Jīntán què shé

Jīntán què shé (金坛雀舌, Jīntán què shé) iyitiyi eluhlaza elidumile elivela esifundeni sase-Jintan, eDolobheni laseChangzhou eSifundazweni saseJiangsu. Igama lalo elithi ‘Ulimi LweSparrow lwaseJintan’ lichaza kahle ukwakheka kwalo: amaqabunga amancane ayisicaba, azacile futhi acijile, afana nezilimi zezinyoni ezincane. Igama elithi «雀舌» (què shé, ‘ulimi lwesparrow’) laqoshwa okokuqala ngekhulunyaka le-11 yisazi uShěn Kuò (沈括, Shěn Kuò) encwadini yakhe edumile ethi «Mèngxī Bǐtán» (梦溪笔谈, ‘Amanothi Eduze Nomfula Wamaphupho’). Itiye lenziwa emithambekeni esempumalanga yentaba engcwele yamaDaoist iMaoshan (茅山, Máoshān) — enye yezikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu zeDaoism eChina.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nendawo Yokuzalwa:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingagaywanga). Ingaphakathi kwama-tiyi aluhlaza ayisicaba agazingiwe (扁形炒青绿茶, biǎnxíng chǎoqīng lǜchá).

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo Onesikhombi Sengqalasizinda Sikazwelonke (中国国家地理标志产品, 2012) — umkhiqizo wokuqala wetiye eDolobheni laseChangzhou ukuthola lesi sivikelo. Ngo-1986 yazuza isiqu ‘Itiye Elidumile Lasezingeni Likahulumeni’ elivela eMnyangweni Wezohwebo we-PRC (商业部”全国名茶”).

• Indawo Yokuzalwa: I-China, iSifundazwe saseJiangsu (江苏, Jiāngsū), iDolobha laseChangzhou (常州市, Chángzhōu Shì), iSifunda saseJintan (金坛区, Jīntán Qū). Isifunda sesikhombi sengqalasizinda sihlanganisa amadolobhana aseXuebu (薛埠镇), Zhiqian (指前镇), Zhulin (朱林镇) kanye neZhixi (直溪镇).

• Inhliziyo yendawo yokutshala: Isikhungo setiye i-Fanglu (方麓茶场) kanye nezivande zetiye ezindala zasempumalanga yentaba iMaoshan (茅山东麓), indawo engaba ngu-6000 mu (400 ha). Ikhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ivela ezivandeni ezisendaweni yezokuvakasha yaseMaoshan.

• Izixhumanisi zejografi: Cishe u-31°33′ enyakatho, u-119°32′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

• Umlando: Ukutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni sase-Jintan kubhalwe kusukela ngesikhathi soMbuso wakwa-Sui (581–618): ngaleso sikhathi itiye lendawo lalifakwe ohlwini lwezibiliboco zesifunda. Ngesikhathi seNyakatho yeSong (960–1127), isazi sezinto zonke uShěn Kuò (沈括, 1031–1095) encwadini yakhe ethi ‘Amanothi Eduze Nomfula Wamaphupho’ (梦溪笔谈, Mèngxī Bǐtán) waqopha igama elithi «雀舌» (què shé, ‘ulimi lwesparrow’) — lokhu kungenye yezikhombo zokuqala zalo gama letiye emithonjeni ebhaliwe.

  Umlando wezimboni we-Jīntán què shé uqala ngo-1905, lapho kwasungulwa inkampani i-Maolu Mingnong Shuyi (茅麓明农树艺公司, ‘Inkampani Yezolimo Nokutshalwa Kwezihlahla YaseMaolu’), eyayiqala ngemisebenzi yokutshala itiye ngendlela ehlelekile emithambekeni yeMaoshan. Ngo-1919 usomabhizinisi uJì Zhèngāng (纪振纲, Jì Zhèngāng) wakwandisa ukukhiqiza, esungula ibhizinisi lezolimo i-Maolu Nonglinchang (茅麓农林场).

