Lingyun Hongcha

ILingyun Hongcha yitiye elibomvu elivela esifundeni esisezintabeni eziphakeme saseLingyun (凌云) enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi, elenziwe nge-cultivar ehlukile iLingyun Baihao (凌云白毫, Língyún Báiháo) — esinye sezinhlobo ezingama‑30 zikahulumeni ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zezihlahla zetiye eChina futhi okuwukuphela kwaso e‑Asia okwazi ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo wawo wonke amaqembu ayisithupha etiye. Uma kusebenza njenge‑“luhlaza”, iLingyun Baihao inikezwa inani ngenxa yoboya bayo obusiliva nokusha, kodwa uma “ibomvu” iveza okuhluke ngokuphelele — ukunambitheka okujulile kwezinyosi nezithelo, ukucaca okukhanyayo kokuphuza, kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside okumnandi. Isiqubulo sale cultivar sithi «一茶千化» (yī chá qiān huà) — “Ithiyi elilodwa, izinguquko eziyinkulungwane”.

1. Izigaba Neziqalo:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — elibilile ngokuphelele / eli‑oxidized.
• Isigaba: Amathiye abomvu aseChina wesifunda; itiye elibomvu le‑gongfu (工夫红茶) elenziwe ngezinto ezingamacembe amakhulu.
• Imvelaphi: I‑China, i‑Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西壮族自治区, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū); idolobha lase‑Baise (百色市, Bǎisè Shì); isifunda sase‑Lingyun (凌云县, Língyún Xiàn). Izindawo ezikhiqiza kakhulu zigxile ezintabeni zase‑Cenwang Laoshani (岑王老山, Cénwáng Lǎoshān) kanye nase‑Qinglongshan (青龙山, Qīnglóng Shān), kanye nasezindaweni zase‑Yuhong (玉洪乡, Yùhóng Xiāng) nase‑Jiayou (加尤镇, Jiāyóu Zhèn).
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: ≈ 24.35° N, 106.56° E (ngokwesikhungo sesifunda sase‑Lingyun).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Izihlahla zetiye ze‑Lingyun Baihao zikhula emithambekeni yase‑Cenwang Laoshani nase‑Qinglongshan iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. «I‑Chinese Tea Names Dictionary» (《中国名茶志》) iqopha: «凌云白毛茶为历史名茶，创于清乾隆以前» — itiye le‑Lingyun elinoboya obumhlophe liyigama elingokomlando, elavela ngaphambi kombuso kaQianlong. Ukutshalwa kokuqala okuhleliwe kwezihlahla zetiye esifundeni kwenzeka ngo‑1488 (isikhathi sika‑Hongzhi, 弘治, ubukhosi bakwa‑Ming), lapho izakhamuzi zendawo zasungula ingadi yokuqala yetiye. Esikhathini sika‑Qing, itiye lase‑Lingyun laba yisipho sasenkantolo (贡茶). «Ama‑Noti Ngemikhiqizo Ekhethekile yase‑Guangxi» (《广西特产物品志》, 1937) achaza izihlahla zetiye zasendaweni: «白毛茶，树大者高约二丈，小者七尺，嫩叶如银针，老叶尖长如龙眼树叶而薄，皆有白色茸毛，故名，概属野生» — izihlahla zifinyelela amamitha angaba ngu‑6, amaqabunga amancane anjengezinaliti zesiliva, ambozwe uboya obumhlophe.

