IJìngshān Chá

IJìngshān Chá (径山茶, Jìngshān Chá) itiye eliluhlaza elinomlando ovela eNtabeni iJìngshān eduze kwaseHangzhou, elinokubaluleka okukhethekile emasikweni etiye omhlaba wonke: kulapha kwaqala khona “Umcimbi Wetiyela waseJìngshān” (径山茶宴, Jìngshān cháyàn), owathathwa yizindela zaseJapane ekhulwini le-13 ziwuyisa eziqhingini, okwaba isiqalo somcimbi wetiyela waseJapane (茶道, Chadō). INtaba iJìngshān yaba indawo lapho “ihlakanipha letiye” uLù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) achitha khona iminyaka eyedwa, esebenza encwadini ethi “I-Canon Yetiye” (茶经, Chá Jīng) — umbhalo wokuqala emhlabeni wonke mayelana netiye.

1. Isigaba kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavundiswanga). Ngokwesimo — isongo elithi “máo fēng” (毛峰) elinekhasi elisongeke ngendlela ebonakalayo. Ngokobuchwepheshe — inhlanganisela yokuthosiwe nokomisiwe okushisayo (炒烘结合, chǎo hōng jiéhé).

• Isigaba: Elinye “lamaTiye Ayishumi Adumile eSifundazweni saseZhejiang” (浙江省十大名茶). Itiye lomlando elinezimpande enkathini yeTang (khulu lesi-8), laduma ngeSung (10–13). Ngaphandle kwetiye eliluhlaza elivamisile elisongeke, ngaphansi kophawu “IJìngshān Chá” namuhla kukhiqizwa futhi i-niǎnchá (碾茶, niǎnchá — itiye elimisiwe okwenziwa ngalo i-matcha) kanye ne-matcha uqobo (抹茶, mǒchá) — okuyifa ngqo lesiko leTang-Sung.

• Imvelaphi: IShayina, iSifundazwe saseZhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), iDolobha laseHangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), iSifunda saseYúháng (余杭区, Yúháng Qū). Indawo yokukhiqiza ihlanganisa amadolobhana eJìngshān (径山镇), Yúháng (余杭), Xiánlín (闲林), Zhōngtài (中泰) esifundeni saseYúháng, kanye namadolobhana eHéngbǎn (横板) neGāohóng (高虹) edolobheni elingumakhelwane iLín’ān (临安市).

• Umnyombo wendawo: Idolobhana laseJìngshān (径山村, Jìngshān Cūn) elisedolobhaneni laseJìngshān, ikakhulukazi imithambeka yeNsi yaseLíngxiāofēng (凌霄峰) kanye nendawo yaseSìbìwù (四壁坞).

• Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: Cishe 30°24′ enyakatho, 119°51′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Ukutshalwa kwetiye eNtabeni iJìngshān kusukela ngo-742 (inkathi yeTang, isikhathi sikaTiānbǎo, 天宝), lapho indela yamaChán uFǎqīn (法钦禅师, Fǎqīn Chánshī) asungula isigodlo sezindela iJìngshān Sì (径山寺, Jìngshān Sì) esiqongweni futhi watshala izihlahla zamatiye ukuze azinikele kuBuddha. Isigodlo sezindela sasheshe saba ngesinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zamaChán (Zen) eShayina — ngeSung sasibizwa ngesihloko “esiyindlu yokuqala phakathi kwezindlu ezinhlanu ezinkulu zamaChán eZulwini” (天下禅林之冠).

  “Ihlakanipha letiye” uLù Yǔ wachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe eyedwa eNtabeni iJìngshān, esebenza embhalweni wakhe omkhulu othi “I-Canon Yetiye” (茶经). Ubuhlobo bukaLù Yǔ neJìngshān bungenye yamaqiniso asemqoka emlandweni wokufundwa kwetiye emhlabeni.

  Itiye lafinyelela ukuphakama kwalo okukhulu ngeSung (960–1279), lapho isigodlo sezindela iJìngshān Sì sakha isiko eliyingqayizivele — “Umcimbi Wetiyela waseJìngshān” (径山茶宴, Jìngshān cháyàn). Lokhu kwakuyinkqubo elandelaniswayo yokulungiselela nokunikeza itiye: itiye eliyimpuphu (末茶, mòchá) lalishaywa ngentongomela yoqalo (茶筅, cháxiǎn) enkomishini — inqubo engahlukile kweyaseJapane yokuchaza itiye (点茶, diǎnchá). Izindela zama-Zen zaseJapane ezazifundela eJìngshān Sì zawamukela lo mcimbi zase ziwuyisa eJapane, lapho waphenduka umcimbi wetiyela waseJapane (茶道, Chadō / Sadō). Ngakho-ke, iNtaba iJìngshān iyindawo eyaziwayo “isibeletho somcimbi wetiyela waseJapane”.

