Kǔ qiáo chá

Itheyi leBhukhweya akulona itheyi ngokomqondo webhotani. Akukho nelilodwa iqabunga le Camellia sinensis enkomishini: isiphuzo sitholakala ngokusilisa izinhlamvu ezigazingiwe zebhukhweya yaseTatari (Fagopyrum tataricum). Naphezu kwalokhu, eChina nasendaweni yonke sibizwa ngokuthi chá — ukumunywa kuphuzwa kushisa, kancane, njenge thethi. Lapha siphuzo sohlobo lwezanhlamvu (tisane) ezinambitheka ngokugazingwa, okunamantongomane, ngaphandle kwe-caffeine, esaziswa kakhulu ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-rutin namanye ama-flavonoidi.

1. Ukuhlelwa nokudabuka:

• Uhlobo: Akulona itheyi ngomqondo oqinile — kuyisisombululo sohlobo lwezanhlamvu (ukukhishwa kwemithi) ngezinhlamvu ezigazingiwe, esingenayo i- Camellia sinensis. Amagama afanele: «ukukhishwa kwemithi/okwezanhlamvu», «ithethi yemithi», «ukukhishwa okuyi-non-camellial». Ukubila akukho kancane — umkhiqizo utholwa ngokugazingwa, hhayi nge-oxidation yeqabunga lethethi. Isisekelo — ibhukhweya yaseTatari (ebabayo), 苦荞 (kǔ qiáo), Fagopyrum tataricum; kusukela lapho isichasiso esithi «ebabayo» (苦, kǔ) esisemqoka, noma ukukhishwa okuphekiwe ngokuvamile kunganikali ubabayi ophawulekayo.
• Isigaba: Ama-Tisanes asezinhlamvu (谷物茶, gǔwù chá — «Grain Tisanes», ikhodi CAT-HERBAL-GRAIN), i-node ngaphakathi kwesigaba somzali Ithethi Yemithi (草本茶, cǎoběn chá — «Herbal Tea», ikhodi CAT-HERBAL-TEA); iziphuzo ezingenazo i-caffeine. Kuleli gatsha elifanayo kunokukhishwa kwezinhlamvu «ezimnandi» okuhlobene (ibholi, irayisi).
• Ungaphambanisi «amethethi ababayo» (苦茶): esigabeni somzali esifanayo kukhona i-node engomakhelwane Amateyi ababayo (苦茶, kǔ chá — «Bitter Tea / Ku Cha», ikhodi CAT-HERBAL-BITTER), lapho kufakwa u-kuding (苦丁茶, kǔdīng chá) — ukukhishwa kwamaqabunga e- Ilex latifolia (broadleaf holly), okubabayo ngempela. Naphezu kwesimpawu esifanayo 苦 («okubabayo»), lokhu yisimo se-同名異物 — «igama elifanayo, izinto ezihlukile»: 苦荞茶 — inhlamvu yebhukhweya ezigazingiwe (ethambe, eyamantongomane), bese kuthi 苦丁茶 — ukukhishwa kwemithi okubabayo okuvela esitshalweni esihluke ngokuphelele. Uphawu 苦 egameni lethethi yebhukhweya lubhekisa ohlotsheni lwebhukhweya, hhayi ekunambithekeni okubabayo kwesiphuzo.
• Indabuko: Izifunda eziphakeme zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina, lapho ibhukhweya yaseTatari iyatshalwa. Izindawo ezinkulu zomkhiqizo — iSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), iYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), iGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu) kanye neChongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng); ukutshalwa kuyanda futhi eShaanxi, eShanxi, eGansu, eNingxia, eHubei naseHunan, kanti iqembu lasenyakatho lezinhlamvu zendawo liphuma eQinghai, eGansu, e-Inner Mongolia naseHebei.
  • Isifunda Esizimele SaseLiangshan Yi (凉山彝族自治州, Liángshān Yízú zìzhìzhōu), esifundazweni iSichuan — indawo enkulu emhlabeni yokutshalwa kwebhukhweya yaseTatari, exhumene kakhulu nesiko labantu bakwa-Yi (彝, Yí). Ukutshalwa lapha sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kweyinkulungwane. Ngemibiko yeminyaka ehlukene, izitshalo zihlala ezingeni elingaba li-100 lezinkulungwane lehekthala (cishe izi-150 万亩), isivuno sonyaka silinganiselwa kutonikazi eziyi-12–15 万吨; lokhu kuyingxenye yesithathu yomkhiqizo kazwelonke, kanti ngokwezilinganiso zangaphambili — kufika engxenyeni. Isifunda sitolikwa imithombo yaseChina ngokuthi «世界苦荞之都» («inhlokodolobha yomhlaba yebhukhweya yaseTatari»).
  • IYunnan kanye neGuizhou — izifunda zezintaba ezizimele.
• Izixhumanisi zejografi: Isifunda Esizimele saseLiangshan Yi (eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSichuan) siphakathi kuka-26°03′–29°18′ N kanye no-100°03′–103°52′ E; isikhungo sokuphatha siseduze no-27°53′ N, 102°16′ E (≈27,88° N, 102,27° E). Ububanzi besifunda bungama-60 400 km².
• Amanye amagama: «Ku Qiao», «Ku Qiao Cha», «ithethi yebhukhweya ebabayo», «ithethi yebhukhweya yaseTatari»; tartary buckwheat tea, bitter buckwheat tea ngesiNgisi.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Ibhukhweya yaseTatari iyisitshalo esidala sezintaba eziphakeme saseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. Ngokwemininingwane yegqumsa eliphelele, uhlobo lwasuka esifundeni saseHimalaya, kanti izinhlobo zendawo zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga (zaseChina) zahlukana eminyakeni engaba ngu-3–4,000 edlule, okuhambisana nokufuduka kokhokho bakwa-Yi (彝) besuka eTibet baya eSichuan; imininingwane yempova ikhombisa ukuthi okhokho bakwa-Yi baqala ukutshala ibhukhweya yaseTatari eminyakeni engaba ngu-4,000 edlule. Ethebuleni lezindawo zezintaba, ikakhulukazi kubantu bakwa-Yi eLiangshan, ibhukhweya yayithatha indawo yokusanhlamvu okuyisisekelo (主食) lapho ukolweni nelayisi kungakhuli kahle: ngefulawa nangenhlamvu babesenza amaqebelengwana, amaphalishi kanye nama-noodle (荞粑, 荞米饭 njll.), kanti inhlamvu ezigazingiwe yayisiliseka njengesiphuzo esishisayo. Kule ndlela yesiko elibhaliwe labakwa-Yi, kukhona nezinsuku zangaphambilini zokutshalwa, kodwa zona zincike ezindabeni nasezibhalweni, hhayi emvubeni, ngakho-ke kuvezwa ngokucophelela. Ithethi yebhukhweya yezimboni engxenyeni yama-granules okugazingiwe apakishiwe kanye nezinhlamvu kungumkhiqizo omusha uma kuqhathaniswa, owavela esiphuzweni sendabuko sasekhaya. Ngokwemithombo yaseChina, ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwe-«ithethi yebhukhweya yaseLiangshan» (凉山苦荞茶) kwaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, kwathi umkhiqizo wangena emakethe ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000; ngawo-2010, eSichuan sekusebenza abakhiqizi abaningi abashubile.
• Igama:
  • 苦 (kǔ) — «okubabayo»: kukhomba ebhukhweya yaseTatari (ebabayo) ngokwehlukile kweyojwayelekile (甜荞, tián qiáo, «ibhukhweya emnandi», Fagopyrum esculentum). Lapha kuyisichasiselo sohlobo lwebhukhweya, hhayi incazelo yokunambitheka kwesiphuzo — ukukhishwa okuphelele kuthambe futhi kunamantongomane.
  • 荞 (qiáo) — «ibhukhweya» (okufushaniswe ku- 荞麦, qiáomài).
  • 茶 (chá) — «ithethi», lapha ngomqondo obanzi, wansuku zonke «ukukhishwa, isiphuzo», hhayi njengokukhomba i-Camellia sinensis.
  • Uma kuhunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi u-苦荞茶 — «ukukhishwa ngebhukhweya ebabayo».
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kubantu bezintaba zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga, ibhukhweya yaseTatari akuyona nje ukudla, kodwa futhi iyingxenye yesiko lempilo yansuku zonke nelamasiko. Njengoba kubika izincwadi ezibuyekeziwe, kubantu bakwa-Yi ibhukhweya ivela emigosheni eminingi: isetshenziswa emikhosini, emishadweni nasemingcwabeni, isetshenziswa njengomnikelo kumadlozi (祭祖品); kubikwa futhi ukuthi umkhosi waminyaka yonke Wama-Facula uqala ngokuvakasha emasimini ebhukhweya. E-China yanamuhla, ithethi yebhukhweya ibekwa njengesiphuzo esingenayo i-caffeine «esinempilo» sokusetshenziswa nsuku zonke kanye «nokuthuthukisa impilo», okuhlanganisa nalabo abavinjelwe i-caffeine.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye nempahla eluhlaza:

• Isitshalo esiyisisekelo: Ibhukhweya yaseTatari, noma ibhukhweya ebabayo — Fagopyrum tataricum (umndeni weGreeki, Polygonaceae). Isitshalo sonyaka esinotshani, esikwazi ukumelana namakhaza futhi esingadinwa, esijwayele izintaba eziphakeme nenhlabathi empofu. Isiqu simile, siluhlaza, sinamabala futhi sinamagatsha, ubude baso buyi-30–70 (kuze kufike ku-100) cm. Izimbali zincane futhi azibonakali: i-perianth imhlophe noma iluhlaza okotshani, izigaba ziyi-elliptical, cishe ziyi-2 mm. Izithelo — i-nutlet empunga enamacala amathathu (i-achene) engu-5–6 × 3–5 mm, iphambene-mathathu, enomphetho ongahlelekile oshwabene, ongenaphiko, ikakhulukazi enezinhlangothi ezimangelengele eziphuzukile engxenyeni engenhla. Ihlukile kubhukhweya ojwayelekile (Fagopyrum esculentum) ngokuzithwala impova (bheka ngezansi), inhlamvu encane futhi eyizingxenyana (kweyojwayelekile i-nutlet inkulu, ibushelelezi futhi inamaphiko) kanye nokuqukethwe okuphawuleka kakhulu kwe-rutin namanye ama-flavonoidi.
• Uhlobo lwembali nempova: Ibhukhweya yaseTatari — iyazithwala impova, i-homostylous futhi iyakwazi ukuzihlanganisa: izitho zangasese zesilisa kanye nezinsikazi zitholakala ezingeni elifanayo, futhi cishe u-71% we-impova ezinsikazini kuvela kuyona ngokwayo (i-autogamous). Ngalokhu ihluke kakhulu kubhukhweya ojwayelekile (甜荞), odinga impova ephambukayo ngokuphelele, odidiyelwe nge-heterostyly (izinhlobo ezimbili zezimbali — i-pin ne-thrum) futhi ongakwazi ukuzihlanganisa; kuye i-S-locus eyodwa ilawula kokubili ukuma kwembali nokungahambisani. Ukuzithwala impova kwebhukhweya yaseTatari kwenza ukutshalwa kube lula ezindaweni eziphakeme eziyodwa.
• Akukho sisekelo sethethi: umkhiqizo awunayo i-Camellia sinensis; impahla eluhlaza — inhlamvu kuphela (izithelo-izinhlamvu) zebhukhweya yaseTatari, ngesinye isikhathi kuhlanganiswe negobolondo elicolisisiwe.
• Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela nokuvuna: Izikhathi zincike endaweni nasekuphakameni. Eningizimu-ntshonalanga, kuhlukaniswa ukuhlwanyela kwentwasahlobo (春荞) — ukuhlwanyela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ukuvuna ngoJulayi—Agasti — kanye nokwasekwindla (秋荞) — ukuhlwanyela maphakathi no-Agasti, ukuvuna ngoNovemba. ELiangshan naseMabing County, kuhlwanyelwa maphakathi nasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, kanti ukuvuna kuqala ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba («刚入秋»). Eningizimu yeChina, kuhlwanyelwa maphakathi nasekupheleni kukaJuni nasekuqaleni kukaJulayi, kuvunwe ekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Isitshalo ngokwaso siqhakaza ngoJuni—Septhemba futhi sithela izithelo ngoJulayi—Novemba (ngokwesikhungo sezitshalo saseChina, ifasita ibanzi kancane — ukuqhakaza kusukela ngoMeyi, izithelo kuze kube ngu-Okthoba).
• Izinga lempahla eluhlaza: Inhlamvu evuthiwe, eqediwe yebhukhweya yaseTatari, ehlanjululwe kungcola. Kusukela kuyo, emva kokugazingwa, kwenziwa:
  • ama-granules — kusukela kufulawa/webhukhweya ecwengekile, ecindezelwe yaba yizigaxana ezincane (indlela evame kakhulu «yetheti»);
  • umkhiqizo wezinhlamvu eziphelele — kusukela enhlamvini ezigazingiwe ephelele.
• Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Inhlamvu enkabeni yezintaba eziphakeme, engenaphunga elibi nesikhutha, ene-flavonoid profile elondoloziwe; okwamakhekhe ayinhloko — inhlamvu evela ezindaweni ezaziwayo (iLiangshan nokunye). Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezimpahleni eziluhlaza zibhekise esigabeni «Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza».