  Itiye elibomvu elenziwe ngezinto zase‑Lingyun liyindlela esemncane. Ngokomlando, i‑Lingyun Baihao yayicutshungulwa kakhulu njenge‑tiye eluhlaza. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yetiye elibomvu kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo‑2000, lapho izinkampani zendawo zafunda ubuchwepheshe betiye elibomvu le‑gongfu, elalungiselelwe izinto ezinamacembe amakhulu. Umphumela waba muhle kakhulu: ngowezi‑2015, itiye elibomvu lase‑Lingyun lazuza indondo yegolide eMilan World Expo 2015 esigabeni “setiye elibomvu”. Ngowezi‑2010, itiye lase‑Lingyun lafakwa ohlwini lwamagama etiye adumile aseGuangxi. Ngo‑2016, i‑“凌云白毫” yathola isimo sokubonisa indawo esisemthethweni esivela ku‑State Administration for Industry and Commerce (国家工商总局地理标志证明商标). Ngowezi‑2021, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye lase‑Lingyun elinoboya obumhlophe (凌云白毫茶制茶技艺) yafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifunda. Kuze kube manje, isifunda sase‑Lingyun sinamapulazi etiye angaphezu kuka‑120,000 mu (≈ 8,000 ha), kuhlanganise nama‑engadi e‑organic angu‑23,000 mu; imboni yetiye ithinta ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yabantu besifunda, ihlinzeka umkhaya ojwayelekile ngemali engenayo engaphezu kwama‑yuan angu‑30,000 ngonyaka.

• Igama: “凌云” (Língyún) — igama lesifunda; ngokoqobo lisho ‘ukukhuphuka, ukuntweza’ (凌) kanye ‘nefu’ (云), okubonisa ngokuqondile isimo sendawo ephakeme nenamafu. “红茶” (hóngchá) — itiye elibomvu. Igama eliphelele — “itiye elibomvu lase‑Lingyun”. Elinye igama lokuhweba — iLingyun Baihao Hong Cha (凌云白毫红茶) — “itiye elibomvu elivela ezintweni zoboya obumhlophe zase‑Lingyun”.

• Ukubaluleka Kwamasiko: ILingyun ingelinye lamadolobha asemthethweni abizwa “ngamadolobha etiye aseChina” (中国名茶之乡, Zhōngguó Míngchá zhī Xiāng) futhi ingezinye “zezifunda zetiye eziyishumi ezinakekela imvelo zaseChina”. Itiye liyinsika yezomnotho wendawo nobunikazi bamasiko. Kunenganekwane ngokuvakasha kwesazi setiye uLu Yu (陆羽) e‑Lingyun: kuthiwa ngemva kokunambitha itiye lendawo elinoboya obumhlophe, uLu Yu wahlabeka umxhwele kangangokuthi wadlulisela izimfihlo zakhe zobuciko betiye kubantu base‑Lingyun. Ukuze kukhunjulwe lokhu, egqumeni lase‑Xianfengling (先锋岭) kwakhiwa “Ipulazi Le‑Tea Saint Lokudlulisa Ubuciko” (茶圣传艺亭). Ukuhluka kwe‑cultivar okwenza itiye lanoma yiliphi kula maqembu ayisithupha (绿, 红, 白, 黄, 黑, 青), kunikeza iLingyun Baihao isithunzi “sesosha le‑tea elijikelezayo” ekutshalweni kwetiye yaseChina.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo:

• Uhlobo / I‑cultivar: ILingyun Baihao (凌云白毫, Língyún Báiháo), ebizwa nangokuthi iLingyun Baima Cha (凌云白毛茶) — “itiye lase‑Lingyun elinoboya obumhlophe”. Igama elisemthethweni — i‑Huacha No. 26 (华茶26号, Huáchá 26 Hào). Yaqashelwa njengenye yezinhlobo zokuqala ezingama‑30 zikahulumeni ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zezihlahla zetiye eChina ngo‑1984. Iyingxenye yezinhlobo ezizihlahla ezincane ezinamaqabunga amakhulu (小乔木大叶种, xiǎo qiáomù dàyè zhǒng) ze‑Camellia sinensis. Izihlahla zifinyelela ku‑9 m; umqhele ume mpo, unamagatsha ambalwa; amaqabunga makhulu, acinene, anezinyama, avundlile noma alengayo. Isici esibonakalayo — ubuningi boboya obumhlophe (白毫, báiháo) ngemuva kweqabunga nasemahlumela, okunikeza uhlobo lwegama. Amandla okuhlumela aqinile; ubunzima bamahlumela ayi‑100 anamaqabunga amathathu — bu cishe ngu‑99 g. Ukuqhakaza sekwephuzile (Novemba–Disemba), ukuthela izithelo akubalulekile kangako.
• Ukuvuna: Intwasahlobo yisikhathi esiyinhloko; imiqhume ivuka phakathi noMashi, inani eliphakeme lokuvuna “iqhume + amaqabunga amathathu” — ukuphela kukaMashi–ekuqaleni kuka‑Ephreli. Ngetiye elibomvu, kusetshenziswa futhi iqabunga lasehlobo nelekwindla, elinikeza iphrofayili ecinene nepholile.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Iqhume elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶) kumasampuli aphezulu ohlobo lwe‑“Jingou Hong Tiao” (金钩红条, Jīngōu Hóng Tiáo — “Ihooke Legolide”); iqhume elilodwa namaqabunga amabili (一芽二叶) kwamasampuli ajwayelekile; ngetiye elibomvu elimayelana nokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe (红碎茶, hóng suì chá) kusetshenziswa amaqabunga avuthiwe.
• Izidingo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo: Amahlumela aphelele, amasha anoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo; akukho monakalo womshini namaqabunga aqinile.

