Lìchuān Gōngfu Hóngchá

I-Lìchuān Hóngchá iyitiyela elibomvu elisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu elivela esifundeni sasezintabeni sase-Lìchuān eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Húběi, elinye lezinsika zomkhiqizo odumile “i-Yíhóng” (宜红), ongomunye wama-gōngfu hóngchá amane amakhulu aseShayina. Leli tiye lidume ngesenzakalo esiyingqayizivele se-“lěnghòuhún” (冷后浑) — “ukufiphala ngenkathi liphola” — lapho uketshezi lwetiye oluphekelwe, lapho luphola, luphenduka uketshezi olunamafutha olungabonakali kahle, bese kuthi lapho luphinde lufudunyezwe, luphinde lucwebezele. Lesenzakalo sithathwa njengophawu lwekhwalithi ephakeme kakhulu yetiye elibomvu. Ngo-2018, i-Lìchuān Hóngchá yaphakelwa njengetiyela lombuso emcimbini owaziwa ngokuthi “i-Dōnghú Cháxù” (东湖茶叙) — umhlangano wamalunga ombuso waseShayina naseNdiya owawungokomlando.

1. Isigaba Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — elivutshelwe ngokuphelele (okwenziwe i-oksijeni). Lingaphansi kwesigaba esiphakeme kakhulu se-gōngfu hóngchá (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá) — amatiye abomvu adinga ikhono elikhethekile ekukhiqizweni nasekucutshungulweni okunemigqa eminingi ngokucophelela. Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, lihambisana netiye elimnyama (black tea).
Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu laseShayina elisezingeni eliphakeme elinokuvikelwa kwendawo okuyi-“National Geographical Indication Protection Product” (国家地理标志保护产品). Liyingxenye yeqembu le-“Yíhóng Gōngfu” (宜红工夫, Yíhóng Gōngfu) — elinye lamasiko amane amakhulu e-gōngfu red tea yaseShayina, kanye ne-Qímén (祁红), i-Diānhóng (滇红) ne-Mǐnhóng (闽红). Lingumkhiqizo omncane obalulekile ngaphansi komkhiqizo omkhulu oyi-“Ēnshī Xīchá” (恩施硒茶, “Itiye Le-selenium lase-Ēnshī”). Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifundazwe sase-Húběi.
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Húběi (湖北省, Húběi Shěng), iSifunda Esizimele sase-Ēnshī samaTǔjiā namaMiáo (恩施土家族苗族自治州, Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu), idolobha lase-Lìchuān (利川市, Lìchuān Shì). Isizinda somkhiqizo siyidolobhana lase-Máobà (毛坝镇, Máobà Zhèn), elisemazansi eSizindeni Sikazwelonke Semvelo Sase-Xīngdǒushān (星斗山国家级自然保护区). Ezinye izindawo ezikhiqiza ezibalulekile yi-Zhōnglù (忠路镇), i-Bǎiyángbà (柏杨坝镇), i-Shāxī (沙溪乡), ne-Wéndǒu (文斗乡).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe i-30°05′ N, i-108°56′ E. Ukuphakama kwamasimu okutshalwa kungamamitha angu-800–1 500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle (amanye amakhulu acishe abe ngamamitha angu-900).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Ukutshalwa kwetiye e-Lìchuān kunemvelaphi yamakhulu eminyaka. Ngokwe-“Lìchuān Xiànzhì” (《利川县志》, i-Lìchuān Xiànzhì), itiye belitshalwa lapha kusukela ngesikhathi se-Western Zhōu (西周, Xīzhōu, 1046–771 BCE). Ngenkathi yombuso wama-Míng (明, 1368–1644), itiye lendawo elibizwa nge-“Wùdòng Chá” (雾洞茶, “Itiye Lasemgedeni Onenkungu”) lalivele lithunyelwa enkantolo njengomnikelo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa ngezimboni kwetiye elibomvu kwaqala kamuva kakhulu — maphakathi nekhulu le-19, lapho umthengisi waseGuangdong u-Jūn Dàfú (钧大福) ehlela ukuthengwa kwetiye elibomvu e-Lìchuān ukuze kuthunyelwe phesheya nge-Wǔhàn. Isenzakalo esinqumayo kwakuwukuvulwa kwechweba lase-Yíchāng (宜昌) ukuze kuhwebelane namazwe aphesheya ngo-1876 (ngokweSivumelwano sase-Chifu): umnyango wavuleka emakethe yomhlaba, futhi i-Lìchuān yaphenduka esinye sezizinda ezinkulu zokukhiqiza itiye elibomvu elithunyelwa phesheya, elaqanjwa abathengisi bangaphandle ngokuthi “i-Yíhóng” (宜红). Kakade ngo-1880, itiye elibomvu lase-Lìchuān lalithunyelwa eRussia naseGreat Britain. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Lìchuān kwakuthiwa yayihlinzeka ngephesenti elingafika kuma-80 lomthamo wonke we-Yíhóng othunyelwa phesheya.