  Ngemuva kwenkathi yeQing, itiye lahlehla. Ukuvuselelwa kwaqala ngo-1978, lapho izingcweti zendawo zivuselela ukukhiqiza ngezindlela zomlando. Eminyakeni yakamuva, eJìngshān kuphinde kwavuselelwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-niǎnchá (碾茶) kanye ne-matcha — kuvala umjikelezo womlando oxhumanisa isibeletho saseShayina nesiko laseJapane.

• Igama:

  • “Jìngshān” (径山) — “Umzila-Intaba” — igama lochungechunge lwezintaba emaphethelweni asenyakatho-mpumalanga yoKhahlamba lwaseTiānmù (天目山, Tiānmùshān) esifundeni saseYúháng.
  • “Chá” (茶) — “itiye”.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IJìngshān Chá itiye elinokubaluleka okuyingqayizivele empucukweni, okudlulela ngale kokudla. Leli:

  • Indawo lapho uLù Yǔ asebenzela khona “I-Canon Yetiye” — umbhalo oyisisekelo wesiko letiye lomhlaba;
  • Ikhaya “loMcimbi Wetiyela waseJìngshān” — umanduleli oqondile womcimbi wetiyela waseJapane;
  • Esinye sezindlu eziyisihlanu ezinkulu zezindela zamaChán zeSung — isikhungo somoya lapho itiye nokuzindla kwahlangana kube ifilosofi yokuthi “chá chán yī wèi” (茶禅一味, “itiye neZen — ukunambitha okukodwa”).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Inhlobo / Uhlobo olutshaliwe: Ukukhiqiza iJìngshān Chá kusetshenziswa kokubili izinhlobo ezikhethekile zendawo kanye nezinhlobo ezifakiwe ezijwayele eziguqulelwe kwesinye isimo Camellia sinensis var. sinensis:

  • IJìngshān 1 neJìngshān 2 (径山1号、径山2号) — izinhlobo ezibhaliswe uMnyango Wezolimo, ezihlwanyelwe ngokukhethekile izimo zeNtaba iJìngshān. Zibonakala ngephrofayili yephunga elimile, ubuningi boboya, kanye nesivuno esiphakeme (ngaphezulu ngo-20–30% kunezivamile).
  • Lóngjǐng 43 (龙井43), Zhènóng 113 (浙农113), Jiūkēng Qúntǐzhǒng (鸠坑群体种) — izinhlobo eziqinisekile ezijwayele izimo zesimo sezulu sendawo nobuchwepheshe.

• Ukuvuna: Ukuvuna kwangaphambi kwentwasahlobo. Ukuze kutholakale ibanga eliphezulu lesigaba sokuqala (特级一等) — ihlumela elilodwa elinekhasi elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka (一芽一叶初展), ubude behlumela bu-2–2.5 cm. Ibanga lokuqala — ihlumela elilodwa elinamakhasi amabili, 2.5–3 cm. Ibanga lesibili — ihlumela elilodwa elinamakhasi amabili, 3–3.5 cm.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Izigaba eziyisithupha: ibanga elikhethekile lamazinga amathathu (特级一、二、三等) kanye namabanga amathathu ajwayelekile (一级、二级、三级). Izinto ezingavuthiwe kufanele zibe zintsha, zithambe, zingenamakhasi agulayo noma umonakalo.

• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Amahlumela athambe, afanayo. Kwe-niǎnchá (碾茶) kusetshenziswa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ezihlahleni zamatiye ezifakwe emthunzini (覆下栽培, fù xià zāipéi) — ngobuchwepheshe baseJapane obuthi “kabuse”, okukhulisa okuqukethwe ama-amino acid kanye ne-chlorophyll.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• Ukuma komhlaba nendawo: INtaba iJìngshān — umkhawulo osenyakatho-mpumalanga woKhahlamba lwaseTiānmù. Izingadi zamatiye zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-560 nangaphezulu, emithambekeni emincane, ezungezwe amahlathi oqalo nezihlahla. Uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo lwethi “itiye ehlathini loqalo” (竹木共生, zhú mù gòngshēng) luyisici esibonakalayo sendawo.

• Isimo sezulu: Iziqongo zezintaba cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi zimbozwa amafu nenkungu. Ukuhluka okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa phakathi kobusuku nemini kunomthelela ekuqongeleleni kwama-amino acid emahlumeleni amancane. Isilinganiso semvula sonyaka singaphezulu kuka-1400 mm. Ubuningi bokukhanya okuhlakazekile (漫射光) kuhlangene nomswakama omningi kudala izimo ezicishe zilungele ukukhiqizwa kwamatiye aluhlaza athambe.

• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu noma ephuzi ene-asidi (红壤 / 黄壤) ene-pH 4.5–6.0, ijulile, futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo. Amacembe awelayo oqalo nezihlahla anothisa inhlabathi, akhe isendlalelo esijulile se-humus.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqiza iJìngshān Chá yendabuko esongekile kuhlanganisa ukuthosiwa (炒) kanye nokomiswa okushisayo (烘), okunikeza ukulingana phakathi kwesimo esiqinile nephunga lezimbali elihlala njalo.

• Ukunaba nokophiswa (摊放 — tānfàng): Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezisanda kuvunwa ziyanabaliswa zibe yisendlalelo esincanyana endaweni epholile amahora awu-6–12. Ngalesi sikhathi umswakama owedlulele uyahamba, kwaqale ukwakheka okwandulela iphunga, ikhasi libe lithambile nelutshekile.

• “Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” / Ukumiswa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ukuthoswa okushisa okuphezulu ngo-150–170°C. Ukungasebenzi okusheshayo kwama-enzyme oketshezi kuqinisa umbala oluhlaza nephunga elisha.

• Ukubunja / Ukuqondisa (理条 — lǐtiáo): Lapho ukushisa kwehlela ku-80–90°C, ingcweti ibumba amatiyana ngesandla, iwanike isimo esisongeke kancane esibonakalayo.

• Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ukusonga okuncane — ukucindezela okuncane, ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphelela kwamahlumela namacembe athambe, kodwa kuhlinzekwe ngokukhishwa okwanele koju lwamaseli okuzokhipha uketshezi esikhathini esizayo.

• Ukomiswa kokuqala okushisayo (毛火 — máohuǒ): Ukomiswa ngezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi ukuze kwehliswe umswakama futhi kuqiniswe isimo.

• Ukomiswa kokugcina okushisayo (足火 — zúhuǒ): Ukomiswa ngamalahle okuhamba kancane ngomlilo omncane (文火慢烘, wénhuǒ màn hōng) — isigaba esibalulekile sokuveza iphunga. “Umlilo omncane” yiwona owakha iphunga eliqine le-castanea-orchid, elingeke litholakale ngokomisa okusheshayo ngomshini.

Ubucwepheshe be-niǎnchá / matcha (碾茶 / 抹茶):

Ngokuhambisana netiye lendabuko eliluhlaza, eJìngshān kuvuselelwe ukukhiqizwa kwe-niǎnchá — itiye elimisiwe (蒸青, zhēngqīng) ngobuchwepheshe obulandela ngqo isiko leSung: izinto ezingavuthiwe ziyafakwa emthunzini ngaphambi kokuvuna (覆下栽培), zimiswe ngokumiswa, zomiswe bese zigaywa zibe impuphu ecolekile — i-matcha.

6. Izici Zemizwa:

• Ukubukeka kwekhasi elomile: Amahlumela amancane, asongeke ngokuqinile anesimo esisongekile esibonakalayo (细紧卷曲). Umbala — uluhlaza okhazimulayo okotshani (绿翠) onoboya besiliva obuningi (显毫). Emabangeni aphezulu — amatiyana afanayo, amile kahle, abukekayo.

• Iphunga lekhasi elomile: Iphunga elithambile lamahlumela amancane (嫩香, nèn xiāng), inothi ye-castanea (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng), iphunga le-orchid elincane (兰花香, lánhuā xiāng). Iphunga lihlanzekile, alinantshontsho.

• Iphunga loketshezi: Liqine, liphakeme, linephrofayili ye-castanea-orchid. Lembulwa kancane kancane kusukela ekutheleleni kuya kokulandelayo.

• Ukunambitha: Kuyasha futhi kunoju (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), kuthambile futhi kumtoti kancane (甘醇, gānchún), nobumnandi obuya emuva isikhathi eside (回甘, huígān). Isisekelo — simaphakathi usimame, siyindilinga. Ubabazana buncane. Ifomula yakudala: “Ukugxotshwa kokuqala — kulula futhi kuhlanzekile, okwesibili — kunothile futhi kunephunga elimnandi, okwesithathu — kuthambile futhi kuvumelana” (首泡清淡，二泡浓郁，三泡醇和).

• Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza ngobucotsholi, uhlanzekile, ukhazimulile futhi ukhanya (嫩绿莹亮).