4. Indawo Yendawo Nezici Zokutshalwa:

• Ukuphakama: 800–2,000 m. Izindawo eziningi ezikhiqiza ziphezulu entabeni ezi‑800–1,500 m, kodwa izihlahla ezithile zasendle zitholakala phezulu — kuze kufike ku‑2,000 m emithambekeni yase‑Cenwang Laoshani.
• Isimo sezulu: Isifunda esinesimo esiphezulu se‑subtropical; izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngonyaka 19–23°C; ihlobo alishisi, ubusika bumnene. Imvula ngonyaka 1700–1,800 mm. Kubonakala ukufiphala okungaguquguquki nokungabonakali kahle: “晴时早晚遍山雾，阴雨成天满山云” — “ngezinsuku ezikhanyayo ekuseni nakusihlwa izintaba zigcwele inkungu, ngezinsuku ezinezulu kugcwele amafu usuku lonke”. Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kanye nelanga elifushane eliqondile kukhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwama‑amino acid nezinhlanganisela ezinamakha.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu, ebomvu‑liphuzi nephuzi yezintaba ene‑pH 4.5–6.0. Okuphilayo okuphezulu ngenxa yamahlathi ase‑Cenwang Laoshani. Ukujula kwengxenye evundile — ngaphezu kuka‑40 cm. Inhlabathi ivulekile, idonsa kahle amanzi, igcwele i‑iron ne‑manganese.
• Imithombo yamanzi: Isifunda sase‑Lingyun sisenyakatho‑ntshonalanga ye‑Guangxi, eduze kwe‑Yunnan‑Guizhou Plateau. Indawo iphakeme futhi ihlukanisiwe, inemifula eminingi yezintaba. Isimo sendalo sihle kakhulu — akukho ukunukubezeka kwemboni.
• Ezolimo: Ingxenye enkulu yamapulazi iqinisekisiwe njenge‑organic (ngaphezu kuka‑23,000 mu). Izindlela zokulima okuluhlaza ziyasetshenziswa: ukusetshenziswa komquba ophilayo (umquba we‑peat, ikhekhe), ukuvikela izinambuzane ngendlela yebhayoloji (izicuphi zokukhanya, izibulali‑zinambuzane eziyimifino), ukuvunwa ngesandla kumazinga aphezulu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

ILingyun Hongcha ikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe betiye elibomvu le‑gongfu, elilungiselelwe izinto ezinamacembe amakhulu ezinoboya obuningi.

