jīnyínhuā

Izimbali ze-Honeysuckle yimiqulungu yezimbali engakavulwa eyomile yesihlahla esinwabuzelayo i-Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), enye yezinto ezihamba phambili ezibonakalayo eziphangwa ngomthwalo e-China ngokwesiko “letiye”. Kufanele kucaciswe ngokushesha: leli akulona itiye ngomqondo wesayensi yezitshalo — alikho iqabunga le-Chinese camellia (Camellia sinensis) emkhiqizweni, futhi ohlelweni lwezimpahla zase-China isiphuzo esinjalo sihlukaniswa njengezithako zetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá), okungukuthi, ama-infusion ezitshalo. Igama elithi 金银花 ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi “imbali yegolide nesiliva” futhi libonisa isici se-corolla sokushintsha umbala kusuka kokumhlophe (isiliva) kuya kokuphuzi (igolide) njengoba ivuleka. Izifunda eziyinhloko zezimpahla — izifunda zase-Fengqiu nase-Xinmi (eyake yaba i-Mixian) esifundazweni sase-Henan, i-Pingyi e-Shandong, ne-Longxi e-Gansu. Esikweni lansuku zonke, i-infusion yaziswa njengesiphuzo esilula, esibabayo kancane semvelo “epholile”, efunwa kakhulu ngenkathi efudumele futhi njengengxenye yezingxube ezipholile (凉茶, liángchá).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: isithako setiye, i-infusion ye-herbal (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); akulona itiye elivela ku-Camellia sinensis
• Izinhlobo zezitshalo: Lonicera japonica Thunb., umndeni we-honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)
• Isithako: imiqulungu yezimbali engakavulwa (花蕾, huālěi)
• Isigaba: ama-infusion ezitshalo nezimbali ezomile (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — ngaphandle kwesigaba sesayensi yezitshalo setiye elivela ku-Camellia sinensis
• Isithako esiseduze kodwa esehlukile: i-mountain honeysuckle (山银花, shānyínhuā)

Kufanele kushiwo ngokungagwegwesi: kulo mkhiqizo akukho futhi angeke kube khona iqabunga lesihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis. Lokho ngesi-Russian nangesiNgisi kuvame ukubizwa nge- “honeysuckle tea”, ekuhlukaniseni kwamaShayina kuyisiphuzo sezitshalo — isithako setiye (代用茶). Igama elithi “itiye” lapha lichaza indlela yokuphuza — ukuthela isithako esomile ngamanzi ashisayo bese usiyeka simunce — hhayi ukuhlobana kwesayensi yezitshalo netiye langempela. Lolu wuhlobo oluzimele noluhloniphekile lweziphuzo olunesiko lalo, hhayi into ebambele.

Kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngokwehlukana phakathi kwe-金银花 ne-山银花 (shānyínhuā). Owokuqala — imiqulungu ye-Lonicera japonica ngokuqondile. Owesibili — isithako sezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezahlukene zohlobo lwe-honeysuckle, ngaphezu kwakho konke i-Lonicera macranthoides kanye ne-Lonicera confusa, kanye nochungechunge lwezinhlobo ezihlobene eduze; emsebenzini we-pharmacopoeia wase-China i-山银花 maphakathi nawo-2000 yahlukaniswa yaba yinto ehlukile futhi ngokusemthethweni ithathwa njengesinye isithako. Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka, ikakhulukazi, ngesilinganiso se-phenolic acids nama-saponins, ngakho-ke ukuxuba noma ukuthengisa enye ngegama lenye akulungile.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

• Igama lasendulo: 忍冬 (rěndōng, “obekezelela ubusika”)
• Igama lakamuva: 金银花 lanamathela emiqulungwini ngeNkathi Ephakathi e-China
• Amanye amagama: 双花 (shuānghuā, “imbali ehamba ngababili”), 二花

Isitshalo ngaphansi kwegama elithi 忍冬 sikhulunywa ngaso emibhalweni emidala yezithako zokwelapha: igama lihlotshaniswa nokuhlala kuluhlaza okuncane — ingxenye yamahlamvu igcinwa ebusika. Igama “lezimbali” uqobo lwayo i-金银花 langena ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kamuva, ngezikhathi ze-Song ne-Ming, futhi lalibonisa ukubonwa kwezingadi zokushintsha kombala we-corollas. U-Li Shizhen ku-”Compendium of Medicinal Substances” (本草纲目, Běncǎo Gāngmù) uchaza kokubili umvini nezimbali zawo.