4. Iterroir kanye nezici zokutshalwa:

• Indlela yokuma komhlaba kanye nesimo sezulu: Ibhukhweya yaseTatari — isitshalo sezintaba eziphakeme nesimo sezulu esipholile/sibandayo nesimanzi: isitshalo songa-喜阴湿冷凉 (sithanda ukuphola, umswakama kanye nomthunzi), siyamelana namakhaza futhi siyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso kunobhukhweya ojwayelekile. Imbewu ihluma lapho izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lingaphezu kuka-16 °C (ngezinsuku ezi-4–5); okuhle kakhulu ekuqhakazeni nasekuqhakazeni — 26–30 °C; izimbali zifa nge -1 °C, amaqabunga nesitshalo — nge -2 °C. EMabing County (美姑, indawo yamagugu ezolimo ye-PRC), izinga lokushisa lonyaka lika- ~17 °C. Ukucindezeleka kwezintaba eziphakeme (ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla, amakhaza, izinguquko ezinkulu zansuku zonke) kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kokuhlanganiswa kwama-flavonoidi; ubuhlobo obuqondile besibalo esithi «ukuphakama → i-rutin eningi» busalokhu kungumongo wocwaningo.
• Ukuphakama okukhula kuyo: Uhlobo luguquguquka kakhulu ngokuphakama, kodwa luhweba ngokutshalwa ezintabeni eziphakeme ezibandayo eziyi-1500–3000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. ELiangshan, ingxenye enkulu igxile ku-2000–3000 m, enezindawo eziphazamisekile — ku-1500–2000 m. IMabing — i-county enokuphakama okungaphezulu kuka-2000 m.
• Inhlabathi: Ibhukhweya yaseTatari iyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso, nokungabi namandla; ikhula enhlabathini elula, ephakathi nendawo, nesindayo edonsa kahle amanzi, yamukela inhlabathi ene-acidic, engathathi hlangothi, kanye ne-alkaline kancane futhi ithela lapho okunye ukusanhlamvu kungakhuli kahle. Izindawo zokutshalwa — izindawo eziphakeme ezihlanzekile ngokwezemvelo ezikude nezindawo zezimboni.
• Umehluko wezifunda: ILiangshan (Sichuan) ibhekwa njengendawo eyinkomba, ehlobene nesiko lokutshalwa kwabakwa-Yi isikhathi eside; iYunnan neGuizhou zikhiqiza inhlamvu evela ezifundeni zasezintabeni ezizimele. Umehluko wezinto ezingavuthiwe ngezifunda (i-taste profile, okuqukethwe i-rutin) usacwaningwa futhi awucaciswa ngaphandle kwemininingwane eqinisekisiwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza:

Umehluko osemqoka kuthethi yangempela: lapha akukho ukubulala okuluhlaza (杀青, shā qīng), akukho oxidation, akukho ukusonteka kwamaqabunga — ku-tisane yezinhlamvu akukho ukulungiswa okuhlukile kokuluhlaza njengaku-Camellia sinensis. Ukunambitheka nombala wesiphuzo kwakhiwa ukugazingwa kwenhlamvu — empeleni, ukusabela kuka-Maillard kanye ne-caramelization, okunikeza ithoni enamatongomane, yezinhlamvu, ekhumbuzayo, engathi yi-caramel kancane. Ukulandelana okujwayelekile:

• Ukuvunwa kanye nokubhulwa kwenhlamvu: Inhlamvu evuthiwe yebhukhweya yaseTatari iyavunwa futhi ibhulwe.
• Ukuhlanzwa nokukhishwa kwegobolondo: Inhlamvu ihlanzwa kungcola; kuye ngomkhiqizo, igobolondo eliqinile linye lisuswa ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye.
• Ukugaywa / ukwenziwa kwama-granules (kumumo wamagranules): Ingxenye yempahla eluhlaza iyagaywa ibe yi-cracked grain noma ufulawa bese ibunjwa ibe yizigaxana ezincane. Endleleni yezinhlamvu eziphelele lesi sigaba siyahluleka.
• Ukugazingwa (烘焙 — hōng bèi): Isigaba esingumgogodla. Inhlamvu noma ama-granules ayagazingwa/athoswe kuze kube nombala osagolide-nsundu kanye nephunga elimile elinamatongomane. Ukulinganiswa kwesikhathi nokushisa kubeka ibhalansi ethi «okunamantongomane — okuyi-caramel — okubaba kancane»; imikhuba ethile inqunyelwa umkhiqizi.
• Ukumiswa (干燥 — gānzào): Ukwehliswa komswakama ezingeni eliqinisekisa ukugcinwa nokuhlaba kwethambo kwenhlamvu.
• Ukuhlelwa nokupakishwa (分级 — fēnjí): Ukukhipha uthuli nezingcezu, ukulinganisa ama-granules/inhlamvu, ukupakisha esitsheni esivaleka ngomoya (imvamisa — ama-sachet amancane noma amakani kathayela).

Abanye abakhiqizi bangeza izigaba ezengeziwe — ngokwesibonelo, ukushisela inhlamvu ngesitimu ngaphambi kokugazingwa (lokhu kuhleliwe emithethweni yobuchwepheshe, bheka ngezansi).

• Izimiso namazinga: Alikho izinga elizimele le-GB/T eliqonde ngqo esiphuzweni se-苦荞茶 — umkhiqizo ulawulwa njenge-代用茶 («ithethi-okungena esikhundleni») ngokusebenzisa izindinganiso zendawo nezezimboni, ngaphansi kwemithetho evamile yezempilo-kanye-nokuhlanzeka (i-GB 2762 ngokungcola, i-GB 2763 ngamachiza okubulala izinambuzane, njll.). Imibhalo yephrofayili esemqoka: DBS 51/004-2017 «食品安全地方标准 苦荞茶» — izinga lasendaweni lokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yokudla laseSichuan kumethethi yebhukhweya (elihlanganisa phakathi nokunye iLiangshan); DB52/T 1078-2016 «地理标志产品 六盘水苦荞茶» — izinga kumethethi yebhukhweya njengomkhiqizo oyinkomba yendawo yaseLiupanshui (Guizhou); imithetho yobuchwepheshe yokugaywa kabusha DB14/T 2272-2021 (Shanxi) kanye neqembu T/SXAGS 0037-2024, echaza ukushisela ngesitimu, ukumiswa, ukukhishwa kwegobolondo kanye nokugazingwa. Ezimpahleni ezingavuthiwe-zenhlamvu, kusebenza izindinganiso zikazwelonke GB/T 10458-2008 «荞麦» (ibhukhweya) kanye GB/T 35028-2018 «荞麦粉» (ufulawa webhukhweya). Umkhiqizo ngokwawo othi «凉山苦荞茶» ubhalisiwe njengomkhiqizo oyinkomba yendawo.

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic:

• Isimo sangaphandle sempahla eluhlaza eyomile: Emgomeni wama-granules — izigaxana ezincane eziminyene ezinombala osagolide noma onsundu ngokumnyama, ezime okungahlelekile okuhleliwe. Emgomeni wezinhlamvu eziphelele — inhlamvu encane eyizingxenyana (ezinamacala amathathu) ethoni efudumele, ensundu, ngesinye isikhathi enezinsalela zegobolondo elimnyama.
• Iphunga lempahla eluhlaza eyomile: Iphunga elomile, elinamatongomane, elisezinhlamvu zokudla elihambisana nobumnandi obuncane be-caramel; likhumbuza okusanhlamvu okuthosiwe, uqweqwe lwamantongomane, ngezinye izikhathi — inothi lembewu ethosiwe noma le-popcorn.
• Iphunga lokukhishwa: Okufudumele, okusanhlamvu okuthosiwe, okunamantongomane, nobumnandi obuncane be-caramel; ngaphandle kwamathoni «aluhlaza» noma ezimbali kumethethi yangempela.
• Ukunambitheka: Okuthambe, okupholile, okunamantongomane nokwezinhlamvu, ngobumnandi obuthosiwe, obuncane be-caramel; umzimba ulula — uphakathi nendawo. Naphezu kwesibonakaliso 苦 («okubabayo») egameni, ukukhishwa okuphelele ngokuvamile akubabayi — ubabayi olula uma lukhona, luyathambisa, ngaphansi kobumnandi obunamantongomane. Ubumuncu nokubopha okuyisici samathanini e-thethi akukho. I-aftertaste ihlanzekile, ifudumele, iyisanhlamvu.
• Umbala wokukhishwa: Kusuka egaldeni ephuzi olula kuya emhlonyeni ophuzi ngokusagolide, obala; ukujula kombala kuncike esilinganisweni nasemgomeni wokugazingwa.
• «Inhlabathi yethethi» (impahla eluhlaza ephekiwe): Ama-granules athambe noma inhlamvu evuvukele; inhlamvu ephelele ingavuleka kancane. Akukho «ukuvuleka kwamaqabunga» okuhlobisa njengakuteyi yangempela.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali:

Iphrofayili inqunyelwa hhayi iqabunga lethethi, kodwa inhlamvu yebhukhweya yaseTatari:

• Ama-flavonoidi (umahluko omkhulu): Ibhukhweya yaseTatari igqama ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-rutin (i-rutinoside) — i-flavonoid glycoside. Ezinhlamvwini, cishe ingu-0.8–1.7% wobuningi obomile (≈800–1700 mg/100 g), kanti ezindlekweni/egobolondweni, igxila ngokuphindwe kaningi (cishe 4000–8500 mg/100 g); engxenyeni engaphezulu yomhlaba (utshani) — kufika ku-3% wobuningi obomile. Ngokuqukethwe i-rutin, ibhukhweya yaseTatari yedlula ejwayelekile ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi — ikhulu (ngokujwayelekile cishe izikhathi eziyi-100×; izilinganiso zokuhlaziya zinikeza ububanzi obungu-30–150×). Kukhona futhi i-quercetin (ezindlekweni ≈0.62–1.11 mg/g wobuningi obomile), i-quercitrin (izinsalela ezinhlamvwini, 0.01–0.05% wobuningi obomile engxenyeni engaphezulu yomhlaba) kanye nemikhiqizo ye-hydrolysis ye-rutin. I-quercitrin ne-quercetin zitholakala ezinhlamvwini zebhukhweya yaseTatari, kodwa azikho kwezeyehlukile.
• D-chiro-inositol: Ibhukhweya yaseTatari iphawulwa njengomthombo we-D-chiro-inositol (DCI) — i-cyclitol ecwaningwayo mayelana nokuhweba ngama-carbohydrate. Enhlamvwini, imelwe ikakhulukazi njengama-fagopyritols (izakhi ezi-mono-, di- kanye ne-trigalactosyl ze-DCI; okuyinhloko — i-fagopyritol B1) kanye ne-DCI ekhululekile (≈0.178–0.228 mg/g wobuningi obomile). Ama-fagopyritol enza cishe u-21% wama-carbohydrate akhona ku-grain yebhukhweya yaseTatari (uma kuqhathaniswa ≈40% kweyojwayelekile). Umphumela wokulwa nesifo sikashukela we-DCI nama-fagopyritols uyacwaningwa: ukhonjisiwe kumamodeli angaphambi komtholampilo (amagundane anesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, izindlela zamaseli), izindlela ezicatshangwayo — ukuthumela izimpawu kwe-insulin ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa, kanti ezincwadini zokuhlaziya, i-DCI ibuye ichazwe njengento eyenza kube lula ukuhlangana kwe-insulin ne-receptor, kanye ne-inhibitor ye-α-glucosidase. Lokhu okunobufakazi bokuhlola, hhayi ukwelashwa okunesiqiniseko emtholampilo kubantu.
• I-caffeine: Ayikho. Lokhu akusiyo Camellia sinensis — i-caffeine, i-theobromine ne-theophylline azikho emkhiqizweni.
• Amaphrotheni nama-amino acid: Inhlamvu yebhukhweya inothe ngamaphrotheni (cishe 9–15% kufulawa wezinhlamvu ezihlukene; ezindlekweni — kuze kufike ku- ~25%) esakhiwo sawo sama-amino acid silinganiselwe. Inothe nge-lysine (cishe 300–737 mg/100 g ngezinhlamvu) ne-arginine — ama-amino acid asemkhawulweni ezinhlamvini, okwenza iphrotheni yebhukhweya yaseTatari iphelele ngokomsoco.
• Amavithamini: Iqembu B — i-thiamine (B1) ≈0.28 mg/100 g, i-riboflavin (B2) ≈0.16 mg/100 g; kukhona futhi i-niacin (B3), i-pantothenic acid (B5), i-pyridoxine (B6) ne-folate. I-vithamini E — cishe 1.73 mg/100 g. Ezindlekweni, ukugxila kwamavithamini kuphakeme kunakufulawa.
• Amaminerali: I-Magnesium (cishe 150 mg/100 g), i-potassium (cishe 300–360 mg/100 g), kanye nensimbi ne-zinc (cishe 2–4 mg/100 g); kukhona ithusi. Amaminerali agxilile ezindlekweni; amanani athile ahlukahluka kakhulu ngezinhlamvu nezimo zokutshalwa.
• Ifayibha yokudla kanye nesitashi: Kuyatholakala enhlamvwini; ingxenye iyadlulela ekukhishweni lapho kusiliswa.
• Ama-melanoidin (imikhiqizo yokugazingwa): Ngesikhathi sokugazingwa, kwakheka ama-melanoidin nezinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi zokusabela kuka-Maillard, ezakha umbala, iphunga kanye nengxenye yomsebenzi wokuvimbela ukugqwala kokukhishwa.

8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo:

Izakhiwo ezingezansi zikhombisa imibono yendabuko kanye nezinkomba zocwaningo lwebhukhweya yaseTatari; lokhu akusizo izincomo zezokwelapha. Iningi lemininingwane litholwe enhlamvwini, kufulawa noma ekukhishweni, hhayi kuthethi yebhukhweya ngokwayo njengesiphuzo.

