I-Jingyang Fuzhuan

I-Jingyang Fuzhuan iyitiye elimnyama elidumile elivela esifundeni saseJingyang esifundazweni saseShaanxi, elibizwa ngokuthi “Igolide Elimnyama Lomzila Kasilika”. Uphawu lwayo oluhlonishwayo — “izimbali zegolide” ezichichimayo (冠突散囊菌, Eurotium cristatum), isimo sezulu esikhethekile saseJingyang kanye nomlando ongaphezu kweminyaka engu-600, oxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomzila wokuhwebelana ngamatiye namahhashi.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elifakwe ukuvutshelwa ngemva (post-fermented), elisohlotsheni lweHei Cha (黑茶, Hēichá — “itiye elimnyama”). Lidlula ekuvutshelweni okukabili: okokuqala (渥堆, wò duī — ukufumba okumanzi) kanye nokwesibili — “ukukhulisa izimbali zegolide” (发花, fāhuā), lapho kukhuliswa khona isikhunta Eurotium cristatum kungxube yetiye.
• Isigaba: Amatiye adumile aseShayina. Kungomunye wameleli abadumile beShaanxi Hei Cha futhi uwukuphela kwetiye elimnyama elithole isikhundla soMkhiqizo Kazwelonke onesiqinisekiso sendawo (国家地理标志产品) esifundazweni saseShaanxi (kusukela ngo-2013). Umkhiqizo wamagugu angabonakali ezweni kanye nasezifundeni (ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-Fuzhuan bufakwe ngo-2022 ohlwini lwe-UNESCO lwamagugu angabonakali esintu ngaphansi kohlelo oluhlangene “Ubuciko bendabuko bokucubungula itiye kanye namasiko ahambisana nabo eShayina”).
• Imvelaphi: I-Shayina, isifundazwe saseShaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), idolobha laseXianyang (咸阳, Xiányáng), isifunda saseJingyang (泾阳县, Jīngyáng Xiàn). I-Jingyang iyikhaya lomlando kanye nesizinda esingaguquki sokukhiqizwa kwe-Fuzhuan, naphezu kokuthi ikhasi letiye elisetshenziswayo alilinywa lapha. Itiye lenziwa ngekhasi letiye elimnyama elingakacutshungulwa (黑毛茶, hēi máo chá) elethwa livela ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu ye-Shaanxi, e-Hunan nase-Sichuan.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-34°26′–34°44′ enyakatho, no-108°29′–108°58′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Umlando we-Jingyang Fuzhuan uneminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha futhi uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuhwebelana ngamatiye namahhashi (茶马贸易, chámǎ màoyì) — umgudu obalulekile wezomnotho ohlanganisa iShayina emaphakathi nezizwe eziyimizulane zaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga.

  Kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaNyakatho Song (北宋, Běi Sòng), ngaphansi kokubusa kukaMbusi Shenzong (熙宁年间, Xīníng niánjiān, 1068–1077), iJingyang yayisebenza njengesikhungo esikhulu sokudlulisa impahla, lapho ikhasi letiye elingakacutshungulwa elivela ezifundazweni eziseningizimu lalithunyelwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ngokwemithombo yomlando, kungalesi sikhathi lapho abahwebi baseShaanxi naseShanxi bathola khona ukuthi ikhasi letiye elimnyama elalingakacutshungulwa, elalimanzi ngenxa yokuthuthwa, lalimbozwa ngamachashazi agolide — “izimbali zegolide”, futhi lalithola ukunambitheka okusha, okumnandi ngendlela engalindelekile.

  Esikhathini sobukhosi bakwaMing (明, Míng), ngonyaka wokuqala wokubusa kukaMbusi Hongwu (洪武元年, 1368), izingcweti zaseJingyang zafunda ukukhiqiza kabusha ngenhloso lolu shintsho lwe-microbiological, kanti isitini sokuqala se-Fuzhuan senziwa ngamabomu. Yaqala kanjalo ubuchwepheshe obungenakho okufana nabo emhlabeni wokukhiqizwa kwetiye. Isimo sesitini esicijile sasidingwa yimibandela yezinkulungwane zamakamela: ikamela ngalinye lalilayishwa itiye eliningi ukwedlula ukuba lalingalayishwa elivulekile.

