyenziwe e-China Tea Research Institute, ehlinzeka ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid.
  • Lóngjǐng Chángyè (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng Chángyè) — i-clone yamaqabunga amade ye-Longjing, eyalethwa eminyakeni yamuva nje.
  • Zhōngchá 108 (中茶108, Zhōngchá 108) — iklone yesimanje enamakha aphakeme.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Ukuvunwa kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuphela (春茶, chūnchá). Ikhwalithi ephezulu (特级, tèjí) — igxolo elilodwa (单芽, dān yá), eliminyene, eligcwele. Ikhwalithi yokuqala (一级) — igxolo elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza (一芽一叶初展). Ikhwalithi yesibili (二级) — igxolo elilodwa namaqabunga amabili. Ubude behlumela lezinga eliphezulu — 1.8–2.5 cm. Ukuze kutholakale ikhilogremu eyodwa yezinga eliphezulu kusetshenziswa cishe amagxolo angama-90 000.

• Izinkathi zonyaka: Míngqián Chá (明前茶, Míngqián Chá) — ukuvunwa ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming (清明, ngokuvamile ngo-4–5 Ephreli) — kuveza izinhlobo eziphakeme nezokuqala, ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid. Yǔqián Chá (雨前茶, Yǔqián Chá) — ukuvunwa ngaphambi komkhosi we-Guyu (谷雨, ngokuvamile ngo-19–20 Ephreli) — iqabunga liminyene, itshelekisa linamandla, futhi limelana nokumunca okuningi. Ngemuva kukaMeyi ukukhiqizwa kwe-Lǜ Yáng Chūn kuyamiswa; amaqabunga asehlobo nawasekwindla asetshenziselwa kuphela itiye eliluhlaza elajwayelekile noma itiye elibomvu.

• Amabanga:

  • Izinga eliphezulu (特级): Igxolo elilodwa, eliminyene, eliluhlaza okwesikhova (i-emerald), uboya obuncane. Iphunga le-chestnut. Kusukela ku-2680 yuan/500 g.
  • Izinga lokuqala (一级): Igxolo elilodwa + iqabunga elilodwa, ukusonteka okulinganayo. 800–1500 yuan/500 g.
  • Izinga lesibili (二级): Igxolo elilodwa + amaqabunga amabili, itshelekisa eliminyene kakhudlwana.

4. I-Terroir Nezimpawu Zokutshala:

• Ubume bomhlaba nendawo. I-Yizheng isenyakatho yogu lwasezansi lomfula i-Yangtze (长江), endaweni yokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi yase-Jianghuai (江淮分水岭). Iningizimu-mpumalanga — ithafa elivundile lomfula; intshonalanga — amagquma aphakeme; enkabeni nasenyakatho — amagquma athambile. Izingadi zetiye zigxile emagqumeni athambile (缓岗丘陵) ekuphakameni okungu-30–149 m, kude nezindawo zezimboni. I-Yizheng iyindawo yesizwe yokubonisa indalo (国家生态示范区) kanye nesifunda sesifundazwe sezolimo okuvikelwa indawo (江苏省生态农业示范县).

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu sasenyakatho se-subtropical monsoon (北亚热带季风气候). Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi — 15.1°C. Imvula yonyaka — cishe 1100 mm. Amahora okukhanya kwelanga — 2226.5 ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokungabi nasithwathwa — izinsuku ezingama-221+. Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo elihlangene — 5537°C. Izinkathi ezine ezicacile ezinokwehluka okukhulu kokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku — yisona sici esibalulekile emfuthweni wokugcinwa kwezakhi eziwusizo eqabungeni. Ukwehluka kwasika busika nentwasahlobo kubaluleke kakhulu: ukuphumula okude kwasebusika kuvumela amahlahla etiye ukuba agcine imisoco, futhi ukuqala kwakamuva kokukhula komuthi (okwenzeka kamuva kunezifundazwe eziseningizimu) kuqondise ekuquketweni okuphezulu kwama-amino acid ehlumeleni lasentwasahlobo.