Ngo-1951, iNkampani Yetiye yaseHúběi yavula indawo yokuthenga e-Lìchuān, yayibandakanya ngokusemthethweni ohlelweni lwabakhiqizi bakahulumeni be-Yíhóng Gōngfu. Ngo-1980, uchwepheshe wehhovisi lezinto ezikhethekile lesifunda u-Sòng Běnduō (宋本多) ngesikhathi ehlola izinsiza zetiye zedolobhana lase-Máobà wathola izinhlobo ezimbili ezingavamile zomthi wetiye wendawo: i-“Lěnghòuhún” (冷后浑, “Ukufiphala Ngenkathi Kuphola”) — yokukhiqiza itiye elibomvu elisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, kanye ne-“Máobà Zǎoyī” (毛坝早一, “Eyokuqala Ngaphambi Kwesikhathi yaseMáobà”) — yetiye eliluhlaza. Lokhu okutholakele kwanquma ikusasa letiye lase-Lìchuān. Ngo-2012, umkhiqizo i-“Lìchuān Yíhóng” waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “i-Lìchuān Gōngfu Hóngchá” (okufishanisiwe ngokuthi “i-Lìchuān Hóng”, 利川红) ukuze kugqanyiswe ubunjalo besifunda. Ngo-2017, i-General Administration of Quality Supervision yaShayina yanikeza itiye isikhundla sokuba ngumkhiqizo ovikelwe ngokwejografi. Ngo-April 2018, i-Lìchuān Hóngchá yaphakelwa e-“Dōnghú Cháxù” (东湖茶叙) — umhlangano wokuhalalisela itiye phakathi kwabaholi be-PRC ne-India osebeni lwe-East Lake e-Wǔhàn, okwenyusa kakhulu ukwazeka kwalo eShayina naphesheya.
Igama: “Lìchuān” (利川) — ngokomqondo “Ithafa Elibusisekile” — yigama ledolobha, elikhomba izigodi ezivundile zoMfula i-Qīngjiāng, ezizungezwe izintaba. “Gōngfu” (工夫) — “ikhono”, “ubuciko” — likhombisa isigaba setiye elibomvu elidinga ukucutshungulwa okunobuhlakani. “Hóng Chá” (红茶) — “itiye elibomvu”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Lìchuān isendaweni eyayihlala kuyo ngokomlando abantu baseTǔjiā (土家族, Tǔjiāzú). Itiye lithatha indawo emqoka emikhubeni yamaTǔjiā: emshadweni lifanekisela amandla okuphila nokwethembeka; emasikweni omngcwabo lisetshenziselwa ukuhlambulula okungokomfanekiso; emcimbini we-Chūnjié (春节, uMkhosi Wentwasahlobo) linikezwa njengesiphuzo esiyimpoqo. Ngo-2020, i-Lìchuān yathola isiqu esithi “Idolobha Lamasiko Etiye eShayina” (中国茶文化之乡), sanikezwa yi-International Research Association of Tea Culture of China. Onobhala abayishumi nambili abalandelanayo bekomidi leqembu ledolobhana lase-Máobà, isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30, bathuthukisa ngokulandelana imboni yetiye — leli qiniso laba wuphawu lokubekezela nokuqhubeka ekutshalweni kwetiye kwamaShayina.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zama-cultivar asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza, ngalinye linezici zalo ezikhethekile:
- I-Lěnghòuhún (冷后浑, Lěnghòuhún): Uhlobo lwendawo olungavamile, lwatholwa ngo-1980. Ngokuyinhloko yilona olusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-Lìchuān Hóngchá esezingeni eliphakeme enesenzakalo esiyingqayizivele “sokufiphala ngenkathi iphola”. Likhula kancane, iminyaka yokuqala emine likhula ngokuthe tye, lithela isivuno esincane, futhi linzima ukusakazwa ngezimpande eziyizingxenye. Amaqabunga awo agcwele ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin.
- I-Zhōngchá 108 (中茶108, Zhōngchá 108): Uhlobo olukhethiwe lweTea Research Institute yaseShayina, olumelana neqhwa, futhi olunomkhiqizo omuhle.
- Èchá 10 (鄂茶10号, Èchá 10 hào): Uhlobo olukhethiwe lwaseHúběi, oluvumelana nezimo zezintaba.
- Èchá 1 (鄂茶1号, Èchá 1 hào): Enye i-cultivar yaseHúběi.
- Zhūyèqí (槠叶齐, Zhūyèqí): Uhlobo oluguquguqukayo olunokubaba okugqamile.
- I-Máobà Zǎoyī (毛坝早一, Máobà Zǎoyī): Uhlobo lwendawo oluvuthwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, oluvuthwa ngezinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kwezinye. Luhluke ngephunga elimnandi elihlukile “eliphindwe kathathu” (三香合一): ubusha obumnene, iphunga le-chestnut, nephunga lezimbali.
- Futhi kukhona uhlobo lwasendle lwe-Zhúyè Qīng (竹叶青, Zhúyè Qīng, Camellia crassicolumna), olunikeza itiye ukubaba okuyingqayizivele. Zonke izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezingama-cultivar zingaphansi kwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.
Ukuvuna: Isizini siqala cishe ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, siqede ngo-Agasti. Ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo (春茶): ihlumela namacembe amabili aphezulu, ingxenye yamathiphu ingekho ngaphansi kuka-60%. Ukuvuna kwasehlobo (夏茶): ihlumela namacembe amathathu, ingxenye yamathiphu ingekho ngaphezu kuka-30%. Ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo kuthathwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu.