  Ukuqhakaza kwe-Jingyang Fuzhuan kwenzeka ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaQing (清, Qīng). Ngemva kokuba uMbusi Jikelele waseShaanxi naseGansu uZuo Zongtang (左宗棠) enze izinguquko kwitiye, abahwebi abavela kulo lonke elaseShayina bathutheleka eJingyang. Ngokwe-“Chronicles yesifunda saseJingyang” (《泾阳县志》), ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaMbusi Yongzheng, iJingyang yayiyisikhungo esikhulu sezohwebo, lapho kwakukhona izikhungo zokuhweba eziyi-131, ezingu-86 zazo zazigxile ekukhiqizeni nasekuthengiseni i-Fuzhuan Cha. Isikhungo ngasinye kuzo sasikhiqiza amathani angu-300 kuya ku-500 omkhiqizo ngonyaka. Itiye lalihanjiswa ngoMzila Kasilika liya eRussia, ePheresiya, e-Asia Emaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe angaphezu kuka-40, laba ngenye yezimpahla ezibalulekile zokuhwebelana kwase-Eurasia.

  Ngawo-1950, ngaphansi kohlelo lukahulumeni lokwenza ngcono ezokuthutha, ukukhiqizwa kwe-Fuzhuan kwadluliselwa esifundazweni saseHunan (esifundeni saseAnhua), ngoba ukuthuthwa kabili kwekhasi — okokuqala liye eJingyang, bese liya emuva enyakatho-ntshonalanga — kwakuthathwa njengokuphawulekayo. Amashumi eminyaka isiko eJingyang lanqamuka.

  Ukuvuselelwa kwaqala ngo-2007, lapho izingcweti zendawo kanye nabazukulu bemindeni yasendulo yamatiye bevuselela ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe basendulo. Ngo-2013, i-Jingyang Fuzhuan yathola isikhundla soMkhiqizo Kazwelonke onesiqinisekiso sendawo. Ngo-2020, itiye lafakwa kwirejista yezindawo ezinamagama avikelwe yisivumelwano phakathi kwe-EU neShayina. Ngo-2022, ubuchwepheshe be-Fuzhuan bangena ohlwini lwamagugu angabonakali e-UNESCO.

• Igama: Igama letiye lakhiwa izingxenye ezimbalwa ezinomqondo:

  • “Jingyang” (泾阳) — isifunda esikhiqizayo, esisemfuleni osezansi woMfula iJinghe (泾河). Igama lendawo ngokoqobo lisho “u ogwini oluseningizimu [lomfula] iJing,” okubonisa ugu olusenyakatho lomfula ngokwesiko lokumisa izindawo laseShayina.
  • “Fu” (茯) — uhlamvu oluzungezwe izincazelo ezimbalwa: (a) ukubhekisela esikhathini sokukhiqiza — “ISan Fu” (三伏), ishumi lezinsuku ezishisayo kunawo wonke zasehlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa nomswakama kukulungele ukukhula kwezimbali zegolide; (b) ukufana kwegama ne-fulin (茯苓) — ikhowe i-poria (Wolfiporia extensa), elisetshenziswa emithini yesiko laseShayina, ngokufana nezakhi zalo zokwelapha; (c) ukufana negama “fu” (福) — “injabulo”, “inhlanhla”.
  • “Zhuan” (砖) — “isitini”, kubonisa isimo sokucindezela.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Jingyang Fuzhuan ithatha indawo ekhethekile emlandweni wesiko letiye laseShayina njengokuwukuphela kwetiye elimnyama elakhiqizwa hhayi endaweni yokulima itiye, kodwa ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo wezohwebo. Ubuhlakani bomdabu bathi: «自古岭北不植茶，唯有泾阳出砖茶» — “Kusukela kudala, enyakatho yezintaba akulinywa tiye, kodwa yiJingyang kuphela ekhiqiza itiye lesitini.” Ezizweni eziyimizulane zaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga yeShayina — ama-Uyghur, amaTibet, amaMongol, amaKazakh — i-Fuzhuan yayiyi — “itiye elibalulekile empilweni” (生命之茶, shēngmìng zhī chá): lalilungisa ukuntuleka kwamavithamini nemicu ekudleni okwakuhlanganisa inyama, imikhiqizo yobisi namafutha. Kusuka lapha isisho: “Kungcono izinsuku ezintathu ngaphandle kokudla, kunosuku olulodwa ngaphandle kwetiye” (宁可一日无粮，不可一日无茶). Umthetho odumile “wezinto ezintathu ezingahlukaniseki” (三不离, sān bù lí) — “ngaphandle kwamanzi aseJingyang awenziwa, ngaphandle kwesimo sezulu saseJingyang awenziwa, ngaphandle kobuciko babantu baseJingyang awenziwa” — ukhombisa ukuncika okuyingqayizivele kwaleli tiye endaweni nakubantu.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nekhasi elisetshenziswayo:

• Uhlobo / I-cultivar: I-Jingyang Fuzhuan yenziwe hhayi ngekhasi lasendaweni, kodwa ngekhasi letiye elimnyama elingakacutshungulwa (黑毛茶, hēi máo chá) elethwa kuvela ezindaweni ezimbalwa:

  • IShannan Daye Zhong (陕南大叶种, Shǎnnán Dàyè Zhǒng) — uhlobo olunamaqabunga amakhulu oluvela engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Shaanxi (isifunda saseHanzhong neseAnkang), uhlobo oluthile lwe Camellia sinensis var. sinensis olunamaqabunga amakhulu. Lunikeza ukuthungwa okucinene kanye nokunambitheka okugcwele.
  • I-Anhua Qunti Zhong (安化群体种, Ānhuà qúntǐ zhǒng) — uhlobo lwabantu abaningi oluvela esifundeni sase-Anhua (Hunan), isisekelo sendabuko se-Hunan Hei Cha. Lunikeza iphrofayili yokunambitheka “yase-Hunan” yakudala.
  • Uhlobo lwamacembe amancane aseSichuan (四川小叶种, Sìchuān xiǎoyè zhǒng) — Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, uhlobo oluthile olunamacembe amancane oluvela eSichuan. Luletha ubumnene kanye nobumnandi.

  Ikhasi elihamba phambili kuthathwa njengevela ezihlahleni ezineminyaka engaphezu kuka-30 ubudala, ezinqwabelene ama-polysaccharides amaningi kanye nezakhi zamaminerali ezidingekayo ekukhuleni okusebenzayo kwezimbali zegolide.

• Ukuvuna: Ukuvunwa okuyisisekelo kwekhasi lokukhiqiza ikhasi letiye elimnyama elingakacutshungulwa kwenzeka ehlobo nasekwindla (kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba). Kusetshenziswa amacembe avuthiwe aneziqu — ngamaqabunga avuthiwe kuphela lapho kunokugcwala okukhulu kwezinto ezinikeza indawo yokudla ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Eurotium cristatum.

• Isilinganiso sokuvuna: Sincike esigabeni somkhiqizo ohlosiwe: ezingeni elikhethekile (特级) — okungenani u-90% wamahlumela angawodwa; ezingeni lokuqala (一级) — okungenani u-80% “ihlumela elilodwa + iqabunga elilodwa”; ezingeni lesibili (二级) — “ihlumela elilodwa + amaqabunga amabili” kanye namacembe avuthiwe.

• Izidingo zekhasi: Ikhasi letiye elimnyama elingakacutshungulwa kufanele lidlule emjikelezweni ogcwele wokugaywa kokuqala (杀青 — shāqīng, 揉捻 — róuniǎn, 渥堆 — wòduī, ukomiswa) ngaphambi kokufika eJingyang, lapho kuqala khona ukugaywa kwesibili.

4. Isimo sendawo kanye nezici zokulima:

Ubungqayizivele beJingyang Fuzhuan busekutheni eJingyang itiye alilinywa — lapha liyacutshungulwa. Kodwa-ke yizimo zemvelo zendawo ngokwazo ezinquma isimo somkhiqizo wokugcina, ngakho-ke umqondo “wendawo” (terroir) awusebenzi ekhasini letiye elisetshenziswayo, kodwa enqubweni uqobo “yokukhulisa izimbali zegolide”.