• Inhlabathi: Insundu ephuzi (黄棕壤, huáng zōng rǎng), eyakhiwe phezu kongqimba oyinhloko we-loess i-Xiashu (下蜀黄土, Xiàshǔ huángtǔ). Iphrofayili yenhlabathi ejulile. i-pH — 4.5–6.5 (ngokulungile 6.0–6.5 ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yomgogodla). Okuphakeme kakhulu kwezinhlayiya zobumba, izinkinga zokushintshana ze-hydrogen ne-aluminium, kanye nezisekelo zokushintshana. Icebile ngezakhi zamaminerali. Okuqukethwe yinto ephilayo — kufinyelela ku-8.0% nangaphezulu — inani eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo zamatiye zase-China, eliqinisekisa ukunambitheka okucebile nokuminyana kwetshelekisa. Itshe lomngcele ungqimba oluseduze — kunamatshe ayizinsalela ezinzulwini, akha ungqimba olucacile olunamathelayo lwangaphansi (粘盘层, zhān pán céng).

• Ububanzi besikali. Ingqikithi yendawo yezingadi zetiye e-Yizheng — 35 000 mu (≈2333 ha), okuyi-10 000 mu yizo izindawo eziqinisekisiwe “zokudla okuluhlaza” (绿色食品). Ukukhiqizwa konyaka — amathani angama-500+ etiye elomile. Kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-30 000 abaqashiwe. I-Yizheng iyisizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke sokukhiqiza itiye esifundeni sase-Suzhong–Subei (苏中苏北).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe be-Lǜ Yáng Chūn buyingxube yokugazinga nokomisa (半烘炒结合), ehlanganisa izici zokugazinga ukubumba nokomisa ukuze uzinziswe ekugcineni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko — ukudala isimo “se-willow encane” nokulungisa iphunga le-chestnut kuyilapho kugcinwa kakhulu ama-amino acid. Kusukela ngo-1998, ukucutshungulwa ngomshini (名茶机) kwaqaliswa e-Yizheng, kufinyelele ku-98% wokufinyelela, kodwa indlela yokwenza ngesandla isaqhubeka isetshenziselwa izinga eliphezulu futhi ngo-2023 yathola isikhundla segugu lesifundazwe elingabambeki.

• Ukuhlakaza (摊青, tān qīng): Amahlumela asanda kuvunwa ahlakazwa ngongqimba oluncane endaweni enomoya omuhle ukuze kuhwamuke umswakama owedlulele futhi kuqale ukwakheka kwabangaphambili bamakha. Ukulahleka komswakama — kufinyelela ku-15–20%.

• “Ukubulala ukuhlaza” (杀青, shā qīng): Isigubhu esijikelezayo (滚筒杀青机), izinga lokushisa — cishe 140°C. Ukulungisa okuthambile: izinga lokushisa eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza (e-Longjing — 200–250°C ku-wok), okuvumela ukugwema ukushiswa kwamagxolo amnene nokugcina ama-amino acid.

• Ukubumba / “ukuhlela imicu” (理条, lǐ tiáo): Isigaba esibalulekile, esinikeza amaqabunga etiye isimo esibonakalayo “se-willow encane.” Izindlela zokwenziwa ngesandla zokuthi “bamba unyakaze” (抓、抖, zhuā, dǒu) — umenzi wezandla ubamba inhlukano yamacembe abese eyinyakazisa ngesigqi, kuyilapho eqondisa futhi elekelela amaqabunga. Yilona hlelo lokusebenza olwehlukanisa i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn emathiyeni ayisicaba (Longjing) nasemathiyeni asontelayo (Biluochun). Ekucutshungulweni ngomshini kusetshenziswa imishini yokubumba (理条机).

• Ukomisa kokuqala (初烘, chū hōng): Ukwehlisa umswakama uye ezingeni eliphakathi, ukuqiniswa kwesimo.

• Ukubumba kokugcina (整形, zhěngxíng): Ukuqedelwa kwesimo — ukulinganisa, ukususa amaqabunga asontekile.

• Ukomisa kokugcina “ngomlilo omnyama” (足干 — 暗火, zú gān — àn huǒ): Izinga lokushisa — cishe 60°C. Ukomisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphansi, okuhamba kancane — umehluko osemqoka ekugazingweni kokugcina okunezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwamanye amatiye aluhlaza. “Umlilo omnyama” ngokuningi ugcina ama-amino acid amahhala futhi uvimbela ukuqothulwa kwezakhi eziguquguqukayo zephunga le-chestnut. Umswakama wokugcina — ≤6%.