• Iphansi letiye (ikhasi eligxotshiwe): Amahlumela athambe, aphelele, aqoqwe abe “izimbaza” (细嫩成朵). Umbala — ulinganayo, uluhlaza okhanyayo. Ikhasi linwebekile, liyaphila.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Imvelaphi yasezintabeni eziphakeme, inkungu engapheli, kanye nohlelo lwezinto eziphilayo oluqukethe uqalo kuthonya iphrofayili yamakhemikhali:

• I-Polyphenol (i-catechin): Okuqukethwe okumaphakathi — umphumela wokukhanya okuningi okuhlakazekile. Kunikeza ukujula okuncane kwesakhiwo sokunambitha ngaphandle kobabazana oluqatha.

• Ama-amino acid (kuhlanganise ne-L-theanine): Okuqukethwe okuphezulu — isici esibalulekile sokusha, ubumnandi, kanye nenothi ye-“umami”. Etiyeni elivela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezifakwe emthunzini (niǎnchá/matcha), okuqukethwe ama-amino acid kuphakeme nakakhulu.

• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine — okuqukethwe okumaphakathi. I-theobromine, i-theophylline.

• I-Chlorophyll: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezifakwe emthunzini — kuhlinzeka ngombala oluhlaza ogqamile we-matcha.

• Amavithamini: U-vithamini C, amavithamini eqembu B, ama-carotenoid.

• Amaminerali: I-potassium, i-magnesium, i-zinc, i-manganese — iphrofayili inqunywa yinhlabathi yezintaba ene-asidi, enothiswe ngamacembe awelayo oqalo.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Umthelela wokuvuselela kanye nokucabanga ngokucacile (提神醒脑): I-caffeine ne-L-theanine zinikeza ukuqabuzeka okuthambile, okugxilile.

• Umsebenzi wokulwa ne-oxidation: Ama-catechin nama-polyphenol acima ama-free radical.

• Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba (提高免疫力): Ingxubevange yama-polyphenol, amavithamini, kanye nezinto ezincane ezidingeka emzimbeni isekela umsebenzi wamasosha omzimba.

• Ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla (促进消化): Kuvuselelwa uketshezi lwama-enzyme okugayeka.

• Umthelela wokupholisa nokuqabula (清热消暑): Uketshezi lomhlukulo luqeda ukoma futhi lususe ukushisa kwangaphakathi.

• Kubalulekile: Lezi zimangalo zisekelwe emininingweni etholakala esidlangalaleni futhi akuzona izeluleko zezokwelapha.

9. Ukugxotshwa:

• Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 80–85°C.

• Inani letiye: 3 g emanzini angu-150 ml (isilinganiso esingu-1:50).

• Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi (玻璃杯) — ukuze ubuke ukuvuleka kwamahlumela asongekile futhi uhlole umbala woketshezi.

• Inqubo (izindlela ezintathu ozikhethayo):

  • Ukuthelela phezulu (上投法, shàng tóu fǎ): Qala ngokugcwalisa ingilazi ngamanzi (80–85°C) afinyelele ku-7/10 wevolumu, bese ufaka itiye. Kunconywa emabangeni aphezulu — kuvumela ukubuka amatiyana ecwila kancane futhi avuleke.
  • Ukuthelela phakathi (中投法, zhōng tóu fǎ): Thela amanzi afinyelele ku-1/3, faka itiye, linda lithambeke, bese ufaka amanzi afinyelele ku-7/10.
  • Ukuthelela ngezansi (下投法, xià tóu fǎ): Faka itiye, uthele amanzi. Indlela yakudala yokuphuza itiye nsuku zonke.
  1. Ukugxotshwa kokuqala — imizuzu eyi-1–2.
  2. Ukuthelela okulandelayo — enyeza isikhathi. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokugxotshwa okugcwele okuthathu.

• Qaphela: Ungalokothi uligxobe isikhathi eside ukugwema ukwanda kobabazana. Akunconywa ukuphuza ngaphambi kokudla.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Gcina esitsheni esivaleka ngobuningi, endaweni emnyama, eyomile, nepholile.
• Izinga lokushisa elifanelekile — 0–5°C (efrijini), emaphakejini avaliwe ngobuningi.
• Isikhathi sokulondolozwa — kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-12. Ukuze uthole ukunambitha okuhle kakhulu — phuza phakathi nezinyanga ezi-6.
• Ngemuva kokuvulwa — sebenzisa phakathi nezinyanga ezi-1–2.

11. Intengo NamaNkohliso:

IJìngshān Chá itiye elidume ngokukhulayo, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuvuselelwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-matcha ne-niǎnchá. Intengo incike ebangeni (amazinga ayisithupha), isikhathi sokuvuna, kanye nemvelaphi evela endaweni ewumnyombo (Língxiāofēng, Sìbìwù).

