Liùbǎo chóngchá

Phakathi kwemikhiqizo yesiko laseLiubao kunomunye ohlukile, — i-chóng chá (虫茶), owaziwa nangokuthi i-chóng shǐ chá (虫屎茶), ‘itiye elivela ezinambuzaneni’ noma, uma lihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi, ‘itiye elivela endleni yezinambuzane’. Akuyona i-六堡 yakudala (Liùbǎo) futhi akulona itiye elimnyama ngomqondo oqinile, kodwa kuyindida yendawo engavamile, lapho ukuvutshelwa kweqabunga kwenziwa hhayi amagciwane asenqwabeni emanzi, kodwa amathumbu esinambuzane.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: i-chóng chá (虫茶 / 虫屎茶) — ‘itiye elivela ezinambuzaneni’, umkhiqizo ongajwayelekile osemaphethelweni ekhasimende laseLiubao, ophawulwe njengento eyivelakancane kanye nesiko lendawo (特异), hhayi njenge-六堡 yohlobo oluthile.
• Isigaba esiyisisekelo: itiye laseLiubao — itiye elimnyama (hēichá, 黑茶) elivela endaweni yasemakhaya esezintabeni i-Liubao (六堡) kanye nezindawo ezizungezile zase-Cangwu (苍梧) ngaphansi kwe-Wuzhou (梧州).
• Imvelaphi: impumalanga ye-Guangxi; indawo efanayo neyawo wonke amatiye aseLiubao.

I-assortimenti eyisisekelo yetiye laseLiubao ihlukaniswe ngemigqa emibili: itiye lesimanje lasefektri (现代工艺, xiàndài gōngyì) elinenqwaba yokuvutshelwa emanzi ngamanzi abandayo (冷水渥堆), ukushiswa ngesitimu okukabili kanye nokucindezelwa (双蒸双压) kanye nokuvuthwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba (窖藏); kanye netiye lakudala ‘labalimi’ (古法农家茶, gǔfǎ nóngjiā chá) elinokuvutshelwa okulula kanye nokomiswa kwasekhaya. I-Chóng chá iseceleni kwale migqa.

Lo mcimbi ‘wetiye elivela ezinambuzaneni’ awuhlukile e-Guangxi: imikhiqizo efanayo kudala yaziwa ezifundeni zezintaba eziseningizimu ye-China, lapho izinto zetiye ezimahhadlahhadla kanye namanye amaqabunga ngemva kokugcinwa zihlalwa izinambuzane ezivutshelayo. Inguqulo yaseLiubao ixhumene nezinto zendawo.

Itiye laseLiubao linezimpawu ezibonakalayo, ezibekwe ngokusemthethweni — 红浓陈醇 (iphuzo elibomvu eligqwalile kanye nokuthamba okuvuthiwe), 槟榔香 (iphunga le-betel nut, i-areca palm) kanye ne-金花 (ugqinsi olusagolide lwesikhunta i-冠突散囊菌, Eurotium cristatum); ngalokhu okokugcina izinga lemboni (团标) liveza ngisho nomkhawulo wokuqukethwe, ≧ 1.7×10⁶. I-Chóng chá ayingeni kulesi simiso: kungumkhiqizo okhethekile, osengale kwe-六堡 ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ukukhulume ngakho njengesiko lomdabu lendawo, hhayi njengohlobo lwetiye elimnyama laseLiubao, futhi kungafanele ukutshelwa ngisho nezinga lekhwalithi (特级/一级 njll.), noma ukumakwa kweqoqo (唛号), noma amapharamitha etiye lasefektri noma elabalimi.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

I-Chóng chá ikhona ngokomqondo wokonga wabalimi: akukho okuchithwayo. Iqabunga elidala elimahhadlahhadla, obekungaholela etiyeni lensuku zonke elishibhe kakhulu noma lisale nje lingasetshenziswanga, ngokusebenzisa izinambuzane liguqulelwa emkhiqizweni onokubaluleka kwawo kanye nenganekwane yawo. Emiphakathini yasezintabeni eseningizimu ye-China amatiye anjalo ‘avela ezinambuzaneni’ ayebhekwa njengento eyivelakancane, indida yasekhaya kanye nento yokufuna ukwazi, hhayi njengempahla yemakethe enkulu.