• Ukuhlunga nokulahla (拣剔, jiǎn tī): Ukususwa kweziqu, amaqabunga aphuzi, izinto ezingaphandle. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwamazinga.

6. Izimpawu Zokuhlola (Organoleptic):

• Isimo seqabunga elomile ngaphandle: Amaqabunga “amise okwamashiya” (眉形): azacile, made, amahle, agobile kancane — “njengamahlumela amasha e-willow” (纤细秀长似新柳, xiānxì xiùcháng sì xīn liǔ). Umbala — uluhlaza okwesikhova nobumuncu obugcwele amafutha (翠绿油润). Uboya obuncane. Alingana, afana ngosayizi.

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Lihlanzekile (清香, qīngxiāng) nethoni ecacile ye-chestnut (栗香, lìxiāng) — efudumele, enoshukela kancane, ekhumbuza ama-chestnut athosiwe. Kukhona ithoni encane yotshani obuluhlaza.

• Iphunga letshelekisa: Iphunga le-chestnut — liyinhloko futhi libaluleke kakhulu. Liphakeme futhi liqinile (高雅持久, gāoyǎ chíjiǔ). Lapho selipholile kuvela ithoni yezimbali enoshukela. Iphunga lenkomishi ebandayo lihlala isikhathi eside.

• Ukunambitheka: Muhle (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — “ukusha” okucacile ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid. Umnene (醇厚, chúnhòu) — umzimba wetshelekisa ugcwele, awunamanzi. Ushukela (甘, gān) — ukubuya koshukela (回甘, huígān) kuzinzile futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside. Umunyu omncane. Ukunambitheka kwasemuva — kuthatha isikhathi eside, nobumnandi be-chestnut.

• Umbala wetshelekisa: Okukhanyelayo, okucwebezelayo (清澈明亮, qīngchè míngliàng). Uluhlaza okwesikhova, ngezinye izikhathi kunethoni eliphuzi kancane (翠绿 / 浅绿带黄).

• Isizinda setiye (iqabunga elimunyiwe): Liluhlaza okothando, elihlangene nelilinganayo (嫩绿匀齐, nèn lǜ yún qí). Amaqabunga — aphelele, amnene, angenamonakalo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): Okuqukethwe — kusezingeni letiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile lebhande elisenyakatho le-subtropical (18–24%). Okukhethekile nge-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — okuqukethwe okulinganisiwe kwama-polyphenol kuhlangene nama-amino acid aphakeme, okwakha ukulinganisela “kokusha ngaphandle kobumuncu.” Ama-Catechin — ingxenye eyinhloko yama-polyphenol — ahlinzeka ngamandla e-antioxidant.

• Ama-amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): Okuqukethwe okuphezulu — umphumela wezinto ezintathu: (1) indawo esenyakatho enokwehluka okukhulu phakathi kwemini nobusuku kanye nobusika obude, okukhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwezakhi ze-nitrogen; (2) okuphakeme kakhulu kokuqukethwe yinto ephilayo enhlabathini (kufinyelela ku-8%); (3) ubuchwepheshe “bomlilo omnyama” (暗火), obugcina ama-amino acid athambile ashisa, ngokuyinhloko i-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸). I-L-theanine iyingxenye eyinhloko “yokusha” (鲜爽) nomthombo womphumela wokukhululeka.

• Umthambo (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn): Okuqukethwe okujwayelekile kwetiye eliluhlaza — 2.5–4.0%. Kunikeza umphumela wokugqugquzela, ngokubambisana ne-L-theanine kudala isimo “sokuphapha ngokuthula.”

• Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C (i-ascorbic acid) — igcinwa ngenxa yokugandaywa okuthambile nokomisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ama-Vitamin B (B₁, B₂). I-Vitamin E (ama-tocopherol).

• Izinto zamaminerali: I-Potassium, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-fluoride. Ubuningi bephrofayili yamaminerali bubangelwa inhlabathi ephuzi ensundu enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinkinga zokushintshana.

• Amafutha abalulekile (芳香油, fāngxiāng yóu): Iphunga le-chestnut lakhiwa yizakhi ze-terpene ezibiliswa kakhulu kanye nemikhiqizo ye-Maillard reaction, eyakhiwa ngesikhathi sokugazinga. Ukomisa kokugcina okunezinga lokushisa eliphansi kugcina izingxenyana eziguquguqukayo.

