jiē yáng chǎo chá

I-Ceyang chao cha (揭阳炒茶, Jiēyáng chǎo chá) itiye eliluhlaza lohlobo lokugazinga epanini (炒青, chǎoqīng), elikhiqizwa ezindaweni ezisezintabeni zikamasipala wedolobha i-Ceyang (揭阳, Jiēyáng) empumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Guwangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), esifundeni somlando namasiko sase-Chawoshan (潮汕, Cháoshàn). Leli gama ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi “itiye eligazingiwe” futhi likhomba isici esibalulekile sokucubungula: ukuqiniswa nokomiswa kweqabunga kwenziwa epanini lokugazinga elishisayo. Ngokuphambene nama-ulung adumile ase-Chawoshan asogwini, leli tiye lihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nemiphakathi yasezintabeni yama-Haka (客家, Kèjiā) ezifundeni ezingaphakathi futhi lisalokhu liwumkhiqizo wokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke endaweni. Lithandwa ngenxa yephunga elimnandi lokugazinga nekhesthinati, ukumnandi okusithe, kanye nentengo efinyelelekayo. Udumo lwe-Ceyang chao cha luthandwa kakhulu esifundeni kunokuba lube olwezwe lonke.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜ chá), isigaba esingaphansi setiye eliluhlaza lokugazinga epanini (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜ chá).
Imvelaphi: umasipala wedolobha i-Ceyang (揭阳, Jiēyáng), empumalanga ye-Guwangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), isifunda sase-Chawoshan (潮汕, Cháoshàn).
Izindawo eziyinhloko zemathumbu: ikakhulukazi isifunda esisezintabeni i-Ceyasi (揭西, Jiēxī), kanye nedolobha eliyisifunda i-Phuning (普宁, Pǔníng); izifunda eziyithafa i-Yungcheng (榕城, Róngchéng) ne-Ceyadong (揭东, Jiēdōng) ngokomlando bezigxile kwezinye izitshalo zezohwebo.
Izixhumanisi zendawo ezilinganiselwe: cishe 22,9–23,8° N kanye no-115,6–116,6° E.

Igama elithi 炒茶 (chǎo chá) ekusetshenzisweni kwasendaweni lisho itiye eliluhlaza lasekhaya noma elikhiqizwa ngenani elincane, eligazingwa epanini, ngokuphambene nama-ulung, okuthi kulesi sifunda avame ukubizwa ngamagama ezinhlobo ezithile. Izinga eliqinile elihlangene lempahla, eliqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwegama “i-Ceyang chao cha”, alikho ekusakazweni okubanzi, ngakho-ke leli gama liqondwa njengesitayela sendawo kunokuba umkhiqizo oqinisekisiwe ngokuqinile.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

I-Mpumalanga ye-Guwangdong ayifani ngokwamasiko. Emathafeni asogwini kuhlala abantu besiko lama-Chawoshan (ama-Teochiwu), okuthi kubo isiphuzo esiyinhloko kube wulung, ikakhulukazi i-Fenghuwang Dancong (凤凰单丛, Fènghuáng dāncóng), ephakwa ngesitayela se-gungfu cha (工夫茶, gōngfu chá). Ezifundeni ezingaphakathi ezisezintabeni, kuhlanganisa ne-Ceyasi, ingxenye enkulu yabantu ingama-Haka (客家, Kèjiā), okuyinto ngokomlando eyagxilisa umkhuba ohlukile—ukuphuza itiye eliluhlaza eligazingwe epanini.

Kungalesi siko lama-Haka lapho i-Ceyang chao cha isukela khona. Emindenini yasezintabeni, leli tiye laliyisiphuzo sansuku zonke esikhiqizwa ugogo noma umakhelwane: amaqabunga ayethiwa ezihlahleni emithambekeni, agazingwe epanini lensimbi elishisayo phezu kweziko lezinkuni, bese egcinelwa ukuphuzwa nsuku zonke. Leli tiye alizange lifune isikhundla somkhosi futhi alizange lifakwe eqenjini lamatiye “adumile”, kodwa laliyingxenye ezinzile yempilo. Lokhu kwehlukana—ulung kwabakwa-Teochiwu basogwini kanye netiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe kwabakwa-Haka basezintabeni—kusewuphawu olubonakalayo lwendawo yetiye empumalanga ye-Guwangdong nanamuhla.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo lwesitshalo: isihlahla setiye (茶, chá), Camellia sinensis, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zezihlahla ezinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi.
Izinhlobo: izinhlobo zomdabu zembewu yendawo (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng), kanye nezinhlamvu ezethulwe e-Guwangdong ukuze kukhiqizwe itiye eliluhlaza. Ngetiye eliluhlaza ngokwalo, izinhlobo eziqondiswe ngokukhethekile e-ulung, ngokuvamile, azisetshenziswa.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: amagatsha aneqabunga elilodwa noma amabili kanye neqhuma ezinhlotsheni ezinhle kakhulu; ngetiye lansuku zonke, ukuvunwa okumahhadlahhadla nakho kuyavunyelwa—iqhuma elinamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu.
Isizini: ukuvunwa okuyinhloko kwasentwasahlobo kubaluleke kakhulu; ukuvunwa kwasehlobo nasekwindla kuveza itiye elilula nelibabayo.