• Isiphuzo esingenayo i-caffeine: Silungele labo abagwema i-caffeine, — kusihlwa, lapho kuzwela izikhuthazo, ekusetshenzisweni kaningi.
• Umthombo we-rutin nama-flavonoidi: I-rutin ngokwesiko ihlotshaniswa nokwesekwa kodonga lwemithambo kanye nokuvikelwa kokugqwala. Emisebenzini yangaphambi komtholampilo, ukukhishwa kwebhukhweya yaseTatari kubangele ukukhululeka okuthembele ku-endothelium kodonga lwemithambo (ku-aorta ehlukanisiwe yegundane), futhi umphumela wawugcinwa nasengxenyeni engenawo i-rutin — okusho ukuthi akungeyona i-rutin yodwa enomthelela. Lokhu okunobufakazi bokuhlola, hhayi ubufakazi benzuzo yasemtholampilo.
• Umphumela wokuvimbela ukugqwala: Ama-flavonoidi enhlamvu kanye nama-melanoidin okugazingwa anomsebenzi wokuvimbela ukugqwala. Ocwaningweni oluphindwe kabili oluyimpumputhe olunokuphambana, amakhekhe ebhukhweya yaseTatari (anothe nge-rutin) ahambisana nokwehliswa kwe-serum myeloperoxidase kanye ne-cholesterol ephelele; ocwaningweni oluhleliwe olulawulwa nge-placebo, ezinhlobonhlobo ezinothe nge-rutin, ekuvuthweni kwamasonto ayi-8 kwehle kakhulu uphawu lokugqwala (TBARS), isisindo somzimba kanye nenkomba yesisindo somzimba. Imiphumela ihlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zokuvimbela ukugqwala ze-rutin; lokhu kumayelana nokushintsha kwezinto eziyingozi, hhayi ukwelashwa.
• Ukusekelwa kokuhwebelana kwama-carbohydrate nama-lipid: Indawo ehlotshaniswa ne-rutin ne-D-chiro-inositol, isesigabeni socwaningo. Ezifundweni ezihleliwe ezigulini ezinesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2, ukufaka esikhundleni esincane ukutya okuyinhloko ngebhukhweya yaseTatari emasontweni amane kwahambisana nokwehla kwe-insulin yokuzila, i-cholesterol ephelele kanye ne-LDL-cholesterol, kanye nokwenza ngcono izimpawu zezinso; akuzange kubonwe umthelela omkhulu ku-glucose egazini ngalesi sikhathi. Umphumela wokulwa nesifo sikashukela we-D-chiro-inositol uqinisekiswe ikakhulukazi kumamodeli ezilwane, hhayi kuthethi yebhukhweya kubantu; kufanele uchazwe ngokuqinile ngokuthi «iyacwaningwa».
• Ubumnene esiswini: Ukukhishwa okufudumele kwezinhlamvu okungenama-tannins ne-caffeine ngokuvamile kubekezeleleka kahle.
• Ubungcuphe be-allergen buphansi uma kuqhathaniswa neteyi yangempela: Kodwa i-allergy ebhukhweya ingenzeka — bheka isigaba «Imikhawulo engenzeka».

9. Ukulungiselela (ukwenziwa):

• Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: Amanzi abilayo, 95–100 °C. Ngokungafani yeti eluhlaza, inhlamvu nama-granules awa-«shayi» ngenxa yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu — okuhlukile, amanzi abilayo aqinile avula kangcono ithoni enamatongomane ezigazingiwe.
• Ubuningi: Cishe 5–10 g ku-200–300 ml (1–2 amathisipuni ama-granules ngenkomishi).
• Isitsha: Cishe noma yini ingasiza — i-teapot yengilazi noma ingilazi (kubukwa kahle ukukhishwa okuphuzi ngokunsundu), i-teapot ye-porcelain, enkomishini, noma i-thermo-mug. I-gaiwan ne-Yixing teapot akudingekile: umcimbi wokuthelela ngokwehlukana awusona isingathekiso esikhulu lapha.
• Inqubo:
  1. Geza isitsha ngamanzi ashisayo.
  2. Thela ama-granules noma inhlamvu.
  3. Thela amanzi abilayo.
  4. Yeka kuthambe imizuzu engu-3–5 (inhlamvu — isikhathi eside kunama-granules).
  5. Phuza, ungayichithi inhlamvu; ukukhishwa kungangezelelwa.
  6. Ama-granules nenhlamvu zikwazi ukumelana nokuthelelwa okuningi; ukukhishwa ngakunye kuthatha ukukhanya okuncane futhi kuthambe. Inhlamvu ingasiliseka isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwengozi yobabayi.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha: Ukupakishwa okuvaleka ngomoya noma ibhodlela kathayela/lengilazi elivaleke kahle — inhlamvu ezigazingiwe iyathanda ukungenwa umswakama futhi imunca kalula umswakama namaphunga angaphandle.
• Indawo: Eyomile, epholile, emnyama; kude nemithombo yomswakama namaphunga anamandla.
• Ifriji: Ayidingeki futhi ayifuneki ngesitsha esingavali ngokuphelele (ukujiya, amaphunga angaphandle).
• Izitha zomkhiqizo: Umswakama (ukunethezeka, ingozi yesikhutha), ukushisa nokukhanya (ukulahlekelwa yiphunga), amaphunga angaphandle.
• Isikhathi: Kungcono ukusisebenzisa sisemasha, ngenkathi iphunga elimnandi lokugazingwa ligqamile; isikhathi esithile sokuphelelwa yisikhathi sibheke elebuli.

11. Intengo nokuhlanekezela:

• Izinga lentengo: Ngokujwayelekile, elithengekayo umkhiqizo wemithi omkhulu; intengo incike emvelaphi yenhlamvu (iprimiyamu inikezwa impahla eluhlaza evela ezindaweni ezaziwayo, isibonelo iLiangshan), umumo (okwezinhlamvu eziphelele ngokuvamile kubiza kakhulu kunokwama-granules akufulawa), izinga lokuhlanzwa kanye nomkhiqizo.
• Umthetho omkhulu wokuhlanekezela: ukufaka esikhundleni noma ukuhlanganisa ibhukhweya yaseTatari (苦荞) neyojwayelekile, «enambitheka mnandi» (甜荞), nokulingisa ukunambitheka okugazingiwe ngama-flavourants noma ushukela oshisiwe. Njengoba wonke umvuzo womkhiqizo use-rutin, eningi kakhulu kubhukhweya yaseTatari, ukufakwa esikhundleni okunjalo kwehlisa izinga lesiphuzo.
• Ungayihlukanisa kanjani ibhukhweya yaseTatari kweyojwayelekile:
  • Ngokwenhlamvu: kweyojwayelekile (甜荞) inhlamvu inkulu, ikhanya, inomphetho obushelelezi namaphiko; kweyaseTatari (苦荞) — incane kakhulu, imnyama, iyingxenye, enoziro olu-3, ngaphandle kwephiko, imvamisa inegobolondo elimnyama elikhuhlekile.
  • Ngokunambitheka: ku-苦荞茶 wangempela kunesizinda sobubayi obuncane «bebhukhweya» phezu kobumnandi obunamantongomane; iphrofayili enambitheka mnandi ngokuphelele, «eyi-popcorn» ngaphandle kwanoma ibuphi ubabayi ingase ikhombe ku-甜荞 noma ku-flavourant.
  • Ngokombala wokukhishwa: kumkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephakeme — ubala obuphuzi ngokugqamile obwamhlonyeni; ukungcola, ubabayi obukhali noma iphunga elimnandi ngokweqile le-caramel, «elimaconsi» kuwuphawu olubi (kunokwenzeka ukuthi kune-flavour).
• Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo engalungile nekhwalithi ephansi:
  • Hlola ukwakheka: kumkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu — ibhukhweya yaseTatari kuphela (苦荞, Fagopyrum tataricum), ngaphandle kwebhukhweya ejwayelekile esikhundleni sokugcwalisa, ngaphandle kwama-flavourants noshukela.
  • Linganisa iphunga: iphunga elihlanzekile lokugazingwa okunamantongomane ngaphandle kokunuka, ukusha kanye namanothi wamakhemikhali.
  • Qaphela intengo ephansi ngokungabazisayo kanye nezithembiso eziphakeme zomphumela «wokwelapha» epaketheni.
  • Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe, abaveza imvelaphi yenhlamvu kanye nohlobo lwebhukhweya.