4. Indawo Nokutshalwa Okukhethekile:

Isifunda: Ingxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseHúběi, lapho kuhlangana khona iHúběi, iHúnán neChóngqìng. Amasimu okutshala asesigodini soMfula i-Qīngjiāng (清江, Qīngjiāng) — “Umfula Ongumama wamaTǔjiā”, futhi asemigoxweni yezintaba ze-Qíyuèshān (齐岳山), i-Xīngdǒushān (星斗山) ne-Fóbǎoshān (佛宝山). Indawo isemugqeni wama-30 enyakatho — “ibhande legolide lokutshala itiye”.
Ukuphakama lapho kukhula khona: Amamitha angu-800–1 500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, amasimu amakhulu angamamitha angaba ngu-900. Isilinganiso sokuphakama kwe-Lìchuān singamamitha angu-1 100, futhi idolobha linegama elingekho emthethweni elithi “Idolobha Elipholile Lasentshonalanga” (西部凉城).
Inhlabathi: I-acidic ephuzi-ngokunsundu (黄棕壤, huáng zōng rǎng) ene-pH engu-4.8–5.2, ijule (ngaphezu kwama-80 cm), inezinto eziphilayo eziphakeme (> 2%) futhi, okubalulekile, igcwele ngokwemvelo i-selenium (硒, xī). Okuqukethwe yi-selenium etiyeni lase-Lìchuān kuhlale kungu-0.25–4 mg/kg — okungenye yezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aseShayina.
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo nesisemfuleni (subtropical monsoon) sasezintabeni esinamazinga ahlukene ngokuya ngobude. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-+14–16.7 °C (ehlobo cishe +22.2 °C, akukho ukushisa okwedlulele: izinga eliphakeme kakhulu emlandweni — 35 °C). Imvula yonyaka icishe ibe ngu-1 400 mm. Kunenkungu eningi, amafu amaningi, kanye nelanga elincane. Umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kobusuku nemini wehlisa ukukhula kweqabunga letiye, okusiza ukuthi kuqongelelwe izinto ezinuka kamnandi nezixube ze-phenolic. Izinga lamahlathi endaweni lingaphezu kuka-64%, endaweni yesizinda se-Xīngdǒushān lingaphezu kuka-85%.
Okukhethekile: Indawo enomhlaba we-limestone enemigede engaphansi komhlaba nemifula engaphansi komhlaba eminingi. Indawo yeSizinda Sikazwelonke Semvelo sase-Xīngdǒushān iqinisekisa ubumsulwa obukhethekile bemvelo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Lìchuān Gōngfu Hóngchá kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi enemigqa eminingi edinga ikhono eliphakeme (gōngfu). Izingcweti ezihamba phambili zisebenzisa uhlelo oluthi “ezine eziyisisekelo, eziyisishiyagalombili eziphothulayo” (四初八精, sì chū bā jīng), lwasungulwa ngumholi wezobuchwepheshe enkampanini i-“Xīngdǒushān Hóngchá” u-Qiū Jiànhóng (邱建红).