• Isici esiyingqayizivele: Isilinganiso sama-amino acid kuma-polyphenol (酚氨比, fēn-ān bǐ) ku-Lǜ Yáng Chūn sisondela kwelama-amino acid uma kuqhathaniswa namatiye aluhlaza aseningizimu — lokhu kungumphumela wendawo esenyakatho futhi kuchaza iphrofayili eyisici ethi “okusha, okunoshukela, ngaphandle kobumuncu.”

8. Izakhiwo Ezinomthelela Omuhle:

• Umthelela we-antioxidant. Ama-Catechin nama-polyphenol asusa ama-radical amahhala, anciphise ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative futhi ahlephule izinqubo zokuguga kwamaseli.

• Umthelela wokugqugquzela nokwazisa. Umthambo ohlanganiswe no-L-theanine unikeza ukukhuthazwa okuthambile, okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuqhuma okubukhali: ukuthuthukiswa kokugxilisisa ingqondo, ukunaka kanye nememori yokusebenza.

• Umthelela wokuphumula. I-L-theanine inikela ekukhiqizweni kwamagagasi e-α ubuchopho, inikeze umthelela wokunciphisa ukukhathazeka (anxiolytic) ngaphandle kokuphalaza.

• Ukusekelwa komzimba we-lipid. Ama-Polyphenol etiye abamba iqhaza ekulawuleni amazinga e-cholesterol nama-triglyceride, esekela impilo yemithambo.

• Ukusekelwa kokugaya. Ubumnandi obuphakathi nezinto ezishubisayo kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okugaya. Itiye ngokwesiko lihambisana nokudla kwasekuseni kwase-Yangzhou (早茶).

• Ukuqinisa amandla omzimba. Inhlanganisela yama-polyphenol, amavithamini C no-E, kanye ne-L-theanine inikeza umthelela wokulawula amasosha omzimba.

• Ukusekela impilo yomlomo. I-Fluoride nama-catechin avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane abangela ukungunda kwamazinyo, aphinde aqabulise umoya.

• Umthelela we-diuretic. Umthambo no-theobromine banikeza umthelela wokuchama okhanyayo, okusiza ekukhipheni ubuthi.

9. Ukudidiyela:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–90°C. Ezingeni eliphakeme (amagxolo awodwa e-Mingqian Cha) — 80–85°C. Kwe-Yuqian Cha (iqabunga elivuthiwe kakhudlwana) — 85–90°C.

• Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml (isilinganiso 1:50).

• Isitsha: Ingilazi engqonde yesicwephe (直筒玻璃杯) — ivumela ukubuka “umdanso” wamagxolo etiye ehlumela le-willow. I-Gaiwan enezindonga ezincane (薄胎盖碗) — ukulawula okunembile kakhudlwana kokukhipha. Inkomishi yobumba enesivalo nayo ifanelekile.

• Inqubo:

  1. Shisisa isitsha ngamanzi ashisayo, uwachithe.
  2. Thela itiye.
  3. Kwe-Mingqian Cha — “indlela yokutheka emaphakathi” (中投法, zhōng tóu fǎ): thela u-1/3 womthamo wamanzi, unyakazise ingilazi kancane, vumela amagxolo abe manzi, bese ugcwalisa umthamo ogcwele. Ukumunca kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10.
  4. Kwe-Yuqian Cha — “indlela yokutheka engezansi” (下投法, xià tóu fǎ): okokuqala thela itiye, bese uthela u-1/3 wamanzi, unyakaze, ugcwalise. Ukumunca kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–20.
  5. Thela itshelekisa. Ungavumeli ukumunca okudlulele — ubumuncu ngenxa yokukhipha ngokweqile buncane, kodwa ubusha buthathwa.
  6. Ukumunca okuphindaphindiwe: ama-extraction angu-4–5, okulandelayo ngakunye — +10–15 imizuzwana.

10. Isitoreji:

• Itiye elisha — “ukususa umlilo” (退火, tuì huǒ): Ngemuva kokuthenga itiye elisha kunconywa izinsuku eziyi-10–15 zokugcinwa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi ekupakishweni okuvaliwe ukuze kuzinziswe ukunambitheka futhi kusakazeke “umlilo” osele wokugazinga.

• Isitoreji esiyisisekelo: Ukupakishwa okuvaliwe (isikhwama se-aluminium esinomoya ophumayo), isiqandisi 0–5°C. Isikhathi — kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-12.

