jīnhuá báichá

I-Jinhua baicha igama elihlanganisayo lamatiye atshalwa esifundeni sase-Jinhua (金华) esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezinamahlamvu akhanyayo (“albino”) futhi acutshungulwa ngobuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza. Naphezu kohlamvu lwesiShayina 白 (bái, “mhlophe”) egameni, umkhiqizo awuwona umkhakha wetiye elimhlophe ngokomqondo wobuchwepheshe: lapha kukhulunywa ngesenzakalo se-pigmentation yohlobo lwesitshalo, hhayi indlela yokukhiqiza.

Inothi lomhleli: ngaleli gama elithile asizange sithole umthombo wocwaningo ogunyaziwe, oxhunywe ne-GB/T. Ngezansi kunemininingwane ejwayelekile enesisekelo mayelana nalolu hlobo lwetiye; amaphuzu anokungaboni ngasolinye (izinga eliqondile, imingcele yokuvikela igama lendawo, izinsuku) abalulwe ngokusobala njengangasinzelwanga.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Nomsuka:

• Uhlobo: itiye eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni lwesitshalo esinamahlamvu akhanyayo (白化茶绿茶, báihuà chá lǜchá). Naphezu ko-白 egameni, ngendlela yokucubungula lokhu itiye eliluhlaza, elidlula kumjikelezo ogcwele wokumisa amahlamvu abe luhlaza.
• Ugibe lwamagama: ekuhlukaniseni kwetiye laseShayina, izigaba eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo zichazwa yindlela yokucubungula. Itiye elimhlophe langempela (báichá, 白茶) — yizinhlobo zase-Fuding nase-Zhenghe, ezibuna bese ziyomiswa kuphela ngaphandle kokumiswa kokuba luhlaza kwamahlamvu. Amatiye afana no-”jinhua baicha”, kanye ne-ajini elidumile anjibaicha (安吉白茶), akhiqizwa ngezinhlobo ezikhethekile zezitshalo ezinamahlamvu akhanyayo (白化茶, báihuà chá) futhi adlula kumjikelezo ogcwele wetiye eliluhlaza — nokumiswa kwama-enzyme (杀青). “Ubumhlophe” bubhekisela kumbala wehlumela elincane, hhayi kubuchwepheshe.
• Umsuka: isifunda sase-Jinhua (金华), ingxenye emaphakathi yesifundazwe sase-Zhejiang (浙江), endaweni enezintaba ephakathi komcengezi woMfula i-Qiantang. Isifunda esiphethwe yi-Jinhua sihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, izigodi nezifunda 武义 (Wuyi), 磐安 (Pan’an), 浦江 (Pujiang), 兰溪 (Lanxi), kanye no-东阳, 义乌, 永康. Ezimbalwa zalezi zindawo — ikakhulukazi i-Wuyi (武义) ne-Pan’an (磐安) — zaziwa kudala ngokukhiqiza itiye eliluhlaza, imvelo ehlanzekile yasezintabeni nokulima okuphilayo okuthuthukile.
• Uhlobo lwesitshalo: ngokuvamile, uhlobo lwesitshalo 白叶一号 (Báiyè yīhào, “Iqabunga Elimhlophe No. 1”) — yilona hlobo lwezitshalo olwenza i-anjibaicha yaduma. Kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zendawo ezinamahlamvu akhanyayo, kodwa i-白叶一号 iyona ndawo ejwayeleke kakhulu e-Zhejiang (uqobo lwesakhiwo sezinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshaliwe e-Jinhua angeke kuqinisekiswe — kudinga ukucaciswa).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwezamasiko:

• Lonke iqembu lamatiye aluhlaza anamahlamvu akhanyayo e-Zhejiang likhule emthonjeni owodwa — ukutholwa kwesihlahla setiye esidala esine-albino e-Anji kanye nokukhethwa kohlelo lwezitshalo i-白叶一号 engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20 (usuku lokuqondile lomongo we-Jinhua alushiwongo ngenhloso njengolungaqinisekisiwe).
• Ngemuva kokuthi lolu hlobo lukhombise ukubaluleka kwezentengiso, ukutshalwa kwalo kwaqala ukusabalala kwezinye izindawo zase-Zhejiang, kuhlanganisa nezifunda ezimaphakathi ezinamagquma, njenge-Jinhua.
• Ngakho-ke, i-jinhua baicha iyingxenye yegagasi elibanzi “lamahlamvu amhlophe etiye aluhlaza”, lapho indawo ngayinye inikela ngenguqulo yayo ngesisekelo sohlobo olufanayo, incike ku-terroir yendawo kanye nekhono lokucubungula. Ukuze i-Jinhua, eyayivele inedumela elihle ngetiye eliluhlaza (amapulazi asezintabeni ase-Wuyi nase-Pan’an), ukuthatha lesi sigaba se-premium kwaba isinyathelo esinengqondo.