Ukuvuthwa (萎凋, wěidiāo): Amaqabunga avuniwe ayandlalwa ukuze alahlekelwe umswakama amahora angu-12–24, kuze kube yilapho okuqukethwe umswakama kwehle kufinyelele ku-62%. Kulesi sigaba, kuqala ukuvutshelwa okungokwemvelo, kusebenze ama-enzyme, futhi iqabunga libe lithambile futhi libe lula ukulisonta. Kwezinye izindawo zokukhiqiza kusetshenziswa ikamelo likagesi lokuphola (电萎凋槽, diàn wěidiāo cáo), elasungulwa ngu-Qiū Jiànhóng ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwekhwalithi.
Ukusonta (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kwenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili. Ukusonta kokuqala — cishe imizuzu engama-45 kumishini egudlayo, okwesibili — cishe imizuzu engama-30 ukuze kulethwe amaqabunga isimo esiyingqayizivele sezintambo eziqinile nokuqhubeka nokuchithwa kwezindonga zamaseli. Izingcweti zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela eziyi-14 zesandla: “搭、抹、抖、捺、压、抓、荡、推、搓、滚、捞、拍、挺、磨” (dā, mǒ, dǒu, nà, yā, zhuā, dàng, tuī, cuō, gǔn, lāo, pāi, tǐng, mó).
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): Lesi sigaba esiyinhloko. Amaqabunga asontiwe abekwa ngezingqimba futhi ambeswe ngezindwangu ezimanzi zelineni. Izinga lokushisa lilawulwa lisuke ku-23–25 °C, lingabi ngaphezu kuka-30 °C. Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, kwenzeka i-oxidation ejulile yama-polyphenol, kukheke ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, okwakha umbala, iphunga elimnandi, nokunambitheka. Ukulungela kunqunywa ingcweti ngokushintsha kombala weqabunga (kufinyelele kumbala oyithusi obomvu) nokubonakala kwephunga elimnandi elinephunga lezithelo nezimbali.
Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): Ukomisa kokuqala ezingeni lokushisa elicishe libe ngu-115 °C ukuze kumiswe ukuvutshelwa futhi kuqinisekiswe izici ezifinyelelwe. Umswakama wehliselwa ngaphansi kuka-6%.
Ukuhlunga nokucwengisa (精制, jīngzhì): Itiye elibomvu elingakapheli (红毛茶, hóng máochá) lidlula enqubeni eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: ukuhlunga (毛筛, 抖筛, 分筛), ukusika (切断), ukuchithwa komoya (风选), ukukhetha ngesandla (拣剔), ukomisa okuphelele (补火), ukupholisa (清风), ukuhlanganisa (拼和) kanye nokupakisha (装箱). Ubunzima balesi sigaba buyilokho okunike igama lesigaba elithi “gōngfu” — “ikhono”.