• Isimo sendawo kanye nesimo sezulu esincane: Isifunda saseJingyang sisemaphakathi neThafa laseGuanzhong (关中平原), emfuleni osezansi woMfula iJinghe. Enyakatho, luvikelwe yizintaba zaseCue neBeizhong (嵯峨山, 北仲山), eningizimu — ulubhambo lweZhongnan (终南山). Ukuzungeza okunjalo kwakha “indishi” ephansi, lapho kwakheka khona isimo sezulu esincane esinomswakama ophakeme — cishe u-75%, okuyinto engajwayelekile eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga yomile yaseShayina.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esifudumele, esipholile sasezwekazi esinomoya we-monsoon. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi cishe lingu-13°C. Imvula yonyaka ingu-548.7 mm. Inhlanganisela yokufudumala okulingene kanye nomswakama ophezulu kulesi sifunda idala izimo ezikahle zokuphindaphindeka kwe-Eurotium cristatum.
• Amanzi: Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aseJingyang, ondliwe uMfula iJinghe, ane-alkaline encane (pH ≈ 8.2) futhi acebile nge-ion ye-potassium, ye-calcium ne-fluoride. La manzi asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izigaba zokugaya — kusukela ekumanziseni ngesikhathi sokufumba ukudla kuye ekuhlanganiseni ijusi yetiye (熬茶汁, áo chá zhī). Kukholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwamaminerali kakhulu kwamanzi endawo kungenye yezinto eziyinhloko “zezinto ezintathu ezingahlukaniseki”.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi yamahlathi ensundu (棕壤, zōngrǎng) enezinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-1.0%, okwenza kube khona indawo ekahle yezinto eziphila ngemvelo ezakhiweni zokukhiqiza.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqizwa kweJingyang Fuzhuan kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe efinyelela kwengu-29 futhi kungenye yezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuwo wonke amatiye aseShayina. Isici esiyisihluthulelo — ukuvutshelwa okuyisigaba esikabili: okokuqala (endaweni ekhiqizwa kuyo ikhasi) kanye nokwesibili, okwenzeka ngqo eJingyang.

• Ukwamukelwa kanye nokuhlungwa kwekhasi letiye elimnyama elingakacutshungulwa (黑毛茶筛分, hēi máo chá shāi fēn): Ikhasi letha liyahlelwa ngobungako nangezinga. Kuyasuswa izinto ezingafaniwe, ikhasi lihlukaniswa ngezigaba.
• Ukufumba okumanzi / ukuvutshelwa kwesibili (渥堆发酵, wò duī fājiào): Ikhasi limanziswa ngamanzi endawo, libekwe ezindundumeni eziphansi bese livuthelwa ezingeni lokushisa elingu-40–60°C isikhathi esingaba amahora angu-12. Lesi sigaba sihlukile ekufumbeni kokuqala okwenziwe endaweni yemvelaphi yekhasi.
• Ukuphekwa kwejusi yetiye (熬茶汁, áo chá zhī): Ingxenye yetiye ibiliswa namanzi kuze kutholakale i-extract ewugqinsi — “iglue yetiye”, bese isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ingxube lapho icindezelwa futhi isebenza njengendawo yokudla yezimbali zegolide.
• Ukugazinga (炒茶, chǎo chá): Inqwaba yetiye iyashiswa emathangeni noma ezimbizeni ezikhethekile ukuze kulinganiswe umswakama futhi kusebenze izinqubo zokuvutshelwa. Kuyasetshenziswa izibaso zokhuni lwezithelo.
• Ukukala nokulinganisa (司称, sī chēng): Ukukala okunembile kwetiye esitinini ngasinye.
• Ukushisa ngesitimu (蒸茶, zhēng chá): Ukugaywa okufushane ngesitimu kwenza ikhasi lithambe futhi libe nokwakheka okulungele ukubunjwa.
• Ukufakwa efomini (装模, zhuāng mú): Inqwaba yetiye ibekwa efomini yokhuni (ngokwesiko — yomuthi kamalibhe noma wezithelo).
• Ukucindezela / “ukwakha itiye” (筑茶, zhù chá): Isigaba esiyisihluthulelo, esiqashelwa njengamagugu angabonakali. Ingcweti (筑茶匠, zhù chá jiàng) icindezela itiye efomini ngesando sokhuni (木槌, mù chuí), ishaya ngokunesigqi. Ubukhulu bokucinana kufanele buchazwe ngokuqinile: isitini esicindezelwe ngokuqine kakhulu ngeke sivumele umoya ukuthi ungene ukuze kukhule izimbali zegolide, esixegayo kakhulu — siyohlehlela phansi. Ukulawula kwenziwa kuphela ngokuthinta nangomsindo, okudluliswa kusuka engcweti kuye kwenye.
• Ukukhulisa izimbali zegolide (发花, fāhuā): Isigaba esinomthwalo omkhulu kunawo wonke, esithatha izinsuku eziyishumi nambili. Izitini esezibunjiwe zibekwa ezindlini ezikhethekile (发花房, fāhuā fáng), lapho kugcinwa izinga lokushisa lika-24–28°C nomswakama ocishe ube ngu-75–85%. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isikhunta Eurotium cristatum siqala ukukhula ngamandla emaqabungeni etiye, sakhe amachashaza asagolide ophawu — izimbali zegolide (金花, Jīn Huā). Inqubo ihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ngokushintsha kancane kancane indlela yokushisa nomswakama — lobu ubuchwepheshe obungavamile obulawulwayo be “zigaba ezintathu zokukhulisa izimbali” (发花三阶段控温控湿技术), obathuthukiswa yizingcweti zaseJingyang.
• Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Kwenziwa ngezigaba (ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa): izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kancane kancane liye ku-50°C, bese lehla kancane. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokuphila kwezimbali zegolide futhi kuvimbela ukuqhekeka kwesitini.