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, izimbali ze-honeysuckle zangena ngokuqinile esikweni leziphuzo “ezipholile” enkabeni naseningizimu ye-China: zengezwa ezingxubeni ze-凉茶, zihlanganiswa ne-chrysanthemum (菊花, júhuā) namanye amakhambi. I-infusion ibonwa njengesizini, “yasehlobo”, ehlotshaniswa nomqondo wokupholisa emzimbeni ngesikhathi sezulu elishisayo nelinomswakama.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo Nesithako:

• Uhlobo lokuphila: umvini wesihlahla esihlala siluhlaza kancane esinwabuzelayo
• Izimbali: ngambili, ziyishubhu enezindebe ezimbili, zinuka kamnandi
• Ukuguquka kombala: kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokusagolide okuphuzi
• Isithako sohwebo: umqulunga omfishane ongakavulwa

I-Lonicera japonica — isihlahla esinwabuzelayo esinamaqabunga aphikisanayo nezimbali eziyizici ngazimbili, ezihlala emakhwapheni amabili (kungakho igama lesintu elithi “imbali ehamba ngababili” kanye nelithi 鸳鸯藤, yuānyāngténg, “umvini wamadada ama-mandarin” anenkondlo). I-corolla entsha ivuleka imhlophe, bese kuthi ngemva kosuku noma ezimbili iphuzi, ngakho-ke egatsheni elilodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kubonakala zombili izimbali ezimhlophe neziphuzi — lokhu kwanikeza igama elithi “igolide nesiliva”.

Inani lohwebo liphethwe yimiqulungu engakavulwa. Iqoqwa esigabeni, okuthiwa ekukhiqizeni kwesiShayina yi-大白期 (dàbái qī), — lapho umqulunga usukhule ngokugcwele futhi usumhlophe, kodwa ungakavuleki. Izimbali eziphuzi esezivulekile zithathwa njengesithako sebanga eliphansi.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• Henan (河南): isifunda sase-Fengqiu (封丘) kanye nesifunda sase-Xinmi — eyake yaba yisifunda sase-Mixian (密县), i-密银花 (mìyínhuā) edumile
• Shandong (山东): isifunda sase-Pingyi (平邑) ezintabeni zase-Yimeng (沂蒙) — indawo enkulu kunazo zonke
• Gansu (甘肃): isifunda sase-Longxi (陇西) — indawo entsha enkulu uma iqhathaniswa

Isimo sezimpahla se-honeysuckle sakheka emakhulwini eminyaka. Isithako sase-Henan sithathwa njengesakudala: i-密银花 evela ezindaweni ezizungezile i-Mixian yakudala yayidume ngomqulunga omncane nephunga elimsulwa, kanti i-Fengqiu namuhla — ingesinye sezifunda esinegama lezwe eliqinisekisiwe. Isifunda sase-Shandong i-Pingyi ezintabeni zase-Yimeng ngokuhamba kwesikhathi saba umkhiqizi omkhulu kunabo bonke ngobubanzi bomhlaba nomthamo, sinikela ngengxenye enkulu yomthamo wezimpahla. E-Gansu isifunda sase-Longxi sakha ukutshala ngezinga lezimboni kamuva, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile sezwekazi nezindawo ezinkulu sangena phakathi kwezifunda ezihamba phambili.