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ukuvunwa ngesandla kwamahlumela athambile; kumasampuli aphezulu — izinto zasentwasahlobo kuphela.
• Ukubuna / Ukwandlala (摊青/萎凋, tānqīng/wěidiāo): Amacembe amasha andlalwa kumathileyi e‑bamboo endaweni enomoya omuhle. Iqabunga elikhulu elinezinzwa ze‑Lingyun lidla isikhathi eside ukubuna — kufika emahoreni ayi‑14–18 ngendlela engokwemvelo. Ukulahlekelwa komswakama kufinyelela ku‑60–65%, iqabunga lithambe, amakha alo aguquka kusuka kokotshani kuye emakheni ezimbali nezithelo.
• Ukunyakazisa (揉捻, róuniǎn): Iqabunga elibunile liyasongwa ukuze kucekelwe izindonga zamangqamuzana futhi kukhululwe ama‑enzyme. Ngenxa yobukhulu beqabunga, kusetshenziswa ingcindezi elinganiselayo, ekhula kancane, ukuze lingadabuleki ngokuphelele, kodwa kumise ifomu elisontekile.
• Ukuvutshelwa / Ukufakwa komoya‑mpilo (发酵, fājiào): Amaqabunga asontekile abekwa ngezingqimba egunjini elinezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo (25–28°C) nokufuma (≥95%). Isikhathi — amahora ama‑2–4. Kulawulwa ngokoguquka kombala (kusuka okuluhlaza kuye ekubomvu‑kothusi) kanye nephunga (kusuka okotshani kuya kwezithelo‑zinyosi).
• Ukomisa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng): Ngomoya oshisayo ku‑100–110°C — kuqiniswa izinqubo ze‑enzymatic.
• Ukwandlala nokupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng): Itiye liyandlalwa ukuze liphole ngokulinganayo nokwabiwa kabusha komswakama.
• Ukumisa kanye nokuqinisa uboya (造型、提毫, zàoxíng, tíháo): Isinyathelo esithile setiye lase‑Lingyun — ukusontelwa okwengeziwe nokunyakazisa okuncane okwenza kuvele izinhlanga ezigolide (金毫) ebusweni beqabunga letiye.
• Ukomisa kokugcina (足烘, zúhōng): Kuqedwa ukomiswa kuze kufike kumswakama osele ongu‑5–6%.
• Ukuhlunga: Ukwehlukaniswa ngokwamazinga; kususwa amaqabunga anesici neziqu.

6. Izici Zokuhlola Ngezitho Zomzimba:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amacembe asontekile aqinile, agobile kancane (“amahhuku egolide” — ngakho igama elithi “Jingou Hong Tiao”). Umbala — umnyama‑nsundu onombala onjengamafutha. Ebusweni — izinhlanga ezigolide eziningi (金毫, jīnháo), eziguquke zisuka kobumhlophe zaya kokusagolide ngesikhathi sokufakwa komoya‑mpilo.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linamandla, linoshukela wezinyosi nezinsongo ezifudumele zekheshinathi, izithelo ezomile, kanye nefivithi elincane lezimbali. Izinto zoboya obumhlophe zinika iphunga “elithambile” elikhethekile, elingekho kumathiye abomvu anamacembe amancane.
• Iphunga lokuphuza: Linothile, linezingqimba eziningi — uju, izithelo ezivuthiwe (amabhilikosi, umqwayiba), i‑caramel. Ngokuya ngemvubelo, kuvela izinsongo ezifudumele zesinkwa namantongomane. Iphunga lihlala isikhathi eside, lihlala ezindongeni zenkomishi.
• Ukunambitheka: Okuqinile, okuzele ngokuphelele, nobumnandi obuyindilinga obubonakalayo, nokunuka okuncane. Umzimba — omnyama, “ovelvet” (浓醇, nóng chún). Ukunambitheka okusele emlonyeni kuhlala isikhathi eside, nezinsongo zezinyosi zekheshinathi nokumnandi okuncane okubabayo. Isici esiyingqayizivele — “回甘” (huígān) — ubumnandi obubuyayo, obukhula ngemva kokugwinya.
• Umbala wokuphuza: Okuphuzi okubomvu, okukhanyayo, okucacile (红艳明亮, hóngyàn míngliàng). Kunomphetho osagolide ngasezindongeni zenkomishi.
• Umphansi wetiye (iqabunga elivutshiwe): Amaqabunga amakhulu, avuleke ngokuphelele, anombala okhanyayo obomvu‑kothusi; anezinzwa, a-elastic, alinganayo. Kubonakala imikhondo yoboya obumhlophe ngemuva — uphawu oluqondile lwezinto zase‑Lingyun.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ngokusho kwe‑Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tea Research Institute), itiye eluhlaza le‑Lingyun Baihao liqukethe: i‑caffeine — 4.91%, ama‑amino acid — 3.36%, ama‑polyphenol yetiye — 35.6%, ingqikithi yama‑catechin — 182.92 mg/g. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa komoya‑mpilo okugcwele (itiye elibomvu), iphrofayili yama‑catechin iguquka kakhulu:

• Ama‑polyphenol: Ama‑catechin ayafakwa emoyeni‑mpilo abe yi‑theaflavin nama‑thearubigin. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kokuqala kwama‑polyphenol (35.6% kokuluhlaza) kunikeza itiye elibomvu umzimba oqinile, umbala okhanyayo wokuphuza kanye nokunamandla kokunambitheka.
• Ama‑amino acid: Okuqukethwe (3.36% kokuluhlaza) kuphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwamacembe amakhulu. I‑L‑theanine inikeza ubumnandi obuthambile kanye nomphumela opholile. Kwi‑tiye elibomvu, ingxenye yama‑amino acid ingena ekusabeleni kwe‑Maillard, yakhe izinsongo ze‑caramel nesinkwa.
• Ama‑alkaloid: I‑caffeine — cishe 4.9% (ngaphezu kwesilinganiso phakathi kwamathiye aseChina, okuvezwa uhlobo lwamacembe amakhulu nokusakhazeka ezintabeni). I‑theobromine ne‑theophylline — ngamanani ancane.
• Amavithamini: Amavithamini eqembu B, uvithamini C (wehla kakhulu ngokuvutshelwa okugcwele), i‑rutin.
• Amaminerali: I‑potassium, i‑magnesium, i‑manganese, i‑zinc, i‑fluorine, i‑selenium. Inhlabathi ebomvu yezintaba yase‑Lingyun inothe nge‑iron ne‑manganese.
• Amafutha abalulekile nezinhlanganisela eziphaphathekayo: I‑linalool, i‑geraniol, utshwala be‑phenylethyl, i‑furfural. Ukuchichima kwezinhlanganisela ezinamakha kwakha iphunga lezinyosi‑zithelo elinezingqimba eziningi nezinsongo zezimbali.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Ukuvuselela nokucaca kwengqondo: Ukuphakama kwe‑caffeine (≈ 4.9%) kuhlanganiswe ne‑L‑theanine kunikeza umphumela oqinile, kodwa othambile wokuvuselela — ukuphaphama, ukugxila, nokucaca komcabango ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
• Isivikeli se‑antioxidant: I‑theaflavin nama‑thearubigin — imikhiqizo yokufakwa komoya‑mpilo kwama‑polyphenol — agcina umsebenzi obonakalayo we‑antioxidant.
• Ukusekela ukugaya ukudla: Izinto ezimuncu zivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwama‑enzyme okugaya ukudla; itiye elibomvu linconywa ikakhulukazi ngemva kokudla okunamafutha amaningi.
• Umphumela wokufudumeza: Kwezezidlo zokudla zaseChina, amathiye abomvu anamacembe amakhulu abhekwa njengemikhiqizo “yemvelo efudumele” — afudumeza isisu futhi athuthukise ukuhamba kwegazi.
• Ukusekela uhlelo lwenhliziyo‑imithambo yegazi: Ukuphuza okulinganiselayo itiye elibomvu kuhlotshaniswa nokugcina ukuqina kwemithambo.
• Izinto ezisiza amasosha omzimba: Inhlanganisela yamaminerali (i‑zinc, i‑selenium, i‑manganese) ihlangene nama‑polyphenol isekela imisebenzi engokwemvelo yokuzivikela komzimba.
• Usizo ekukhathaleni nasekugxileni ngokweqile: Inhlanganisela ye‑caffeine, i‑theanine namavithamini eqembu B yenza iLingyun Hongcha ibe isiphuzo esihle “sokubuyisela amandla”.