• Ungawagwema kanjani amankohliso:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile abanobufakazi bemvelaphi evela esifundeni saseYúháng.
  • Hlola isimo: Isimo esisongeke esibonakalayo sika-“máo fēng” esinoboya obuningi. Amatiyana axegayo, angalingani — uphawu lwamankohliso.
  • Hlola iphunga: Ithoni ehlanzekile ye-castanea-orchid. Ukungabikho kwesimo sezimbali — isizathu sokungabaza.
  • Hlola uketshezi: Umbalal uluhlaza ngobucotsholi, ukhazimulile, ukhanya.
  • Naka intengo: Itiye elivela endaweni ewumnyombo alikwazi ukubiza kancane.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

• “Umcimbi Wetiyela waseJìngshān” (径山茶宴) ungumanduleli oqondile womcimbi wetiyela waseJapane. Ngekhulu le-13, izindela zama-Zen zaseJapane ezazifundela esigodlweni sezindela iJìngshān Sì zathwala ubuchwepheshe bokushaya itiye eliyimpuphu ngentongomela yoqalo zayiyisa eJapane, lapho laphenduka i-chadō (茶道).

• ULù Yǔ — “ihlakanipha letiye”, umbhali we-“Canon Yetiye” (umbhalo wokuqala emhlabeni ngetiye, we-8th century) — wachitha iminyaka eNtabeni iJìngshān, lapho abhala khona izingxenye ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wakhe. IJìngshān ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa ezinobuhlobo obuqondile obubhaliwe noLù Yǔ.

• Isigodlo sezindela iJìngshān Sì ngenkathi yeSung sasibizwa ngesihloko “esiyindlu yokuqala phakathi kwezindlu eziyisihlanu ezinkulu zezindela zamaChán” (天下禅林之冠) — leli yizinga eliphakeme kakhulu ohlelweni lwezikhundla lwe-Chán Buddhism.

• Ukuvuselelwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-niǎnchá (碾茶) ne-matcha (抹茶) eJìngshān kuyindida yomlando: ubuchwepheshe obaqala lapha nge-8th–13th centuries balahleka eShayina, bachuma eJapane, futhi manje sebubuyela ekhaya.

• Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zokutshala iJìngshān 1 no-2 ziwumphumela wokukhethwa okwenziwa iminyaka eminingi, okuhloswe ngakho ukuvuselela izimfanelo ezichazwe emithonjeni yomlando: ubuningi boboya, iphunga eliqine, kanye nesivuno esiphezulu.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza adumile aseZhejiang:

• Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井): Indabuko yaseHangzhou. Ikhasi eliyisicaba, iphunga le-castanea-ubhontshisi. I-Lóng Jǐng — “inesakhiwo” futhi igxile kakhulu ekunambitheni kwe-“umami”; iJìngshān Chá — isongeke kakhudlwana, inoboya obuningi, futhi inenothi le-orchid ephawuleka kakhudlwana.

• Ānjí Bái Chá (安吉白茶): Evela enyakatho yeZhejiang. Itiye eliluhlaza elivela emahlumeleni angama-albino anokuqukethwe okuphakeme kakhulu kwama-amino acid. I-Ānjí — “ubumnandi noma umami omsulwa”; iJìngshān Chá — “máo fēng” ojwayelekile we-castanea onomlingiswa we-castanea.

• Kāihuà Lóng Dǐng (开化龙顶): Evela entshonalanga yeZhejiang. Itiye eliluhlaza elisongeke, elinephunga lezimbali. I-Lóng Dǐng — ilula kakhudlwana; iJìngshān Chá — inomlando ojulile futhi ixhumeke kakhulu nesiko lamaChán.

Ekuphetheni:

IJìngshān Chá itiye elisemthonjeni wempucuko yetiye yomhlaba. Kule ntaba uLù Yǔ wabhala “I-Canon Yetiye”, izindela zasungula umcimbi wetiyela owaba umkhulu we-chadō yaseJapane, kanti izindlu eziyisihlanu ezinkulu zezindela zamaChán zahlanganisa itiye nokuzindla ngomqondo othi “itiye neZen — ukunambitha okukodwa”. IJìngshān Chá yanamuhla — ethambile, ene-orchid-castanea, nobumnandi obushelelayo — akusona nje isiphuzo, kodwa yintambo ebonakalayo esixhumanisa nesiko leminyaka eyinkulungwane, lapho inkomishi elula yetiye yaba yindlela eya ekukhanyeni.