Kumongo we-Liubao, i-chóng chá — indawo yesiko eseceleni kwesiko elikhulu. Ikhumbuza ukuthi indawo yetiye laseLiubao ayihlanganisi nje kuphela obhasikidi boqalo basefektri (竹箩) kanye nokuvuthwa okungaphansi komhlaba, kodwa futhi nohlu olubanzi lwemikhuba yomdabu: kusukela ku-老茶婆 (lǎo chápó, ‘umama wetiye omdala’), obiliswa ebhodweni, kuya etiyeni eliyinqaba le-frass. Konke lokhu kuvela ezintweni ezifanayo kanye nendawo efanayo enomswakama yaseGuangxi, kodwa kwehluka ngezindlela zokuvutshelwa.

3. Incazelo Yezezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: hhayi ihlumela elithe xaxa, kodwa iqabunga elimahhadlahhadla kakhulu, elivuthiwe nelishibhe kakhulu — iqabunga elidala elisetshenzisiwe (老叶, lǎo yè).
• Uhlobo/umlimi: akukho mlimi ohlukile; kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwendawo olufanayo nolusetshenziswayo kwamanye amatiye aseLiubao, — izinhlobo ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo zamaqabunga (大中叶) zaseGuangxi, ezikhiqiza iqabunga elikhulu, eliwugqinsi, elithambekele ekuvutshelweni okujulile.

Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezimahhadlahhadla kunomqondo: amathiphu amancane aya ku-社前茶 (shè qián chá) kanye netiye lasefektri lezinga eliphezulu, kanti izinto ezingavuthiwe ezimahhadlahhadla, okunzima ukuzithengisa ‘zinjengoba zinjalo’, ziya noma ezinhlotsheni zansuku zonke (ezifana ne-老茶婆 enamahlamvu asekwindla, aqoqwa ngenkathi yesithwathwa 霜降), noma, ezimweni ezingavamile, ekudleni kwezinambuzane ezivutshelayo. Ngetiye le-frass, okubalulekile yiqabunga elivuthiwe, elimahhadlahhadla futhi eligcwele i-fiber, isinambuzane esikwaziyo ukusidla nokusigaya.

4. Indawo Yezitshalo kanye Nezici Ezikhethekile Zokutshala:

Indawo yezitshalo ye-chóng chá iyafana neyawo wonke amatiye aseLiubao: izintaba eziphansi, ezimbozwe inkungu empumalanga ye-Guangxi, inhlabathi ene-asidi ye-laterite, isimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama omkhulu we-subtropical. Ngalo mswakama — isimo hhayi sokuvutshelwa kwamagciwane kwetiye elimnyama kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuphiliswa kwezinambuzane ezisebenza ngeqabunga.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Umehluko osemqoka we-chóng chá kunoma iyiphi enye i-六堡 — indlela yokuvutshelwa. Etiyeni lakudala lasefektri iqabunga liba bomvu futhi ‘lukhule’ enqwabeni emanzi kanye nokuvuthwa okungaphansi komhlaba; kwele-balimi — ngokuvutshelwa okulula kwemvelo kanye nokugcinwa. Lapha indima yomvutshelwa yenziwa izinambuzane: iqabunga liguqulelwa esiswini, hhayi enqwabeni.

Uhlelo, ngezinga eliboniswa umthombo, lumi kanje:

• iqabunga elidala elimahhadlahhadla (老叶) liyagoqwa futhi libekwe ezimweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama;
• iqabunga lihlalwa izinambuzane ezivutshelayo, ezidla isisindo seqabunga;
• umkhiqizo wokugaya kwazo — izinhlamvu ezincane ezimnyama (i-frass) — ‘yitiye’ lelo;
• izinhlamvu ziyaqoqwa, zihlanzwe futhi zomiswe.