I-Honeysuckle ayidingi kakhulu enhlabathini, iyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso nesithwathwa, ibamba amathambeka kahle futhi ngenxa yalokho ivame ukusetshenziswa ekutshalweni okulwa nokuguguleka komhlabathi nokuvuselelwa kabusha. Isihlahla singena enkathini yokukhiqiza hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa emva kwalokho sithela izimbali iminyaka eminingi. Ngesizini kungenzeka ukuvuna izikhathi ezimbalwa, njengoba ukuqhakaza kwandisiwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuvuna: ngesandla, esigabeni se-大白期, esimweni sezulu esomile
• Ukucutshungulwa kokuqala: ukomiswa noma ukubekwa isikhathi esifishane ngesitimu noma ukushisa okulandelwa ukomiswa
• Izindlela zokomisa: ilanga (晒干, shàigān), emthunzini (阴干, yīngān), ngomoya oshisayo (烘干, hōnggān)
• Indlela eyinkinga: ukufuthelana ngesibabuli (硫熏, liúxūn)

Imiqulungu evuniwe idinga ukomiswa ngokushesha: ukulibala kuholela ekubeni nsundu nokulahleka kwephunga elimnandi. Ngokwesiko isithako somiswa elangeni noma emthunzini; izindlu zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa ukomiswa ngomoya oshisayo, okunikeza umbala olinganayo futhi kunciphise ubungozi bokulimala. Ingxenye yabakhiqizi isebenzisa ukubekwa okufishane ngokushisa noma ngesitimu, ukuze “kunqandwe” umqulunga futhi kuqiniswe umbala.

Ngokomlando, ukuze kwenziwe mhlophe futhi kuvikelwe esikhuntwini nasezinambuzaneni, isithako sasifuthelwana ngesibabuli. Le ndlela inikeza umqulunga onombala omhlophe ongokwemvelo, “ocwebezelayo” nephunga elinzima, kanti isibabuli esisele asifuneki; namuhla umkhuba wokufuthelana ukhawulelwe futhi awukhuthazwa, kanti isithako sekhwalithi yomiswa ngaphandle kwesibabuli.

6. Izici Zezinzwa:

• Ukubukeka kwangaphandle: imiqulungu emincane eyinduku engu-2 — 3 cm, eluhlaza okuphuzi kuya kokumhlophe okuphuzi, enoboya obuncane
• Iphunga lesithako esomile: elisha, utshani — okuyizimbali, nenothi elincane elimnandi
• I-Infusion: kusuka kokuphuzi okuphaphathekile kuya kokuluhlaza okuphuzi, okusobala
• Ukunambitheka: okuthambile, okubabayo kancane, nokunambitheka okupholile ngemva

Umqulunga omuhle uyaqina, uphelele, ngaphandle kwengxenye enkulu yezimbali ezivulekile, iziqu nodoti. Iphunga lihlanzekile, ngaphandle kokunuka kwesikhunta nangaphandle kokuphawula kwamakhemikhali, okudalula isibabuli. E-infusion kuhlonishwa ukusobala nobusha; umbala onsundu ogqamile uvame ukukhuluma ngesithako esidala noma esishise ngokweqile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Phenolic acids: i-chlorogenic acid (绿原酸, lǜyuánsuān) kanye nama-isomers ayo — umaka oyinhloko
• Ama-Flavonoids: i-luteoloside, okungukuthi i-luteolin-7-O-glucoside (木犀草苷, mùxīcǎogān)
• Ama-Iridoids: i-secologanin, i-loganin, i-sweroside kanye nezinhlanganisela ezihlobene
• Amafutha abalulekile: ingxenyana encane yento eshintshashintshayo, eyakha iphunga elimnandi

Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali we-honeysuckle ifundwe kahle. Umaka oyinhloko wokuhlaziya yi-chlorogenic acid; okuqukethwe kwayo esithakweni sekhwalithi, njengomthetho, kusukela kumaphesenti aphakathi nendawo kuya kwamaningana. Into yesibili yokulawula kuvunyelwene ukuyi-luteoloside. Ngokunembile ngesilinganiso sama-phenolic acids, ama-flavonoids nama-saponins i-金银花 yahlukaniswa ne-山银花.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Esikweni lansuku zonke: i-infusion ibhekwa njengeziphuzo zesici “esipholile” (清热, qīngrè), ezifanele ngesikhathi sokushisa
• Okufundwa isayensi: izinhlanganisela ze-phenolic nomsebenzi wazo we-antioxidant ezimeni zasebhubhoratri
• Isimo: umkhiqizo wokudla, akusona iselapho

Esikweni lansuku zonke lamaShayina i-infusion yezimbali ze-honeysuckle ibalwa phakathi kweziphuzo zesimo “esipholile” futhi iphuzwa ikakhulukazi ngenkathi efudumele, imvamisa njengengxenye yezingxube ezipholile. Lesi yisigaba sesiko, hhayi inkomba yezokwelapha.

Okunikeziwe — incazelo yemibono, hhayi ukugomela ngemiphumela yokwelapha. Umkhiqizo ungowokudla; izithembiso zezempilo ezivela ekuthengiseni zidlulela ngale kwe-encyclopedia futhi azikhiqizwa lapha. Njenganoma iyiphi i-infusion ye-herbal egcwele, ukulinganisela kuhlakaniphile; abantu abanezimo ezikhethekile, abakhulelwe nabancelisayo, kanye nalabo abaphuza imithi, kufanelekile ukuphatha ukusetshenziswa njalo ngokuqapha. Lesi isixwayiso esingathathi hlangothi, hhayi isincomo noma umthamo.

9. Ukuphuza:

• Isilinganiso: cishe u-3 — 5 g wezimbali ezomile ku-300 — 500 ml wamanzi
• Izinga lokushisa: 90 — 95 °C
• Izitsha: i-teapot eshintshintshayo noma ingilazi, i-gaiwan, i-porcelain
• Isikhathi: i-infusion yokuqala imizuzu engu-2 — 4
• Izikhathi zokuphuza: 2 — 3
• Ukuphakelwa okubandayo: kufanelekile

I-Honeysuckle kulula ukuyiphuzisa engilazini eshintshintshayo — kuyabonakala ukuthi imiqulungu ivuleka kanjani futhi amanzi atsheniswa umbala kancane kancane. Kwanele amanzi acishe abile, apholile kancane (cishe 90 — 95 °C): ngale ndlela iphunga elimnandi elisha ligcinwa kangcono, futhi ukubaba okweqile akuphumi. I-infusion yokuqala igcinwa imizuzu emibili kuya kwemine, ngemva kwalokho isikhathi sokuphuza ngasinye esilandelayo sandiswa kancane; isithako simelana nokuphuzwa izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu.

Ehlobo i-honeysuckle ivame ukuphuzwa ibandayo: i-infusion yenziwa yaba namandla kakhudlwana, iyapholiswa bese ifakwa endaweni ebandayo, ngezinye izikhathi kwengezwa i-chrysanthemum encane noma into yokwenza mnandi encane kakhulu. Izinhlanganisela ezisakudala — ne-chrysanthemum (菊花) kanye ne-licorice (甘草, gāncǎo) ezingxubeni ezipholile.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: okomile, okupholile, ubumnyama, ibhodlela elivaleka ngokuqinile
• Ubungozi: umswakama, ukuba nsundu, ukuphuphuma kwephunga elimnandi, izinambuzane
• Isikhathi: empeleni — phakathi nonyaka noma emibili, iphunga elimnandi likhanya kakhulu onyakeni wokuqala

Imiqulungu eyomile imunca umswakama futhi izwela ekukhanyeni: emoyeni naselangeni iba nsundu ngokushesha futhi ilahlekelwe iphunga. Kufanele igcinwe ebhodleleni elivaleke ngokuqinile, endaweni eyomile epholile, kude namaphunga aqine. Uma iba manzi isithako sikhunta kalula futhi sihlaselwe izinambuzane, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuvimbela umswakama.