6. Izimpawu Zokunambitha Ngezitho Zomzimba:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izintambo ezihlelekile, eziqinile, ezisontekile ezincane ezingaba ngu-2 cm ubude, umbala oshokoledi omnyama, cishe omnyama, onokukhazimula okunamafutha (乌润, wūrùn). Ebusweni bakhona kuhlukaniseka amathiphu agolide (金毫, jīnháo).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linamandla, lifudumele, futhi liyagoneka. Kunamacici agqamile e-chestnut egazingiwe (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng), izithelo ezomile (ikakhulukazi i-khaki namadethi omile), kanye nephunga elithambile elezinongo nelezinkwa ezibhakiwe.
Iphunga loketshezi oluphekiwe: Liyinkimbinkimbi, linoshukela, linamacici oju lwezimbali (花蜜香, huāmì xiāng), izithelo, nezinkuni. Lapho liphola kuvela amacici ezimbali.
Ukunambitheka: Kujulile, kugcwele, kodwa kuthambile, ngaphandle kokubaba okweqisayo. Kunoshukela wezinyosi ogqamile, okuhambisana nokubaba okunokuthamba nokunambitheka kwamaqolo e-oki nezithelo ezibhakiwe. Isimo sawo siminyene, sinamafutha, siyagona.
Ukunambitheka okusemva: Kungesikhathi eside, kufudumeza, kunoshukela, kunamacici ezithelo aqabulayo, afana ne-apula lase-Antonovka. Ukunambitheka okusemva — “huígān” (回甘, ubumnandi obuyayo) — kuhlala imizuzu embalwa.
Umbala woketshezi oluphekiwe: Uyakhanya, ucwebezelile, ubomvu ngokukhanyayo okombala we-agate osagolide — “Mǎnǎo Hóng” (玛瑙红, “Umbala We-Agate”). Kunomngcele omncane osagolide (金圈) emaphethelweni enkomishi. Lapho lupholisa ngaphansi kuka-8–10 °C, kwezinye izibonelo ezingcono kakhulu kwenzeka isenzakalo se-“lěnghòuhún” (冷后浑) — uketshezi oluphekiwe luyafiphala, luze lube namafutha futhi lungabonakali, bese lucwebezele futhi lapho lufudunyezwa.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Amaqabunga athambile, aphelele, anwebekayo ombala oyithusi obomvu, anamahlumela abonakalayo. Umbala ofanayo ukhombisa ukuvutshelwa okulungile.