• Isitoreji eside: Ukuqandisa (-18°C) ekupakishweni okuvaliwe umoya — kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-18.

• Izitha zetiye: Umswakama, iphunga langaphandle, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, umoya-mpilo. Ungagcini eduze nezinto ezinomphunga oqinile. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, vele ukhiphe isikhwama esiqandisini, usishiye ezingeni lokushisa legumbi imizuzu engu-30–60 ukuze ugweme ukufingqika.

• Iseluleko: Isitokwe sokusebenza esanele isonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili singagcinwa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi endaweni epholile, emnyama. Isitokwe esikhulu — esiqandisini.

11. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yokomgunyathi:

• Ibanga lentengo: Izinga eliphezulu (特级, igxolo elilodwa, Mingqian Cha) — kusukela ku-2680 yuan/500 g (≈$370+). Izinga lokuqala — 800–1500 yuan/500 g. Izinga lesibili ne-Yuqian Cha — kusukela ku-300 yuan/500 g. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Xi Hu Longjing noma i-Dongting Biluochun yekhwalithi efanayo, i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn ihlala ifinyeleleka kakhulu — uphawu lwayo alunakho ukwaziswa okukhulu, kodwa ikhwalithi iyafana.

• Indlela yokugwema umgunyathi:

  • Ukumaka kwe-GI. Itiye langempela limakwa ngophawu lwendawo yezwe elithi “仪征绿杨春” futhi/noma uphawu lwesifunda oluthi “NASAN捺山.” Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “Lǜ Yáng Chūn” kulawulwa: izithako kufanele zitshalwe endaweni yase-Yangzhou, zicutshungulwe ngokomthetho ogunyaziwe, futhi umkhiqizi agunyazwe yi-Lǜ Yáng Chūn Tea Association (扬州市绿杨春茶叶协会).
  • Isimo. Amaqabunga angempela — azacile, made, “awokwe-willow,” awasonteki ngokuvunguza futhi awasiwo acwecwe. Afana ngosayizi.
  • Iphunga. Ithoni ebonakalayo ye-chestnut (栗香). Ukungabikho kwephunga elishisiwe, elomuncu noma elingenamsebenzi.
  • Itshelekisa. Licwebile, licwebezelayo, liluhlaza okwesikhova. Itshelekisa elinsundu noma elimnyama — kuwuphawu lokomgunyathi noma isitoreji esingalungile.
  • Intengo. I-Mingqian Cha yoqobo yezingeni eliphakeme ayikwazi ukubiza ngaphansi kuka-1000 yuan/500 g. I-“Lǜ Yáng Chūn” ephansi ngendlela esolisayo — cishe, itiye elivela kwenye indawo elisebenzisa igama lase-Yangzhou.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• “Idolobha Lamashiya Aluhlaza.” Igama letiye — licaphuna ngqo enkondlweni ka-Wang Shizhen. Iqabunga ngalinye liyihlumela elincane le-willow, futhi itiye elisengilazini “liphuphuthekisa” umfanekiso wase-Yangzhou. Leli ngelinye lamatiye ambalwa ase-China anegama elingumsizi wenkondlo, hhayi igama lendawo noma lesayensi yezitshalo.

• Amagxolo angama-90 000 ngekhilogremu. Izinga eliphezulu le-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — amagxolo awodwa entwasahlobo yokuqala kuphela. Ukuqhathanisa: kukhotha ikhilogremu ye-Xi Hu Longjing kudingeka amahlumela angaba ngu-60 000–80 000, kanti kwi-Taiping Houkui — angaba ngu-1500 amahlumela. I-Lǜ Yáng Chūn ingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza anezidingo eziphezulu kakhulu zegxolo.

• Into ephilayo enhlabathini — 8%. Okuqukethwe yinto ephilayo enhlabathini yezingadi zetiye zase-Yizheng kufinyelela ku-8% — elinye lamanani aphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izindawo zamatiye zase-China. Ukuqhathanisa: inani elijwayelekile lezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini yetiye — 1.5–3%.

• Itiye elivela e-geopark. Isizinda sokukhiqiza sisendaweni ye-Yizheng National Geopark — itiye, elikhiqizwa endaweni ye-geopark, liyivelakancane emhlabeni wamatiye emhlabeni wonke.