11. Intengo Nokukhohlisa:

• Inkomba yentengo ebulenjini: cishe 160 ¥/kg (inani lincike ebangeni, endaweni nangonyaka)
• Isithako sangempela: imiqulungu yonke engakavulwa ye-Lonicera japonica, enombala ophuzi-oluhlaza olinganayo, enephunga elihlanzekile
• Izinto ezivamile ezifakwa esikhundleni namaphutha: i-山银花 ngaphansi kwegama le-金银花; ingxenye enkulu yezimbali ezivulekile; ukufuthelana ngesibabuli; ukufaka umbala; ingxube yeziqu namaqabunga

I-金银花 yangempela — le yimiqulungu emincane, ehlanzekile, ikakhulukazi engakavulwa enombala wemvelo kanye nephunga eliphilayo lotshani — okuyizimbali. Okufanele kuxwayise: ukubukeka okumhlophe ngokungemvelo, “okukhanyiwe” nephunga lamakhemikhali elimuncu — uphawu lwesibabuli; umbala ofanayo ongacacile nephunga likapende; inala yezimbali eziphuzi ezivulekile, iziqephu zeziqu nodoti. Indaba ehlukile — ukufaka esikhundleni isithako se-山银花 (Lonicera macranthoides, Lonicera confusa nezinhlobo ezihlobene eduze): imiqulungu yayo ivame ukuba mikhulu futhi imahhadlahhadla, inoboya obukhulu, futhi ngokusemthethweni lena kungenye impahla. Intengo ebulenjini isebenza njengenkomba emahhadlahhadla kuphela: amaqoqo ashibhile kakhulu kufanele ahlolwe ukuthi akafakiwe esikhundleni nekhwalithi, kanti inzuzo yokuthengisa ayixoxwa lapha.

12. Amaqiniso Athakaselayo:

• Igama elithi “igolide — isiliva” lihlobene nokuthi egatsheni elilodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kuhlangana izimbali ezimhlophe nalezo eseziphuzi kakade.
• Igama elidala elithi 忍冬 (“obekezelela ubusika”) likhomba ekuhlaleni kuluhlaza okuncane kwesitshalo.
• Igama lenkondlo elithi 鸳鸯藤 — “umvini wamadada ama-mandarin” — linikezwe ngenxa yokuhlelwa ngambili kwezimbali.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-金银花 kanye ne-山银花 emsebenzini we-pharmacopoeia kubangele ingxabano ebonakalayo yemakethe nabakhiqizi baseningizimu be-mountain honeysuckle.
• Ngaphandle kwase-Asia, ngokwesibonelo eNyakatho Melika, i-Lonicera japonica iziphatha njengesihlaseli esinolaka futhi kwezinye izindawo ibhekwa njengokhula oluhlaselayo.

Ekuphetheni:

Izimbali ze-honeysuckle — isibonelo esiyisibonelo “setiye okungelona itiye”: isiphuzo siphuzwa ngesiko letiye, kodwa ngokwesayensi yezitshalo asihlobene ne-Chinese camellia futhi siyingxenye yezithako zetiye (代用茶). Ngemuva komqulunga owomile othobekile kukhona isiko elide, indawo ebonakalayo yezifunda zase-Henan, e-Shandong nase-Gansu kanye nobuchwepheshe obunembile bokuvuna nokomisa, okunquma umbala, iphunga elimnandi nobumsulwa be-infusion.

Kumthengi into esemqoka — ukuqonda ukuthi ngempela uthatha ini: imiqulungu ephelele, enombala wemvelo we-Lonicera japonica enephunga elisha eliphilayo, hhayi isithako esikhanywe ngesibabuli noma esifakwe esikhundleni se-mountain honeysuckle. Ngomoya ophansi ezithembisweni zezempilo nangokulinganisela okuhlakaniphile, i-honeysuckle ihlala iyi-infusion yesizini emnandi enesimo sayo — ukubaba okuncane kanye nokunambitheka okupholile kwezimbali ngemva.

the teas described here are available from teamotea