6. Izimpawu ze-Organoleptic:

• Ukubukeka kwetiye elomile: Isitini esiwumxhwele esicijile esinemiphetho eqondile nezingaphezulu eziyisicaba. Umbala wengaphezulu — umnyama onsundu onomncwebo onamafutha. Lapho isitini siphulwa, ingaphakathi liminyene ngokugcwele amachashaza agolide aphuzi wezimbali zegolide, afana nesibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi noma amabele amaningana. Uma izimbali ziziningi futhi zizikhulu, izinga letiye liphakeme.
• Iphunga letiye elomile: Iphunga lesikhunta eliyingqayizivele lezimbali zegolide (菌花香, jūn huā xiāng) — into ephakathi kwephunga lamakhowe amasha (ama-chanterelle) nobumnandi obuncane bezinyosi. Emibonweni esigugile kuvela iphunga elibonakalayo lesihlahla esidala (陈香, chén xiāng), kanti lapho sekugugile kakhulu — iphunga elifudumele le-camphor (樟香, zhāng xiāng).
• Iphunga le-infusion: Eligcwele, elisongayo, elinomsindo wesikhunta ogqamile, amanothi ezithelo ezomisiwe, amantongomane kanye nokhuni olufudumele. Emtiyeni omdala, amanothi emithi, “asemakhemisi” ayavela (药香, yào xiāng).
• Ukunambitheka: Umzimba we-infusion — ugcwele, ucindezelwe, unamafutha. Ukunambitheka kubonakala ngezimpawu ezintathu eziyinhloko: 醇厚 (chún hòu) — “ukujula okugcwele”, ngaphandle kokubaba noma imiphetho ebukhali; 回甘 (huí gān) — ukunambitheka okumnandi, okuhlala isikhathi eside; 绵滑 (mián huá) — ukuthungwa okusilika, okuthambile. Ubumuncu nobululu abukho cishe nhlobo.
• Umbala we-infusion: O-orange obomvu, osobala futhi okhanya (橙红透亮), ofana ne-amber esencane. Ngokuqhubeka nokuguga, uthola umbala ojulile obomvu onsundu.
• Iphansi letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Eliphuzi nsundu, elifanayo, eligcine ukuqina nokunwebeka. Emaqabungeni kungabonakala imikhondo eyinsalela yezimbali zegolide.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

I-Jingyang Fuzhuan inephrofayili yamakhemikhali eyingqayizivele, eyakhiwe ukuvutshelwa okukabili kanye nokusebenza kwe-Eurotium cristatum:

• Ama-Polyphenol: Okuqukethwe kwama-polyphenols etiye ≥ 21% (ezingxenyeni ezikhethekile). Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa emuva, ama-catechin aguqulwa abe ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, okwenza ukunambitheka kuthambe futhi kwakhe umbala owuphawu we-infusion.
• Ama-polysaccharides etiye (茶多糖, chá duōtáng): Okuqukethwe okungaphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamatiye. Ama-polysaccharides adlala indima eyinhloko ekulawuleni umgudu wokugaya ama-carbohydrate namafutha.
• Ama-amino acid: Okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid akhululekile ≥ 4.7% (ezingxenyeni zokuqala), kubandakanya i-L-theanine.
• Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ezi-extract (水浸出物): ≥ 31.3–45% kuye ngezinga — isinkomba esikhombisa ukugcwala okungavamile kwe-infusion.
• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine, i-theobromine, i-theophylline. Okuqukethwe kwe-caffeine kulinganiselwe, njengoba ingxenye yayo ihlanganiswa ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa.
• Izakhi zamaminerali: Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-selenium — lifinyelela ku-36.3 mg/kg (liphezulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso samatiye), kanye ne-potassium, i-calcium, i-fluoride, i-manganese, i-zinc.
• Ama-metabolite e-Eurotium cristatum: Izimbali zegolide, lapho zisebenza, zikhiqiza uchungechunge lwezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo — ama-polysaccharides angaphandle kwamaseli, ama-organic acid kanye nama-enzyme (i-lipase, i-protease), athuthukisa ukutholakala kwezakhi eziwusizo zetiye.
• Amavithamini: A, C, E, K, eqembu B (kubandakanya i-niacin).

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Ukulawula umgudu wamafutha: Ama-polysaccharides etiye ngokuhlangana nama-metabolite wezimbali zegolide avula i-lipase futhi asheshise ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha. Ukusebenza kahle kokwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol kubhekwa njengokuphakeme kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa netiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile.
• Ukwenza izinga likashukela egazini libe elijwayelekile: Ama-polysaccharides akhuthaza umsebenzi we-glucokinase futhi enyuse ukuzwela kwamaseli ku-insulin.
• Ukulawula umfutho wegazi: I-theanine ne-GABA (i-gamma-aminobutyric acid), ezakheka ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, zinomphumela omncane wokwehlisa umfutho wegazi.
• Ukuvikela i-antioxidant: Ama-polyphenols etiye aqeda ama-radical akhululekile, anciphisa izinqubo zokuguga kwamaseli.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya ukudla: Izinga eliphezulu lama-enzyme akhiqizwe yi-Eurotium cristatum lithuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kokudla okunamafutha nokunzima. Ngokomlando, lokhu kwakubangela ukungakwazi ukuba ngaphandle kwe-Fuzhuan ezizweni eziyimizulane ezazidla kakhulu inyama nemikhiqizo yobisi.
• Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba: Izinga eliphezulu le-selenium likhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni omzimba.
• Umthelela wokufudumeza: Isimo esifudumele setiye (温性) siyenza ilungele isimo sezulu esibandayo nezindawo eziphakeme.
• Umthelela we-probiotic: Amaseli aphilayo e-Eurotium cristatum kanye nemikhiqizo yokusebenza kwawo anemiphumela emihle emathunjini amancane.

9. Ukupheka:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 100°C (amanzi abilayo aqandayo). I-Jingyang Fuzhuan ingelinye lamatiye ambalwa lapho kunconywa khona amanzi abilayo ngqo, ngoba isakhiwo esicindezelwe sesitini kanye nezimbali zegolide zivuleka kuphela ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kunawo wonke.

• Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-150–200 ml wamanzi (endleleni yokuchitha okusheshayo). Okokubilisa — 5 g ku-200 ml.

• Izitsha: Izinketho ezilungile:

  • Iketela lobumba le-Yixing clay (紫砂壶) — ligcina ukushisa kahle kakhulu futhi livumela itiye ukuthi livuleke ngokugcwele.
  • Iketela lokubilisa (煮茶器, zhǔ chá qì) — indlela ethandwayo yokukhipha ngokugcwele izakhi ezisebenzayo zezimbali zegolide.
  • I-Gaiwan — ilungele ukuchitha okusheshayo.

• Inqubo:

  1. Ukwehlukanisa inani letiye: Usebenzisa ummese wetiye (茶刀, chá dāo) noma i-awl yetiye (茶针, chá zhēn), phula ngokucophelela inani elifanele esitini, ugweme ukuphuphula ikhasi. Kungafiseleka ukubona izimbali zegolide engxenyeni.
  2. Ukuvusa itiye (醒茶, xǐng chá): Beka itiye eliphuliwe ezitsheni ezomile, ezifudumele imizuzu engu-20–30 ukuze kuphefumule.
  3. Ukufudumeza izitsha: Geza iketela noma i-gaiwan ngamanzi abilayo.
  4. Ukuwasha (洗茶, xǐ chá): Thela amanzi abilayo etiyeni bese ukhipha ngokushesha. Le nqubo isusa uthuli futhi iqala ukuvuleka kweqabunga.
  5. Ukuchithwa kokuqala: Thela amanzi abilayo, uyeke imizuzwana engu-10–15, uthele ku-chahai (公道杯).
  6. Ukuchithwa okulandelayo: Yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10 ngokuchithwa ngakunye. I-Fuzhuan esezingeni elihle ikwazi ukuphekwa izikhathi eziyi-10–15 nangaphezulu.
  7. Ukubilisa (煮饮, zhǔ yǐn): Enye indlela futhi eyendabuko yaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga. Beka u-5 g wetiye kumlililithi we-400–500 wamanzi, ulethe emathunjini bese ubilisa emlilweni omncane imizuzu emi-3–5. Ungangeza amakhiwane abomvu (红枣, hóng zǎo), ubisi noma impuphu yebhali — ngokwesiko lezetiye laseTibet nelaseMongolia.

10. Ukugcinwa:

I-Jingyang Fuzhuan — itiye elingagcinwa, kodwa okufanele ligcinwe isikhathi eside. Ngokuguga, liyakhula: iphunga liba lijule, ukunambitheka kuthambe futhi kumtoti, inani — libe likhulu. EShayina kunesisho: “Iminyaka emithathu — umuthi, iminyaka eyisikhombisa — ingcebo” (三年为药，七年为宝).

• Izimo: Igumbi elomile, elimnyama, elinomoya omuhle. Izinga lokushisa — lasegumbini (15–25°C). Umswakama — ungabi ngaphezu kuka-70%.
• Isitsha: Ukupakisha kwephepha lokuqala noma elensimbi. Akufanele kusetshenziswe ukupakisha okuvalekile ngokuphelele — itiye kufanele “liphefumule” ukuze kuqhubeke ukuguqulwa okuhamba kancane kwe-microbiological.
• Izitha zetiye: Ukukhanya okuqondile kwelanga, amaphunga anamandla angaphandle (izinongo, amakha, amakhemikhali asendlini), umswakama owedlulele (ingozi yokukhula kwezikhunta ezingafuneki).
• Amandla okugcina: Cishe awanqunyelwe uma kugcinwe izimo. Imibono eneminyaka engu-20–30 nangaphezulu ithathwa njengamatiye aqoqiwe abaluleke kakhulu.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi:

Intengo yeJingyang Fuzhuan iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngezinga lekhasi, unyaka wokukhiqizwa kanye nomkhiqizi. Cishe: izinga lesibili — kusukela ku-100–200 yuan nge-jin ngalinye (500 g); izinga lokuqala — 400–800 yuan; izinga elikhethekile — kusukela ku-1000 yuan nangaphezulu. Imibono esigugile enezimbali zegolide ezinhle ingabiza kakhulu kakhulu.

Ungawagwema kanjani amanga:

• Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile: Funana nemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo yezwe (地理标志产品) kanye nomkhiqizi othize eJingyang.
• Hlola izimbali zegolide: Phula isitini — izimbali kufanele zibe ziningi, zizikhulu (njengamabele), zinombala ogolide ophuzi, zisabalale ngokulinganayo kulo lonke ubukhulu. Amachashazi amhlophe, aluhlaza noma amnyama akhombisa izikhunta ezingafuneki.
• Hlola iphunga: Iphunga eliyisikhunta eliyingqayizivele lezimbali zegolide kufanele libe msulwa, limnandi, lingabi nephunga lokufunga, i-acid noma amaphunga angaphandle.
• Hlola i-infusion: Umbala kufanele ube o-orange obomvu, obala. I-infusion enamafu, emnyama noma empunga — umkhondo womkhiqizo osezingeni eliphansi.
• Xwaya ngentengo ephansi engabazisayo: I-Jingyang Fuzhuan yangempela ingumkhiqizo onzima wezandla onomjikelezo omude wokukhiqiza; intengo ephansi kakhulu kuneyemakethe kufanele ikuhlabe umxhwele.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