12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo:

• Leli «yithethi» elingenathethi: enkomishini akukho nelinye iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis — ngokomthetho, lokhu kuyi-tisane yezinhlamvu, ngakho-ke ayinayo i-caffeine.
• «Obabayo» ongababayi: uphawu 苦 (kǔ) egameni ubhekisa ohlotsheni lwebhukhweya, hhayi ekunambithekeni; ukukhishwa okuphelele ngokuvamile kuthambe futhi kunamantongomane. Lophawu lufana no-苦 olusegameni lokukhishwa okubabayo ngempela — i-kuding (苦丁茶), kodwa lokho kunesitshalo esihluke ngokuphelele futhi kunambitheka ngokuhluke ngokuphelele.
• Umpetha nge-rutin: ibhukhweya yaseTatari ine-rutin ephindwe izikhathi eziyishumi — ikhulu kuneyehlukile, — yingakho ihlonziswa njengempahla eluhlaza.
• Ukuzithwalela impova esikhundleni sezinyosi: ngokungafani nebhukhweya ejwayelekile, edinga izimpova, iyeTatari iyazithwalela impova — izimbali zayo zinomumo ofanayo futhi ziyazihlanganisa, okwenza ukutshalwa kube lula ezintabeni eziphakeme eziyodwa.
• Isitshalo sezintaba eziphakeme: sikhula lapho okunye okusanhlamvu kunzima khona, — enhlabathini ebandayo empofu yaseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina, ezweni labantu bakwa-Yi (彝), endaweni ephakeme ikakhulukazi engu-1500–3000 m.
• Impilo embaxambili yenhlamvu: ngebhukhweya yaseTatari efanayo kwenziwa ufulawa, ama-noodle namaqebelengwana — «ithethi» kungenye nje yezimpawu zayo.
• Inhlamvu esetshenziswa emasikweni: kubantu bakwa-Yi, ibhukhweya ivela emikhosini nasemigubhweni futhi isetshenziswa njengomnikelo kumadlozi; ngezibiko, uMkhosi Wamathoshi uqala ngokuvakasha emasimini ebhukhweya.

13. Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zethethi yebhukhweya:

• Ngokomumo wempahla eluhlaza:
  • I-granulated (kusukela ku-cracked grain/ufulawa): izigaxana ezincane ezicindezelwe; zikhipha ukunambitheka ngokushesha. Umumo ovame kakhulu «wethethi».
  • Okwezinhlamvu eziphelele (kusukela enhlamvini ephelele ezigazingiwe): inhlamvu imelana nokuthelelwa okuningi; imvamisa ibhekwa njengomumo «othembekile», osondelene nesiphuzo sendabuko sasekhaya.
• Ngokohlobo lwebhukhweya:
  • 苦荞 (kǔ qiáo), yaseTatari/ebabayo — impahla eluhlaza enhloso yethethi yebhukhweya, ene-rutin ephezulu.
  • 甜荞 (tián qiáo), ejwayelekile/«emnandi» — itholakala ezingxenyeni ezishibhile; ngokwama-flavonoidi impofu kakhulu.
• Ibhukhweya yaseTatari enenhlamvu emnyama (黑苦荞, hēi kǔ qiáo): ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko ngaphakathi kwe-苦荞茶 ezitolo zangempela. Lezi yizinhlamvu ezigazingiwe zohlobo olumnyama (olucishe lwabe mnyama) lwebhukhweya yaseTatari; ngokobuchwepheshe — akulona iqabunga lethethi, kodwa «ithethi yezinhlamvu» (代用茶/谷物茶). Kuvame ukubekwa njengeyiprimiyamu futhi inothe nge-rutin uma kuqhathaniswa neyejwayelekile (enhlanjana elula) yeTatari; eshalofini, ukwahlukaniswa okuthi «olimnyama vs ojwayelekile weTatari» kusebenza njengenkombandlela enkulu yokuthengisa neyentengo, futhi yilapho «ibhukhweya emnyama» (hēi kǔ qiáo) ivame ukugqanyiswa emaphaketheni amalayini aphakeme. Ukwedlula okuthile nge-rutin ngaphezu kwenhlanjana elula ngaphandle kwemithombo eqinisekisiwe akusekelwa ngezibalo.
• Ngokwendabuko: ILiangshan (Sichuan), iYunnan, iGuizhou kanye nezinye izindawo eziphakeme — ezinomehluko ongenzeka ekunambithekeni nasephrofayilini, osacwaningwayo okwamanje.