7. Izakhi Zekhemikhali:

Ama-theaflavin (茶黄素): Cishe u-1.2%. Abhekene nokukhanya kwetshezi, umngcele ogolide nezakhiwo eziqabulayo. Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-theaflavin kungenye yezizathu zesenzakalo se-“lěnghòuhún”.
Ama-thearubigin (茶红素): Cishe u-2.2%. Babeka umbala wojule kwetshezi, ukugcwala, nokuthamba.
Ama-catechin aseleyo (okuhlanganisa ne-EGCG): Cishe u-7% (ngemuva kokuvutshelwa). Ahlinzeka ngezici zokulwa nama-oxidant.
I-caffeine (咖啡碱): Cishe u-2.5%. Umphumela okhuthazayo.
Ama-amino acid: I-L-theanine namanye ama-amino acid akhululekile, akha ubumnandi nobumnandi obuthile.
Ama-polysaccharide: Ayingxenye ekwakhekeni kwesimo soketshezi nokuthambile kwawo.
Izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi: I-Linalool, i-geraniol, i-methyl salicylate, i-β-ionone nezinye — zakha iphunga elimnandi “le-chestnut nobusi”.
I-selenium (硒): 0.25–4 mg/kg — ukunotha ngokwemvelo okuvela enhlabathini. I-selenium iyi-antioxidant enamandla ne-modulator yesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela.
Okukhethekile: Kuyaphawuleka ukulingana okuyingqayizivele kwama-theaflavin (TF) ne-digallate esters zawo (TFdiG) okungaphezu kuka-4:1, okuthi ngokusho kwabacwaningi, kuchaze inhlanganisela yokubaba okuqinile nokungabikho ngokuphelele kokubaba okungathandeki. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-antioxidant yetiye kuqinisekiswa yisilinganiso se-ORAC esingaba ngu-35 000 μTE/100 g.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umphumela okhuthazayo: I-caffeine ngokuhlangana ne-L-theanine ihlinzeka ubukhazikhazi obumnene, obuhleli, ikhuphule ukusebenza nokugxilisa ingqondo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
Ukuvikelwa yi-antioxidant: Inhlanganisela yama-theaflavin, ama-catechin, ne-selenium ihlinzeka ukuvikelwa okunamandla kwamangqamuzana kuma-radical mahhala (i-ORAC ~ 35 000 μTE/100 g).
Ukusekela isimiso somzimba senhliziyo nemithambo: Ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin asiza ekuqiniseni izindonga zemithambo, ekuthuthukiseni ukujikeleza okuncane, nasekwehliseni ubungozi bokuqina kwemithambo (atherosclerosis).
Ukulawula izinga likashukela egazini: Kunobufakazi bokuvinjelwa kwe-alpha ne-beta-amylase, okungasiza ekwehliseni izinga le-glucose emva kokudla.
Ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla: Kusiza ukwenza umsebenzi womgudu wokugaya ukudla ube ngokwejwayelekile, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokudla okunamafutha amaningi.
Ukuthuthukisa isimo sesikhumba: Ama-antioxidant ne-selenium kunomthelela omuhle ekuqiniseni nasekubukekeni kwesikhumba.
Umphumela wokufudumeza: Itiye elibomvu “elinomoya ofudumele” lilungele isimo sezulu sezintaba esibandayo kanye nenkathi yasebusika.

9. Ukupheka Itiye:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C. Amanzi athambile, ahlanzekile.
Inani letiye: Amagremu angu-5–7 kumamililitha angu-100–150 wamanzi ngendlela yokupheka ngezikhathi ezithile; amagremu angu-3–4 kumamililitha angu-200 ngokulinda kwase-Europe.
Okuphathelene: I-porcelain gaiwan (盖碗) — iyindlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu, evumela ukulawulwa kwesikhathi sokukhipha. Futhi kufanelekile i-teapot yase-Xīng (Yixing) noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
Inqubo (indlela yokupheka ngezikhathi — gōngfu chá):
1. Fudumeza okuphathelene ngamanzi abilayo, ukhiphe amanzi.
2. Thela itiye elomile ku-gaiwan esifudumeziwe.
3. Ukuwasha (润茶, rùnchá): Thela amanzi ashisayo bese uwakhipha ngokushesha — “ukuvusa” kweqabunga elisontekile ngokuqinile.
4. Ukuthela kokuqala: Thela amanzi angu-90–95 °C, ulinde imizuzwana engu-10–20.
5. Ukuthela okulandelayo: Yengeza isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10.
6. I-Lìchuān Hóngchá esezingeni eliphakeme imelana nokuthelwa oku-5 kuya kwe-8, yembule kancane kancane ibanga lamanambitheka ukusuka kwe-chestnut noju kuya kwezithelo nobumnandi.