  Ngo-1982 uMnyango Wezokuphathwa Kwezinto Eziningi woMkhandlu weSifunda sase-Jintan (金坛县多管局) wasungula iphrojekthi yocwaningo ukuze kwakhiwe uhlobo olusha lwetiye eliluhlaza ngokusekelwe ezintweni zasendaweni namasiko omlando. Ngo-1985 itiye laqanjwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi ‘Jīntán què shé’ futhi ladlula ekuqinisekisweni esifundazweni. Ngo-1986 — isiqu ‘Itiye Elidumile’ esivela eMnyangweni Wezohwebo. Ngo-2012 — isivikelo sesikhombi sengqalasizinda.

• Igama:

  • «Jīntán» (金坛) — ‘I-altare Legolide’: igama lesifunda, elihambisana nesiko lamaDaoist entaba iMaoshan.
  • «Què» (雀) — ‘isparrow’: kukhomba usayizi omncane weqabunga letiye.
  • «Shé» (舌) — ‘ulimi’: kuchaza ukwakheka okuyisicaba, okucashile, okufana nolimi lwenyoni.

• Ukubaluleka kwesiko: I-Jīntán què shé ingenye yama-tiyi ambalwa axhumene nentaba yeDaoist i-Maoshan — isikhungo seShàngqīng Pài (上清派, Shàngqīng Pài), esinye samasiko amaDaoist anethonya. I-Maoshan ‘iyinhlokodolobha yomoya’ yeDaoism yeningizimu yeJiangsu, kanti itiye elivela emithambekeni yalo linomoya womfanekiso ‘weDaoist’ wenzululwazi nobude bempilo.

3. Incazelo Yezithombo Nezinto Zokusebenza:

• Uhlobo / Isihlobo Esitshaliwe: Kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningana zamacembe aphakathi nendawo namancane e-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis:

  • Lóngjǐng 43 (龙井43) — uhlobo lwangaphambi kwesikhathi lwe-clonal olunamahlamvu aqondile, azacile.
  • Qímén Chúyèqírén (祁门槠叶种) — uhlobo oluphakathi nendawo lwamahlamvu olusuka eningizimu ye-Anhui.
  • Jiǔkēngzhǒng (鸠坑种) — isihlobo sendabuko saseZhejiang.
  • Zhènóng 113 (浙农113) — uhlobo olunomkhiqizo omkhulu. Zonke izihlobo zinezihlahla ezikhula njengezihlahlana, ezinamaqomutshana amnyama, ubukhulu bamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo, uboya obuncane, kanye nokuqukethwe okuningi kwama-amino acid.

• Ukuvuna: Ukuvuna entwasahlobo yokuqala. Ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) — kuphela amaqomutshana agcwele (全单芽, quán dān yá). Ukuze kukhiqizwe amagremu angu-500 ezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kudingeka amaqomutshana angu-40,000–45,000. Ngezinga lokuqala — iqomutshana elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa elincane elisanda kuvuleka. Ngezinga lesibili — iqomutshana elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa.

• Izidingo zezinto zokusebenza: Amaqomutshana amathenda, amnyama alinganayo ngosayizi, angenawo umonakalo. Kufanele kucutshungulwe ngosuku lokuvuna.

4. Indawo Yokutshala Nezici Zokukhulisa:

• Ukuma komhlaba: Umthambeka osempumalanga wentaba iMaoshan — indawo enamagquma enemithambeka emincane, ekahle kakhulu ezivandeni zetiye.

• Ukuphakama kokutshala: 300–800 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

• Isimo sezulu: I-monsoon esenyakatho-sentabeni. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo — 15.3°C, imvula yonyaka — ≥1600 mm. Isibalo sezinsuku ezininkungu unyaka nonyaka — 120. Ukuchichima kokukhanya okusakazekile (漫射光) kukhuthaza ukugcwala kwama-amino acid nezakhi zephunga.

• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤) ene-pH engu-4.5–6.0, i-profile ejulile (≥1 m), okuqukethwe yizinto eziphilayo ≥1.5%, ecebile ngamaminerali. Ukungcoliswa kwezimboni akukho. Inani lemithi lingaphezu kuka-30%. Amachibi amaningi neziziba kulawula umswakama ozinzile.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubucwepheshe be-Jīntán què shé buhlanganisa izindlela zomshini nezandla, nesinyathelo esibalulekile sokubumba ngesandla.