14. Imikhawulo engenzeka:

Ithethi yebhukhweya yisiniphuzo esingenayo i-caffeine kodwa nayo inemikhawulo; kumkhiqizo ophuzwa kaningi futhi ngobuningi, kufanelekile ukukhumbula.

• I-allergy ebhukhweya: Ibhukhweya iyi-allergen yokudla eyaziwayo; uma une-allergy noma ukuzwela okuphezulu kuyo, ukukhishwa akufanele kusetshenziswe. Lona ubungcuphe obukhulu bomkhiqizo.
• I-phagopyrin kanye nokuzwela ekukhanyeni: Ibhukhweya ine-phagopyrins — izinhlanganisela ezenza umuntu azwele ekukhanyeni, ezingase, ngezilinganiso ezinkulu, zenyuse ukuzwela kwesikhumba ekukhanyeni (i-phagopyrism). Ekuphuzeni okuvamile kokukhishwa, ubungcuphe buphansi: ezincwadini ezibuyekeziwe, inhlamvu, ufulawa kanye namateyi ebhukhweya ngamanani avamile kuthathwa njengaphephile, njengoba i-phagopyrin encane isenhlamvwini, kanti ezimbalini, emaqaqaleni nasezihlumeleni kuningi kakhulu; iyona ndlela yokudla okusagayo ikakhulukazi izimbali okuhlotshaniswa nayo i-phagopyrism. Imininingwane eqinisekisiwe yobuningi bomthamo wobuthi be-phagopyrins kubantu okwamanje ayikho.
• Ukukhulelwa nokuncelisa: Ukuphepha kwebhukhweya enothe nge-rutin kanye nethethi yebhukhweya ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa akucwaningwanga ngokukhethekile; amanani okudla ezincwadini ezibuyekeziwe awaphawulwa njengayingozi, kodwa kula maqembu ukulinganisela nokubonisana nodokotela kuhle.
• Ukuhlangana kwemithi: Ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-rutin nama-flavonoidi ngokwethiyori kungaba nomthelela ekuthathweni kwama-anticoagulant. Imininingwane yangaphambi komtholampilo ihlukahlukene: ezivivinyweni zamagundane, i-rutin yanciphisa umphumela we-warfarin wokuvimbela ukujiya kwegazi (okungukuthi ngokunokwenzeka yawunciphisa, hhayi yawukhulisa), kuyilapho i-quercetin (i-metabolite/umlingani we-rutin) ngomunye umshini ingase, ngokuphambene, inyuse ingxenyana ekhululekile ye-warfarin. Ukubaluleka komtholampilo kumanani okudla ethethi yebhukhweya kubantu akukamiselwa; ekusebenziseni okuqhubekayo ngobuningi obukhulu kanye nokuthatha imithi, ukubonisana nodokotela kufanelekile.

15. Ukuqhathaniswa neziphuzo ezifanayo:

• Ithethi yebhukhweya uma iqhathaniswa neteyi yangempela (Camellia sinensis): umehluko omkhulu — ukungabikho kweqabunga lethethi ne-caffeine; esikhundleni samathoni «aluhlaza», ezimbali namanothi wamathanini — iphrofayili enamatongomane, yezinhlamvu. Akukho ukubopha.
• Ithethi yebhukhweya uma iqhathaniswa ne-Genmaicha (玄米茶, genmaicha): i-genmaicha iyithethi eluhlaza (i-bancha noma i-sencha) eline-rayisi ezigazingiwe efakiwe; ineqabunga lethethi, i-caffeine, kanye nesisekelo «esiluhlaza». Ithethi yebhukhweya — iyinhlamvu ezimsulwa, ngaphandle kweqabunga lethethi nangaphandle kwe-caffeine. Okuhlanganisa yikhwaya elenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezigazingiwe, «eyi-popcorn».
• Ithethi yebhukhweya uma iqhathaniswa nokukhishwa kwabhaleyi (大麦茶 / 麦茶, mài chá; iJap. mugicha): zombili zingamakhinsha esanhlamvu ezigazingiwe ezingenawo i-caffeine ezivela egatsheni «lezinhlamvu» eliseduze (谷物茶). OkweBhaleyi — kunempuphu kakhulu futhi kungathathi hlangothi; okwebhukhweya — kunamantongomane kakhulu futhi kuthwala i-rutin/ama-flavonoidi njengomahluko osebenzayo.
• Ithethi yebhukhweya uma iqhathaniswa ne-Kuding (苦丁茶, kǔdīng chá): naphezu kwesibonakaliso esifanayo 苦, lokhu kuhluke ngokuphelele. I-Kuding — ukukhishwa kwemithi okubabayo ngempela okuvela emaqabungeni e-holly (i-node 苦茶, «Amateyi ababayo»); okwebhukhweya — kuthambe, kunamantongomane, futhi «okubabayo» egameni laso kuhloswe kuphela ohlotsheni lwebhukhweya.

Ekuphetheni:

Ithethi leBhukhweya (苦荞茶, kǔ qiáo chá) — isiphuzo esichazwa ngobuqotho kakhulu njengokukhishwa okufudumele kwezinhlamvu, esithwala igama elithi «ithethi» ngenxa yomkhuba kuphela. Alunawo amaqabunga ethethi futhi alunawo i-caffeine; esikhundleni sazo — ummbila othosiwe webhukhweya yaseTatari yasezintabeni eziphakeme, ubumnandi obunetongomane, umbala ophuzi ngokunsundu kanye nedumela lomthombo we-rutin nama-flavonoidi. Lesi isiphuzo sobusuku obuthulile kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile, ngaphandle kwamabomu — salabo ababalulekela ubumnene ngaphandle kokushaya kokuvusa, nalabo bebabonga ukunambitheka koshukela othosiwe.