3. Incazelo Ye-Botany Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• I-albinism yohlobo lwesitshalo: lesi senzakalo sibizwa nge-albinism ethembele emazingeni okushisa. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi asentwasahlobo emahlumeleni amancane, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-chlorophyll kuyacindezelwa, futhi amahlamvu athola umbala omhlophe we-jade, ophuzi ngokukhanyayo noma cishe okhilimu onemitambo eluhlaza. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-chlorophyll kuyabuya, futhi iqabunga liba luhlaza.
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: i-flesh ethambile, ngokuvamili imbali eneqabunga elilodwa, eqoqwe ngesikhathi sasentwasahlobo sokuqala lapho amahlamvu “emhlophe”, esakhanyile.
• Ifasitela lokuvuna: lincane kakhulu — isivuno sasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo siyaziswa kakhulu, ngesikhathi iqabunga lisakhanyile. Lokhu kwenza amatiye anjalo abe abizayo futhi atholakale ngesizini ethile.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

Kumatiye anamahlamvu akhanyayo, isimo sezulu sibaluleke kakhulu:

• isimo sezulu esishisayo nesome sinemimoya, nentwasahlobo epholile, enomswakama;
• indawo enamagquma enenkungu, ukukhanya okuhlakazekile nokukhipha amanzi okuhle;
• inhlabathi ene-asidi yasemagqumeni.

Ukuphola kwenkathi yokuqala kwentwasahlobo kuyona kanye “eyenza” umphumela we-albino walesi sitshalo, yingakho i-terroir yase-Jinhua enokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa efanele lolu hlobo lwetiye.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ngokobuchwepheshe, i-jinhua baicha idlula ezigabeni zakudala zetiye eliluhlaza:

1. Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi) — i-flesh ethambile, imvamisa imbali eneqabunga elilodwa, ngesikhathi sasentwasahlobo sokuqala lapho amahlamvu “emhlophe”.
2. Ukubuna / ukundlala (摊放, tānfàng) — iqabunga liyomiswa kancane, kuthuthukiswa iphunga elimnandi.
3. Ukumiswa kokuba luhlaza (杀青, shāqīng) — ukungasebenzi kwama-enzyme ngokushisa, kumiswe ukugqwala; yilesi sinyathelo esihambisa umkhiqizo esigabeni setiye eliluhlaza.
4. Ukubumba (理条 lǐtiáo / 揉捻 róuniǎn) — ukunikwa kwesimo: ngokuvamile iqabunga eliqondile, eliyisicaba kancane noma elifana nenalithi.
5. Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào) — ukuletha kumswakama ozinzile.

Iqabunga elomile elisetshenziselwe ukusela ligcina umbala okhanyayo, ohlaza okumhlophe nombala osagolide — uphawu olubonakalayo lwalolu hlobo.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

Iphrofayili yezinzwa ijwayelekile ngetiye elihle eliluhlaza elinamahlamvu akhanyayo:

• ukuthelwa: kukhanyayo, kucwebezela, kuphuzi okuluhlaza okwe-jade;
• iphunga elimnandi: lisha, elicolekile — izinhlobo zotshani obuncane, amahlumela kabhontshisi, ngesinye isikhathi inothi lomnduze / lezimbali elicolekile;
• ukunambitheka: kusha ngokusobala futhi kumnandi kancane, nokugcwala kwe-umami okuphawulekayo okuvela ku-theanine, ubumuncu obuncane kanye nokunamathela, nokunambitheka okuhlanzekile ngemuva kokugwinya;
• iqabunga elibilisiwe: lizacile, likhanyayo, linemitambo ekhanyayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Umphumela wamakhemikhali eziphilayo we-albino uwona ngenani eliyinhloko lwalolu hlobo:

• lapho i-chlorophyll icindezelwe, ingxenye ye-polyfenol (ama-catechin) iyancipha;
• ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe ama-amino acid akhululekile kuyakhuphuka, ikakhulukazi i-theanine (theanine);
• ukushintsha kwesilinganiso “sama-amino acid / we-polyfenol” kuvuna ama-amino acid kunika ukunambitheka okuvamile okusha, okumnandi okuhlanganiswe ne-umami, okucishe kungabi muncu.