• Amaphuzu aqopha umlando kwa-“Zhōng Chá Bēi” (2001). Emqhudelwaneni wobuqhawe wamatiye e-China i-“Zhōng Chá Bēi,” isampula lase-Yizheng lathola amaphuzu aphezulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza angama-207 ezweni lonke — ngaphezu kwe-Longjing, Biluochun ne-Huangshan Maofeng ngalowo nyaka.

• Inani lomkhiqizo wophawu — izigidigidi ezingaphezu kuka-1.4 zama-yuan. Ngo-2025 uphawu lwe-“Lǜ Yáng Chūn” lulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1.4 zama-yuan (≈$193 million) — kumkhakha wetiye lesifunda osesifundazweni esingakaphawuleki kakhulu, lo ngumphumela omangalisayo.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza:

• I-Xi Hu Longjing (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng). Isimo seqabunga eliyisicaba (扁形) vs. samashiya ku-Lǜ Yáng Chūn. Ukugazinga ku-wok ngo-200–250°C vs. ukulungiswa okuthambile kwesigubhu ngo-140°C. Iphunga le-Longjing — “njengobhontshisi” (豆香), kuyilapho i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — i-chestnut (栗香). I-Longjing — ivela e-Hangzhou, e-Zhejiang; i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — ivela e-Yangzhou, e-Jiangsu. Zombili zisebenzisa i-cultivar i-Longjing 43, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile bunikeza iphrofayili ehluke kakhulu.

• I-Dongting Biluochun (洞庭碧螺春, Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn). Ukusonteka okuvunguzayo (螺形) vs. okusamashiya. I-Biluochun — inoboya obuningi, iphunga lezimbali nezithelo; i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — inoboya obuncane, iphunga le-chestnut. I-Biluochun — ivela e-Suzhou; womabili amatiye — ase-Jiangsu, kodwa asezindaweni ezihlukene zesimo sezulu nomhlabathi.

• I-Nanjing Yuhua Cha (南京雨花茶, Nánjīng Yǔhuā Chá). Nayo ivela e-Jiangsu, ingumakhelwane esifundazweni. Isimo — “inaliti yephayini” (松针形), iqonde futhi imfushane; kuyilapho i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — inde, igobile kancane. I-Yuhua Cha — ivela emaphethelweni e-Nanjing, enhlanganisweni yobomvu; i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — ivela e-Yizheng, enhlabathini ephuzi ensundu. Zombili ziyizibonelo ezijwayelekile zesikole samatiye aluhlaza sase-Jiangsu.

• I-Xinyang Maojian (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān). Evela esifundazweni sase-Henan, nayo isebhandeni elisenyakatho le-subtropical. I-Maojian — inoboya obuningi, imicu emincane eqondile; i-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — inoboya obuncane, ukugoba “okwe-willow.” Womabili amatiye azuza endaweni esenyakatho (ama-amino acid aphakeme, ukuqala kwakamuva kokukhula kwemithi), kodwa amaphrofayili okunambitheka ahlukile: e-Maojian kuhluke kakhulu ubuthi botshani, kuyilapho e-Lǜ Yáng Chūn kuhluka ubumnandi be-chestnut.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — “Intwasahlobo Yamashiya Aluhlaza” — itiye, enkomishini yalo livuselelwa umfanekiso wenkondlo wase-Yangzhou: “amahlumela e-willow” amahle anephunga le-chestnut, amagxolo angama-90 000 ngekhilogremu, inhlabathi enomlando oqoshiwe ophilayo ongu-8% nokomisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphansi “ngomlilo omnyama,” okugcina ama-amino acid. Ngemva kwaleli tiye kukhona umlando kusukela “kwi-gòngchá” yamaSong kuya emqhudelwaneni we-Panama, kusukela ezinkondlweni zika-Wang Shizhen kuya esikhundleni segugu elingabambeki. I-Lǜ Yáng Chūn — itiye lalabo abazisa ubungcweti besimo, ukujula kokunambitheka, kanye nomongo wamasiko wedolobha, igama lalo eselinguphawu lwentwasahlobo. Futhi ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu — lifinyeleleka kakhulu kunabafowabo base-Jiangsu abadume kakhulu — i-Longjing ne-Biluochun — okwenza libe ngenye yezinqumo ezinengqondo kunazo zonke phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza asezingeni eliphakeme ase-China.