9. Ukuphuza:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95°C.
• Inani letiye: 4–5 g ku‑100–120 ml (indlela ye‑gongfu); 3–4 g ku‑200–250 ml (indlela yaseYurophu).
• Izitsha: I‑gaiwan (盖碗) e‑porcelain emhlophe — kuhle kakhulu ekudaluleni iphunga. Iketela le‑Yixing — linikeza ubumnene. Iketela lengilazi — lihle ukubuka umbala wokuphuza nokuvuleka kweqabunga elikhulu.
• Inqubo (indlela ye‑gongfu):
  1. Shisisa i‑gaiwan ngamanzi ashisayo, wakhiphe.
  2. Thela itiye, uvala ngesembozo imizuzwana engu‑10, uphefumulele iphunga.
  3. Ukuwashwa — ukudlula ngokushesha (2–3 sec), wakhiphe. Kunconywa etiyeni elinamacembe amakhulu elisontelwe ngokuqinile.
  4. Ukudlula kokuqala: 8–10 imizuzwana.
  5. Ukudlula kwesibili–kwesine: 10–15 imizuzwana.
  6. Kusuka kokuhlanu — yandisa ngemizuzwana engu‑5–10.
  7. ILingyun Hongcha ngokuvamile ikwazi ukumelana nokudlula okuyi‑7–10.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha esingenangena, esingabonakali (ibhokisi likathayela, iphakethe le‑foil).
• Izinga lokushisa 15–25°C; indawo eyomile, emnyama; ukufuma ngaphansi kuka‑60%.
• Isikhathi esihle sokusebenzisa — izinyanga eziyi‑12–24. Amasampuli anekhwalithi ephakeme avela ezintweni zasentwasahlobo angathuthuka kancane kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi‑2–3.
• Musa ukugcina efrijini; gwema ukuhlalisana nemikhiqizo enephunga elinamandla.

11. Intengo Nokukhohlisa:

• Isigaba sentengo: Isigaba semali esiphakathi nangaphezulu: amasampuli ajwayelekile — 150–400 yuan / 500 g; i‑“Jingou Hong Tiao” ephakeme — 500–1,500+ yuan / 500 g. Intengo incike ezingamalungiselelo, inani lamaqhume, inkathi, nokuqinisekiswa (ukukhiqizwa kwe‑organic — kubiza kakhulu).
• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhohlisa:
  1. Bheka umaka we‑“凌云白毫” onombandela wokubonisa indawo (地理标志证明商标, ubhaliswe ngo‑2016) noma uphawu lwe‑“凌云白毫茶” (地理标志产品保护, kusukela ngo‑2005).
  2. Hlaziya iqabunga: ubuningi bezinhlanga ezigolide (金毫) — uphawu oluyisiginali lwezinto zase‑Lingyun; ukungabikho kwazo etiyeni elibizwa ngeLingyun Hongcha — kuyisibonakaliso esikhathazayo.
  3. Hlola iqabunga elivutshiwe: amaqabunga amakhulu, anezinzwa anezinsalela zoboya obumhlophe ngemuva — uphawu oluqinisekile lwe‑cultivar ye‑Lingyun Baihao.
  4. Hlola iphunga: elimsulwa, elimnandi njengezinyosi, ngaphandle kwamaphunga ashisiwe, amuncu noma abumbile.
  5. Qaphela imikhiqizo engenalo igama lomkhiqizi noma indawo yokukhiqiza — iLingyun Hongcha yangempela ikhishwa yinani elilinganiselwe lezinkampani eziqinisekisiwe esifundeni.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• I‑cultivar iLingyun Baihao iyona kuphela e‑Asia okwakhiwa ngayo itiye lawo wonke amaqembu ayisithupha: eluhlaza (绿茶), elibomvu (红茶), elimhlophe (白茶), eliphuzi (黄茶), elimnyama (黑茶), ne‑oolong (青茶). Lokhu kwenzeka kubangelwa ukulingana okuyingqayizivele kwama‑polyphenol, ama‑amino acid, nama‑enzyme eqabungeni, okuvumela ukuthi “liphendule” kunoma yiluphi ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula.
• Ngo‑1915, itiye lase‑Lingyun lethulwa ePanama‑Pacific International Exposition (巴拿马万国博览会) kanye ne‑maotai — uphuzo oludumile olunotshwala baseChina — futhi lahlonishwa kakhulu.
• Umkhiqizo obomvu owaziwa kakhulu we‑Lingyun Baihao yi‑“Jingou Hong Tiao” (金钩红条) — “Ihooke Legolide” — itiye elaqanjwa ngenxa yefomu elingajwayelekile leqabunga elisontekile, elimbozwe kakhulu izinhlanga ezigolide. Olunye uhlobo oludumile — “Hong Luowan” (红螺王, Hóng Luówáng) — “Inkosi Yomnenke Obomvu” — amacembe asontelwe ngendlela eyisiyingi eqinile.
• Ngo‑2015, itiye elibomvu le‑Lingyun Baihao lazuza indondo yegolide eMilan World Expo 2015 — lo ngumklomelo wokuqala wamazwe ngamazwe esigabeni “setiye elibomvu” emikhiqizweni yetiye yaseGuangxi.
• Isifunda sase‑Lingyun ngesinye sezimbalwa eChina lapho imboni yetiye iyona eyinhloko ezomnotho wezasemakhaya, ithinta cishe u‑25% wabantu. Umuntu wesine ngamunye esifundeni uxhumene nokutshalwa, ukucubungula, noma ukuthengiswa kwetiye.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amathiye Abomvu:

• IDianhong (滇红, Diānhóng): Itiye elibomvu laseYunnan elinamacembe amakhulu ele‑var. assamica. Liyafana neLingyun Hongcha ngobunjalo “bamacembe amakhulu” — umzimba oqinile, ubumnandi bezinyosi, inqwaba yamathiphu agolide. Kodwa‑ke, iDianhong ivame ukuba namandla futhi ibe ne‑malt, kanti iLingyun — icishe ibe nomusa, inephunga lezimbali kanye nobumnandi obuhlanzekile, “obusobala”.
• IYihong Gongfu (宜红工夫, Yíhóng Gōngfū): Itiye elibomvu le‑gongfu elinamaqabunga amancane laseHubei. Lisontekile ngokuthambile ngokuphawulekayo, linephrofayili ye‑caramel‑nesinkwa egqamile, futhi lingenazo izinhlanga eziningi. ILingyun Hongcha — inkulu kakhudlwana, “inevolumu” enkudlwana, inomzimba onamandla.
• IJiuhong Gongfu (九红工夫, Jiǔhóng Gōngfū): Itiye elibomvu laseJiujiang Yesifunda, eJiangxi. Linamaqabunga aphakathi, nephrofayili emnene. ILingyun Hongcha — inkulu kakhulu futhi inothile kakhulu.
• ILongji Hongcha (龙脊红茶, Lóngjǐ Hóngchá): Elinye itiye elibomvu laseGuangxi (eLongsheng County), kodwa elakhiwe phezu kohlobo lwendawo olunamacembe amakhulu asendle. I‑Longji — “yasendle”, yasemahlathini, enezinsongo zokhuni‑namantongomane; iLingyun — “icubungulwe kakhudlwana”, inezihloko ezinoboya obugqamile kanye nephrofayili ye‑floral‑honey. Womabili amathiye — abameleli abagqamile “bamandla etiye afihliwe” aseGuangxi, asengakaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwesifunda.

Ekuphetheni:

ILingyun Hongcha iyisibonelo esikhanyayo sokuthi i‑cultivar eyodwa evelele ingaveza kanjani esimweni esingalindelekile ngokuphelele. ILingyun Baihao, okwaze kwaba yiminyaka eyikhulu yaziwa njengetiye eluhlaza elinoboya obusiliva, ekwenziweni kwetiye elibomvu iguquka ibe isiphuzo esimnyama, esimnandi njengezinyosi esinomzimba ovelvet nezinhlanga ezigolide ezikhangayo. Kulabo abakhathele amatheyi abomvu “ajwayelekile” futhi befuna okuthile okunobuntu — okunamacembe amakhulu, okunamakha, okunomlando negolide eqabungeni ngalinye — iLingyun Hongcha izoba ukutholwa okuhle. Ingcono ukuyiphuzela endaweni enokuthula, unganceshi, ukudlula ngakunye ubukele amaqabunga anezinzwa evuleka futhi ubumnandi bezinyosi bokuphuza bujula.