9. Ukuphisa:

Izincomo zokuphisa (njengokwetiye eliluhlaza elicolekile):

• amanzi 80 — 85 °C, hhayi amanzi abilayo, ukuze kungabula ubusha be-amino acid;
• izinga eliphansi letiye;
• kulula ukuliphisa engilazini engicwebezela noma e-gaiwan, ubukele amahlumela akhanyayo eqaqeka futhi esukuma;
• ukuthelwa okufushane, ukuze kugcinwe ubuncane futhi kungabhidliki ubumuncu.

Leli tiye elinesimo sokuqala kwentwasahlobo, “sefestivali”: liphuzwa liselusha, laziwa ngobusha, hhayi ngokuvuthwa.

11. Intengo Namanyela:

Ungahlukanisa kanjani futhi ungaphambanisi:

1. Ungaphambanisi netiye elimhlophe langempela. Ama-Fuding 白毫银针 kanye nokufanayo — awomkhakha wetiye elimhlophe (ukubuna nokomisa kuphela). I-Jinhua baicha itiye eliluhlaza. Hlola incazelo yokucutshungulwa, hhayi igama elithi 白 kuphela egameni.
2. Ungaphambanisi ne-anjibaicha ngokomsuka. Isisekelo sohlobo lwesitshalo singafana (白叶一号), kodwa igama lendawo “安吉白茶” libhekisela e-Anji. Itiye lase-Jinhua kufanele libizwe ngesifunda salo.
3. Bheka iqabunga. Izinto zangempela ezinamahlamvu akhanyayo zinikeza iqabunga elomile eliphaphathekile, elimhlophe okuluhlaza kanye neqabunga elibilisiwe elikhanyayo, elizacile elinemizwa eluhlaza — uphawu lwe-chlorophyll ecindezelwe.
4. Nambitha ukunambitheka. Inkomba eyinhloko yalolu hlobo ubusha obukhulu kanye ne-umami enokubaba okuncane kakhulu; ukunamathela okuqinile kanye nokuthelwa okumnyama kukhombisa ukuvunwa kwakamuva, noma ezinye izinto ezingavuthiwe.
5. Isizini. Inani langempela lisesivunweni sasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo; lapho iqabunga livunwa kamuva, liba luhlaza kakhulu futhi lilahlekelwa ubumnandi balo obuphawulekayo be-amino acid.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Amazinga kanye ne-GB/T. Njengoba kukhulunywa ngetiye eliluhlaza, umkhiqizo ngokujwayelekile uhambisana nezidingo zikazwelonke zetiye eliluhlaza. Kodwa-ke, izinga likazwelonke eliqondile (GB/T) nge-”金华白茶” angeke liqinisekiswe, yingakho inombolo yalo ingashiwongo. Izinga le-anjibaicha (elivame ukukhulunywa ngalo ngetiye eliluhlaza elinamahlamvu akhanyayo) — yinkomba yendawo yase-Anji, hhayi Jinhua, futhi alisabalalisi ngokuzenzakalelayo emikhiqizweni yase-Jinhua. Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokuvikelwa kwegama elihlukile kanye namazinga endawo e-Jinhua — yiphuzu elidinga ukuhlolwa ngemithombo esemthethweni. Emikhubeni yezentengiselwano, itiye elifana naleli lichazwa kahle kakhulu “njenge tiye eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni lwesitshalo esinamahlamvu akhanyayo” (白化茶绿茶).
• I-Jinhua baicha kufanele iqondwe njengencazelo yendawo yase-Zhejiang yetiye eliluhlaza elinamahlamvu akhanyayo — elisha, elinamandla, lasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, elizalwa isici sohlobo lwesitshalo, hhayi indlela yokucubungula. Lapho kungekho datha eqinisekisiwe (amazinga e-GB/T anembile, imingcele yokuvikelwa kwegama, uqobo lwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshaliwe kanye nezinsuku), igebe lishiywe ngamabomu, ukuze kungabhalwa itiye ngezindondo ezingekho.