• Itiye elingenazo amasimu etiye: I-Jingyang iyona kuphela indawo ephakathi nendawo eShayina ekhiqiza itiye elidumile, lapho kungenawo nesihlahla esisodwa setiye. Lonke ikhasi liyathuthwa livela kwezinye izifundazwe amakhilomitha angamakhulu.
• Ukufana nekognac ne-champagne: Umgomo “wezinto ezintathu ezingahlukaniseki” weJingyang Fuzhuan uvame ukuqhathaniswa nento yendawo (terroir) ekwenzeni iwayini — njengoba nje i-cognac yangempela ingakhiqizwa eCognac kuphela, ne-champagne eChampagne kuphela, i-Fuzhuan yangempela ayinakwehlukaniswa neJingyang.
• “Izimbali zegolide” ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu: Lapho zikhuliswe izikhathi ezingu-100–200, i-Eurotium cristatum ibonakala ifana nezingxenye eziyimbulunga ezigolide ezinombhalo okhanyayo, ezifana nohlanga oluncane.
• Itiye-imali: Ngesikhathi soBukhosi bakwaQing, isitini ngasinye se-Fuzhuan esasisindisa cishe u-2.5 kg (旧秤5斤) sasiyiyunithi yokuhweba esezingeni elilinganayo — uhlobo lwemali yetiye yoMzila Kasilika, okwakuhwebelwana ngayo amahhashi, uboya kanye nemfuyo.
• Amagugu e-UNESCO: Ngenyanga kaLwezi ka-2022, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye le-Fuzhuan bafakwa ohlwini lwe-UNESCO lwamagugu angabonakali esintu — ukuqashelwa kokubaluleka emhlabeni wonke kwalobu buchwepheshe obungavamile.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amaHei Cha:

• I-Anhua Fuzhuan Cha (安化茯砖茶): “Isihlobo” saseHunan, esikhiqizwa esifundeni sase-Anhua ngobuchwepheshe obuguquliwe kusetshenziswa ikhasi lendawo. Ukunambitheka, ngokuvamile, kuyababa futhi “kunomhlaba”, nobumnandi obuncane besikhunta. Izimbali zegolide zikhona, kodwa i-Jingyang Fuzhuan ngokwesiko idume ngokuba ziningi kakhulu futhi zinkulu.
• I-Qian Liang Cha (千两茶): “Itiye lezinkulungwane zama-liang” lase-Anhua licindezelwa amasilinda amakhulu anesisindo esifinyelela ku-36 kg, esongwe ngamacembe kamoba. Ukunambitheka kunamandla kakhulu, kuyababa, kunamanothi abonakalayo omusi. Izimbali zegolide ngokuvamile azikho.
• I-Liu Bao Cha (六堡茶): Itiye elimnyama laseGuangxi elinephunga elibonakalayo le-betel nut (槟榔香). Likhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe obuhluke ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwesigaba sokukhulisa izimbali zegolide. Ukunambitheka “kunomhlaba” futhi “kunesikhunta”, kunamanothi amaminerali.
• I-Shu Puer (熟普洱): I-Yunnan Hei Cha, edlula ekuvutshelweni okusheshayo (渥堆) ngezigaba ezinkulu. Ukunambitheka, ngokuvamile, “kunomhlaba”, kunamanothi amaqabunga abolile. E-Fuzhuan iphrofayili ithambile, imnandi futhi inomsindo “wesikhunta” owuphawu, odalwa yizimbali zegolide.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Jingyang Fuzhuan — itiye eliyindida, elizalwa hhayi engadini yetiye, kodwa ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo yokuhweba, emathafeni nasezindaweni eziwugwadule ezomile eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga yeShayina. Likhona ngenxa yobumbano lobuciko babantu, isimo sezulu esincane esingavamile kanye nesikhunta esimangalisayo, esiguqula ikhasi letiye elingakacutshungulwa libe “igolide elimnyama”. Kulabo abazisa ukujula, ubunzima kanye nomlando enkomishini ngayinye, ukujwayelana neJingyang Fuzhuan kuyoba ukuvuleka kwezwe elikhetheke ngokuphelele — izwe lapho itiye lalisebenza njengemali, umuthi kanye nethuluzi lokusebenzisana kwamazwe amakhulu emakhulwini ayisithupha eminyaka. Ukunambitheka kwayo okusilika, okunamafutha nobumnandi besikhunta kanye nokunambitheka okufudumele okuhlala isikhathi eside — isimemo sokuphuza itiye okunganaki, okucabangisisayo, okufudumeza hhayi umzimba kuphela, kodwa nomoya.