• Ukwendlalwa kanye nokupheleliswa (鲜叶摊放 — xiānyè tānfàng): Amahora angu-4–7 okwendlalwa ukuze kukhishwe umswakama omningi nokuqala izinqubo zephunga.

• Ukulungiswa (杀青 — shāqīng): Emshineni oyisigubhu (滚筒) ku-100–120°C — ukulungiswa okuthambile kugcina ubuncane bezinto zokusebenza.

• Ukupholisa (摊凉 — tānliáng): Ukupholisa phakathi nendawo.

• Ukubumba (整形 — zhěngxíng): Isinyathelo esibalulekile. Ugonyo lwezandla lusebenzisa izindlela zokuyenza ‘搭’ (dā, ‘ukubeka’), ‘压’ (yā, ‘ukucindezela’), kanye ‘抓’ (zhuā, ‘ukubamba’), ukubumba ama-‘ulimi lwesparrow’ ayisicaba. Izinga lokushisa kwebhodwe lihluka ngokwendlela ‘ephakeme — ephansi — ephakeme’ (高—低—高), eqinisekisa isilinganiso esihle sokuvela kwesimo nephunga.

• Ukomiswa kokugcina (干燥/辉干 — gānzào / huīgān): Ku-70–80°C — ukomiswa okuthambile kuze kube umswakama okuqukethwe ≤6%. Kuginwiswa iphunga le-chestnut.

6. Izimpawu Ezingokomzimba:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amaqabunga ayisicaba, azacile, acijile (扁平挺秀, biǎnpíng tǐngxiù), angama-‘ulimi lwesparrow’ (状如雀舌): isihloko — sicijile, ‘njengoqhwaku lwenyoni’. Umbala — oluhlaza okhanyayo onokucwebezela okunamafutha (绿润). Uboya obuncane obugqamile (显毫). Kumazinga aphakeme — imicu yegolide ebonakala kancane (金毫隐现).

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihlanzekile, eliphakeme, eliqinile (清高). Inothi le-chestnut lehamba phambili (栗香明显持久, lì xiāng míngxiǎn chíjiǔ) — linothe futhi lihlala. Ubusha obuhlanzekile obuluhlaza. Kwezinye izinqwaba — iphunga elincane lezimbali (花香), ngenxa yokugaywa okuncane ngesikhathi sokubumba.

• Iphunga losizo: I-chestnut, eqinile, enesisekelo esihlanzekile esiluhlaza. Iyavelela kancane.

• Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokunamanzi (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — okuqukethwe okuningi kwama-amino acid kunikeza inothi elikhanyayo le-‘umami’. Okumnandi (甘, gān). Okuswakeme nokugcwele (醇厚, chúnhòu). Ubumnandi obubuyayo obuhlala isikhathi eside (回甘持久, huígān chíjiǔ). Ukubaba kuncane.

• Umbala wosizo: Okhanyayo, oshisayo (明亮), oluhlaza-sikhova.

• Izingxenye ezisele (iqabunga elimisiwe): Amahlumela amathenda, afanayo, ahlanganiswe abe ‘amaqomutshana’ (嫩匀成朵). Umbala — oluhlaza ngokuphaphathekile, ophilayo.

7. Ingqinamba Yezakhi Ze-Chemical:

• I-Polyphenols (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe ≥25% — ngaphezu kwesilinganiso samanye ama-tiyi aluhlaza ayisicaba. Kunika amandla amakhulu okulwa ne-oxidation.

• Ama-amino acid (okuhlanganisa i-L-theanine): Okuqukethwe ngaphezulu kakhulu kwesilinganiso samanye ama-tiyi aluhlaza — umphumela wokuchichima kokukhanya okusakazekile (izinsuku ezingu-120 ezininkungu) kanye nenhlabathi evundile enokuqukethwe yizinto eziphilayo ≥1.5%.

• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine — okuqukethwe ngaphezulu kwesilinganiso (ngokocwaningo, ngaphezulu kakhulu kunakuma-tiyi ajwayelekile aluhlaza). I-theobromine, theophylline.

• Ama-theaflavin (茶黄素): Akhona ngezilinganiso ezibonakalayo — kusiza ekulawuleni iphrofayili ye-lipid.

• Amaminerali: Okuqukethwe okuningi kwe-manganese (锰, měng) — kusiza ekuqiniseni izicubu zamathambo. I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-zinc, i-fluoride.

• Amavitamin: I-Vitamin C, amavitamin e-B.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Umsebenzi wokulwa ne-oxidation: I-Polyphenols (≥25%) ihlanza ngempumelelo ama-radicals mahhala.

• Ukulawula i-cholesterol: Ama-Theaflavin alawula izinga le-lipid egazini.

• Ukuqinisa izicubu zamathambo: Okuqukethwe okuningi kwe-manganese kusiza ekugcineni ukuqina kwamathambo.

• Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane: Ama-Catechin ayawacindezela amagciwane ayingozi asemlonyeni nasesiswini.

• Umphumela wokuvuselela: I-Caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza amandla amnene.

• Kubalulekile: lezi zinzuzo ezibalulwe zisekelwe emininingweni etholakala emphakathini futhi akuzona izincomo zokwelapha.

9. Ukuthela:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80°C (amanzi abilisiwe, apholisiwe).

• Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150–180 ml wamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:50–1:60).

• Izitsha: Ingilazi yegilasi noma i-gaiwan yamatshe amhlophe yobumba lwaseChina.

• Inqubo:

  1. Shisisa izitsha, uthele amanzi.
  2. Faka amagremu angu-3 etiye.
  3. Thela amanzi afinyelele engxenyeni engu-1/3 yomthamo, ‘umanzise’ itiye imizuzwana engu-30.
  4. Thela amanzi engeziwe afinyelele engxenyeni engu-7/10 yomthamo.
  5. Vumela kumiswe imizuzu engu-1–2.
  6. Phuza, uma kusale u-1/3 engilazini — yengeza amanzi. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa okungu-3 okugcwele.

• Qaphela: Itiye elisanda kuthengwa kungcono ukuligcina cishe amasonto amabili ukuze ‘konyamalale iphunga lomlilo’. Gwema ukumisa isikhathi eside — ama-tannin akhulisa ukubaba.

10. Ukugcina:

• Kufanele kugcinwe esitsheni esivaleka ngokuqinile, endaweni emnyama nepholile.
• Okuhle kakhulu — esiqandisini ku-0–5°C.
• Isikhathi sokugcina — kuze kube yizinyanga ezingama-12.
• Ngemuva kokuvula — kudliwe kungakapheli izinyanga ezi-1–2.

11. Intengo Nemikhuhlane Yomgunyathi:

I-Jīntán què shé iyitiye elinokwehluka okukhulu kwentengo. Izinga eliphakeme (特级) elivela emaqomutshaneni agcwele — lisuka ku-¥1,000 nge-jin (500 g) naphezulu. Izinga lokuqala nelesibili — lithengeka kakhulu.

• Ungawagwema kanjani umgunyathi:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile abanophawu lwesikhombi sengqalasizinda sesifunda sase-Jintan.
  • Hlola ukwakheka: ‘ulimi lwesparrow’ olujwayelekile — luyisicaba, luzacile, lucijile. Amaqabunga ayindilinga noma angalingani — angolunye uhlobo lwetiye.
  • Hlola iphunga: inothi le-chestnut eliqinile liwuphawu olukhethekile. Ukungabikho kwenothi le-chestnut kuyisizathu sokungabaza.
  • Hlola usizo: olukhanyayo, oshisayo. Olungambuleki — uphawu lomgunyathi.
  • Naka intengo: intengo ephansi ngendlela esolisayo — uphawu lomgunyathi.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

• Igama elithi «雀舌» (què shé, ‘ulimi lwesparrow’) — lingenye yezinkondlo ezinhle kakhulu phakathi kwemigomo yetiye. Laqoshwa nguShěn Kuò ku-‘Mèngxī Bǐtán’ (ngekhulunyaka le-11) — omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yesayensi yaseChina yasendulo, equkethe izakhiwane mayelana nesayensi yezinkanyezi, izibalo, amakhemisi, kanye nezitshalo.