Umkhiqizo osuphelile — akulona iqabunga elisontekile futhi akulona ‘isitini’ esicindezelwe, kodwa inqwaba yezinhlayiya ezincane ezithekile (散粒, sǎn lì). Empeleni, sibhekene hhayi neqabunga elisetshenzwe umuntu, kodwa izinto eziguqulwe ngezinto eziphilayo, ezidlule emzimbeni wesinambuzane, lapho ama-enzyme kanye nama-microflora amathumbu ahlukanise futhi asebenza ngesisindo seqabunga lokuqala.

6. Izici Zokuhlola Ngezwa:

Njengoba i-chóng chá — akulona iqabunga, kodwa izinhlamvu, iziphatha ngokuhlukile ekwenzeni iphuzo. Iphuzo livame ukuba mnyama, lisobala, linethoni ethambile, enomhlabathi, enoshukela, ‘evuthiwe’, ngaphandle kokuqhuqhuva okubabayo kweqabunga elisha. Ngokobunjalo bayo lokhu kusondele ephuzweni elibilisiweyo elilula, elihlanzekile, kunase-六堡 yasefektri eminyene negcwele enokugcwala kwayo okubonakalayo kanye nokunambitheka okuyisikhathi eside.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ubumnene bephuzo ngaphandle kokuqhuqhuva buchazwa ukuthi izinto ze-tannin (ama-tannin) kanye ne-fiber emahhadlahhadla yeqabunga elivuthiwe sezihlukaniswe futhi zasetshenzwa emathunjini esinambuzane ngisho nangaphambi kokwenza iphuzo.

9. Ukwenza Iphuzo:

Amagremu ambalwa ezinhlamvu afakwa amanzi ashisayo. Izinhlamvu zisetshenziswa ngokonga — zifakwa kancane, — kanti isiphuzo uqobo lwalo kubantu bendawo sibhekwa njengesiphuzo esilula, sansuku zonke.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Mbumbulu:

• Isimo. I-chóng chá yangempela — izinhlamvu ezincane ezithekile ezimnyama (散粒), hhayi iqabunga elisontekile, hhayi inqwaba yeqabunga elihlephukile futhi hhayi isimo esicindezelwe (isitini, i-tuo cha, iqebelengwane, ubhasikidi). Uma phambi kwakho kuneqabunga — leyo i-六堡 ejwayelekile, hhayi itiye le-frass.
• Imvelaphi yomkhiqizo. Isici esiyinhloko — ubunjalo bezinto eziphilayo: izinto ezisetshenzwe izinambuzane, hhayi iqabunga elidlule ekutshekeni okumanzi. Kusukela lapho-ke igama elithi 虫屎茶.
• Iphrofayili. Iphuzo elihlanzekile, elilula, elinobumnene obuncane ngaphandle kokuqhuqhuva okusobala; ayikho i-红浓陈醇 eminyene ye-六堡 yasefektri, noma iphunga ‘le-betel’ 槟榔香 letiye elivuthiwe, noma i-金花 esagolide.
• Isimo. Uma umkhiqizo uthengiswa ‘njenge-六堡 yangempela evuthiwe’ yezinga lekhwalithi 特级 noma ene-唛号 yasefektri — akuyona i-chóng chá. Itiye le-Frass ngokwencazelo yalo lingaphandle kwesimiso sezinga lekhwalithi nesijwayelekile setiye elimnyama laseLiubao.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Ukuhunyushwa kwezwi nezwi kwegama elithi 虫屎茶 — ‘itiye elivela endleni yezinambuzane’; ngolimi lwamatemu obuchwepheshe umkhiqizo onjalo ubizwa ngetiye le-frass (i-frass — indle yezinambuzane).
• Empeleni lelinye ‘lamatiye avela ezinambuzaneni’, aziwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezintaba zaseningizimu ye-China; inguqulo yaseLiubao — ingenye nje yendawo.
• I-Liùbǎo chóng chá kufanele iqondakale ncamashi ngendlela isiko eliyiphawula ngayo: umkhiqizo oyivelakancane, ongajwayelekile, othakazelisayo osemaphethelweni omhlaba we-Liubao — hhayi isibonelo se-六堡, kodwa isithombe sayo esiveza isiko lendabuko.