Iseluleko: Ukuze ubone isenzakalo se-“lěnghòuhún”, shiya okusele kwetshezi ku-chahai (公道杯) kuze kuphole ngokuphelele — ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-8–10 °C, uketshezi luyofiphala. Ukufudumeza kuzobuyisela ukucwazimula.

10. Ukugcinwa:

I-Lìchuān Gōngfu Hóngchá igcinwa esitsheni esingangenisi umoya, esingabonisi ukukhanya (imbiza yobumba noma yensimbi, isikhwama esiqinile esenziwe nge-foil) endaweni eyomile, epholile ezingeni lokushisa elingekho ngaphezu kuka-25 °C, kude nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile namaphunga aqinile angaphandle. Umswakama endaweni yokugcina akufanele ube ngaphezu kuka-60%. Ukugcinwa efrijini akudingekile. Isikhathi esifanele sokuphuzwa siyizinyanga eziyi-18–36. Abanye abakhiqizi bancoma ukuthi itiye “liphumule” izinyanga ezi-1–2 ngemva kokukhiqizwa ukuze kuhlangane ukunambitheka.

11. Amanani Kanye Nemibhaliso Yokuphamba:

Izinga lentengo: I-Lìchuān Hóngchá ingaphansi kwesigaba samanani aphakathi naphezulu samatiye abomvu aseShayina. Amabanga avamile — ama-yuan angu-300–350 nge-500 g; itiye elisezingeni elihle elinomphumela we-“lěnghòuhún” — ama-yuan angu-800–1 500; ibanga elikhethekile (特级) nemijovo esezingeni eliphezulu evela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ze-“Lěnghòuhún” — kusukela kuma-yuan angu-3 000 nangaphezulu nge-500 g.
Ungagwema kanjani imibhaliso yokuphamba:
- Thenga kubahlinzeki abanobuhlobo obuqinisekisiwe ne-Lìchuān nabamakwe ngophawu lwendawo.
- Qaphela isimo seqabunga: kufanele kube izintambo eziqinile, ezincane (hhayi izingcezu ezinkulu, ezaphukile).
- Hlola iphunga elimnandi: amanothi e-chestnut nobusi, angenayo i-asidi nephunga lesikhuthu.
- Hlola oketshezini: umbala ocacile “we-agate” obomvu onomngcele ogolide. Izibonelo ezingcono kakhulu zibonisa i-“lěnghòuhún” lapho ziphola.
- Intengo ephansi kakhulu yetiye okuthiwa yi-Lìchuān Hóngchá enomphumela we-“lěnghòuhún” iyisizathu sokusola.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

Itiye lombuso: Ngomhla ka-28 Ephreli 2018, i-Lìchuān Hóngchá kanye ne-Ēnshī Yùlù (恩施玉露) kwanikezwa e-“Dōnghú Cháxù” — umcimbi wetiye osebeni lwe-East Lake e-Wǔhàn, lapho abaholi baseShayina naseNdiya babexoxa ngobudlelwano bamazwe aphesheya. Lesi senzakalo ngokushesha saphendula i-Lìchuān Hóngchá kungenye yezimpawu ezaziwa kakhulu zetiye elibomvu laseShayina.
Isenzakalo se-“lěnghòuhún”: Ukufiphala lapho kuphola kuwumphumela wokusebenzisana kwama-theaflavin ne-caffeine, okwakha izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihlukana noketshezi lapho izinga lokushisa lehla. Lesenzakalo sibonakala kuphela ematiyeni anokugcwala okuphezulu ngokukhethekile kwama-theaflavin — okungukuthi, kuyi-“certificate” yokwakheka kwekhemikhali yekhwalithi.
Iminyaka engama-30 — onobhala abayi-12: Abaholi abayishumi nambili abalandelanayo ababengamele idolobhana lase-Máobà isikhathi esingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, bathuthukisa imboni yetiye ngaphandle kokudikiza — isibonelo sokubekezela, esaba wuphawu “lwe-gōngfu” yetiye emqondweni wenhlangano.
Kusuka e-Lìchuān kuya e-Morocco: Inkampani yase-Lìchuān i-“Jīnlì Cháyè” (金利茶业) yaba yibhizinisi lokuqala letiye laseShayina ukuvula indawo yalo yokukhiqiza phesheya — e-Morocco, yabhalisa uphawu futhi yakha ifekthri yokupakisha.
Isiko letiye lamaTǔjiā lihlanganisa nokubhula ngetiyela ebusuku bangaphambi konyaka omusha: uma ekuseni enkomishini ebekwe phambi kwe-altare lamadlozi kutholakala amanzi anodaka, lokhu kuthathwa njengophawu oluhle — okusho ukuthi “umoya wamadlozi ulinambithile itiye”.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye Abomvu:

I-Qí Mén Hóngchá (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá) — i-Ānhuī: I-gōngfu hóngchá yakudala enephunga elimnandi eliyinganekwane le-“Qímén aroma” (祁门香) — amacici e-orchid, iplamu, noju. Ilula futhi inephunga elimnandi kuneyase-Lìchuān Hóngchá, inesimo esincane. I-Lìchuān Hóngchá iyidlula ngokuminyana nangokugcwala ketshezi.
I-Diān Hóng (滇红, Diānhóng) — i-Yúnnán: Ivela ezintweni eziyizimbali ezinkulu ze-var. assamica. Iphrofayili ekhanyayo enephunga le-malt nobusi, isimo esiminyene, inqwaba yamathiphu agolide. I-Lìchuān Hóngchá ikhiqizwa ngezinto eziyizimbali ezincane ze-var. sinensis futhi inesimo esifana ne-chestnut nezithelo, hhayi esifana ne-malt.
I-Yíchāng Gōngfu (宜昌工夫, Yíchāng Gōngfu) — i-Húběi: “Umkhuluwa” we-Lìchuān Hóngchá emndenini wama-Yíhóng. Ikhiqizwa ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane zase-Húběi (i-Yíchāng, i-Hèfēng). Iphrofayili efanayo, kodwa i-Lìchuān Hóngchá ihluke ngomphumela ogqamile we-“lěnghòuhún” nangokuba nokugcwala okuphezulu kwe-selenium.
I-Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng (正山小种, Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng) — i-Fújiàn: Umsuka wawo wonke amatiye abomvu. Izinhlobo zendabuko zinephunga elimnandi lentuthu (ukushunqiselwa ngamalahle kaphayini), ezanamuhla — izimbali nezithelo. I-Lìchuān Hóngchá ayiyunyelwanga futhi inesimo esihlanzekile se-chestnut noju ngaphandle kwamanothi entuthu.

Ekuphetheni

I-Lìchuān Gōngfu Hóngchá iyitiyela elibomvu elinobunjalo: eligcwele, eliminyene, elinoshukela wezinyosi nokufudumala kwe-chestnut, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba ngqweshi nokubaba. Lizalwe enkungwini yezintaba eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Húběi, emhlabathini ogcwele i-selenium, lizungezwe amahlathi asezindaweni ezivikelwe ase-Xīngdǒushān, leli tiye liphethe ukujula kwesiko lenkulungwane yeminyaka lokutshala itiye kwabantu baseTǔjiā kanye nokunemba kobuchwepheshe besimanje “be-gōngfu”. Isenzakalo se-“lěnghòuhún” — uphawu lwalo oluhlukile kanye nobufakazi bobunjalo bekhemikhali — luphendula yonke impilo yetiye indlela encane yesayensi yokuhlola. Ngemva komcimbi wetiye osebeni lwe-East Lake, i-Lìchuān Hóngchá yayeka ukuba imfihlo yendawo — yathatha indawo yayo phakathi kwamatiye abomvu angcono kakhulu aseShayina, futhi le ndawo iyilifanele ngokugcwele.