• Intaba iMaoshan — ingenye ‘yeziqongo ezingcwele’ ezintathu zeDaoism yaseningizimu yeJiangsu, isikhungo sesikole uShàngqīng. Itiye elivela emithambekeni yayo — alisona nje isiphuzo, kodwa liyingxenye yesiko lamaDaoist ‘lokondla impilo’ (养生, yǎngshēng).

• Ukuze kukhiqizwe amagremu angu-500 ezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kudingeka amaqomutshana agcwele angu-40,000–45,000 — ngalinye livunwa ngesandla futhi likhethwe ngokobukhulu balo.

• Ngo-1905, inkampani i-Maolu Mingnong Shuyi yaba ngenye yezinkampani zokuqala zesimanje zokutshala itiye eChina — isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa okukhulu komkhakha.

• I-Jīntán què shé yaba umkhiqizo wokuqala wetiye eDolobheni laseChangzhou ukuthola isivikelo sesikhombi sengqalasizinda sikazwelonke (2012) — uphawu lokwamukelwa kwendawo yokutshala yaseMaoshan ezingeni likahulumeni.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiyi ohlobo lwe-‘Que She’:

• Méngdǐng Gān Lù (蒙顶甘露): Olusuka eSichuan. Amahlamvu asongekayo (hhayi ayisicaba) anephunga lezimbali-orchid. I-Gān Lù — ‘inomazombe’ futhi imnandi; i-Jīntán — ine-chestnut kakhulu futhi inezinhlaka.

• Pújiāng Què Shé (蒲江雀舌): Olusuka eSichuan. Futhi ‘ulimi lwesparrow’, kodwa oluvela endaweni ehlukile yokutshala. I-Pújiāng — imnene kakhulu; i-Jīntán — igcwele i-polyphenols kakhudlwana, inephunga le-chestnut eliqinile.

• Xī Hú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井): Itiye eliyisicaba elinephunga likabhontshisi-chestnut. I-Lóngjǐng — ‘inamafutha’ kakhulu futhi ibanzi ngokuma; i-Jīntán què shé — incanyana futhi icijile, inenothi le-chestnut ‘elihlanzekile’.

• Níngqiáng Què Shé (宁强雀舌): Olusuka eShaanxi. Futhi ‘ulimi lwesparrow’, kodwa oluvela endaweni yokutshala esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yasezintabeni. I-Níngqiáng — ilula kakhulu; i-Jīntán — igcwele kakhulu.

Sengiphetha:

I-Jīntán què shé — itiye lapho indawo engcwele yeDaoist yeminyaka eyinkulungwane iMaoshan, isithombe esiyinkondlo ‘solimi lwesparrow’ esisencwadini yasendulo yangenkathi ephakathi, kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje bokutshala itiye kuhlanganiswe ngeqabunga letiye elincane eliyisicaba elinokwakheka okungenasici. Iphunga lalo le-chestnut eliqinile, ukunambitheka okusha okumnandi, kanye nokubukeka okuhle — konke lokhu kuyisipho esivela emithambekeni esempumalanga yeMaoshan, lapho izinkungu zikhona izinsuku ezingama-120 ngonyaka, kanti nenhlabathi igcina ubucebi bamaminerali beminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Leli yitiye lalabo abazisa ubuhle obuthule: hhayi ubukhazikhazi be-Bìluóchūn obuyizithelo noma amandla ka-Lóngjǐng akabhontshisi, kodwa ubumnandi obuzolile, obuqinisekile be-chestnut — njengokukhanya kwasekuseni emthambekeni wentaba, lapho izihlambi zamaDaoist zazifuna ukuphila okuphakade.