Ubuhle bezinto zokusetshenziswa bunomthelela oqondile emphumeleni: iqabunga lokuqala lasentwasahlobo linikeza ukumnandi okumethayo nokunephunga elimnandi, kuyilapho ukuvunwa kwakamuva ngamaqabunga akhule kakhudlwana kuvame ukubaba nokuba mahhadla.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Isimo sezulu: i-subtropical monsoon, nehlobo elifudumele nelinomswakama, ubusika obupholile, kanye nemvula eningi.
Indawo: izintaba ezingamakhopho kanye nezintaba ezingaphansi kwesifunda esisentshonalanga sikamasipala; e-Ceyasi kukhona izintaba ze-Dabeyshan (大北山, Dàběishān) ezineziqongo ezedlula amamitha ayinkulungwane.
Ukuphakama kweziza zetiye: ngokuyinhloko kusukela emakhulwini ambalwa amamitha kuya phezulu; iziza eziphakeme nezinenkungu ziveza izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinuka kamnandi.
Inhlabathi: inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi yemithambeka yezintaba, ngokuvamile ene-asidi futhi ekhipha amanzi kahle.

Inkungu evamile, ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku, nokukhanya okusakazekile emithambekeni yezintaba kusiza ekuqongeleleni izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi nezine-nitrogen eqabungeni. Kungalesi sizathu lapho amaqoqo athakazelisa kakhulu avela ezindaweni eziphakeme, ezisithwe amafu, hhayi emathafeni.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Ceyang chao cha yenziwa ngohlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza lokugazinga epanini, lapho ukucutshungulwa kokushisa kwenziwa ikakhulukazi epanini.

Ukwethisa nokomisa kancane (摊青, tānqīng): iqabunga elisha lisakazwa ngosana ukuze kususwe umswakama ongaphezulu futhi lithambe kancane.
Ukuqinisa uhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): iqabunga lishisiswa epanini elishisayo, okwenza ama-enzyme angasebenzi futhi kumiswe ukuxhunywa; lesi sigaba siqinisa isimo esiluhlaza setiye.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): iqabunga elishisayo nelithambile liyasongwa, kuphihlize ingxenye yamaseli futhi kwakheke ukubukeka kwangaphandle.
Ukomisa ngokugazinga (炒干, chǎogān): isigaba esibalulekile salesi sitayela—ukomiswa okuphindaphindiwe nokugazingwa epanini ngokushisa okulawulwayo. Kulapha lapho kwakheka khona iphunga elimnandi lokugazinga nekhesthinati.

Ukucutshungulwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu epanini esigabeni sokugcina kuqala ukusabela kwe-caramelization ne-Maillard, imikhiqizo yakhona (okuhlanganisa nama-pyrazine) inikeza iphunga elaziwayo lezinhlamvu ezithosiwe nekhesthinati. Izinga lokugazinga linomthelela obonakalayo emphumeleni: elilinganiselwe ligcina ukusha, ukugazinga okujulile kuqinisa iphunga “lokuthosiwe”, kodwa kungasitha amaphunga amancane.

6. Izimpawu Ze-Organoleptic:

Iqabunga elomile: kusukela ekuluhlaza oketshezi okumnyama kuye ekumpunga okuluhlaza okotshani, lisongekile noma ligobe kancane; emaqoqweni amahhadla iqabunga likhulu futhi limnyama.
Ukumnandi: kuphuzi ngokuluhlaza noma kuluhlaza ngokuphuzi, emaqoqweni agazingwe kakhulu—kunombala osagolide.
Iphunga elimnandi: iphunga lokugazinga nekhesthinati (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng), namaphunga ezinhlamvu ezithosiwe (炒豆香, chǎodòu xiāng); ingxenye entsha “eluhlaza” ibonakala ngokulinganisela kunamatiye aluhlaza afakwe umusi.
Ukunambitheka: ukusithe, kugcwele, nokubaba okuzwakalayo kanye nokunambitheka okulandelayo okumnandi okubuyayo (回甘, huígān); ekuvunweni okumahhadla ukubaba kunamandla.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ngezansi kukhona amazinga ajwayelekile etiye eliluhlaza, i-Ceyang chao cha nayo ingaphansi kwawo; amanani aqondile ancike ezintweni zokusetshenziswa nasekucutshungulweni.

Ama-Polyphenol (茶多酚, cháduōfēn): alinganiselwa ku-18–36% wesisindo esomile.
Ama-Catechin (儿茶素, érchásù): ingxenye enkulu yama-polyphenol, kuhlanganisa ne-EGCG.
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): cishe 2–4%.
Ama-Amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): alinganiselwa ku-1–4%, ingxenye ehamba phambili—itheanine (茶氨酸, cháānsuān).
Izinhlanganisela ezakha iphunga elimnandi: ngaphandle kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zemvelo zeqabunga, iphunga elithosiwe eliyingqayizivele linikezwa imikhiqizo yokusabela kokushisa ngesikhathi sokugazinga epanini.

Isilinganiso sama-polyphenol nama-amino acid sinquma ngokwengxenye enkulu ukulingana kokubaba nokumetha: lapho ingxenye yama-amino acid iphezulu (okujwayelekile ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zakuqala zasentwasahlobo ezivela ezindaweni ezinomthunzi), ukumnandi kugcwala futhi kumethe.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umsebenzi wokulwa ne-oxidant: ubangelwa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-catechin, okuyisici esivamile samatiye aluhlaza.
Umphumela wokuvuselela: i-caffeine ihlanganiswe ne-theanine inikeza umphumela omnene wokuvuselela ngaphandle kobuhali.
Umuzwa wokuqabula: ngokwesiko leli tiye liphuzelwa ukuqeda ukoma esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama.

Lezi zakhiwo ezibaluliwe zibonisa imibono ejwayelekile ngetiye eliluhlaza futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe yi-caffeine, ukusetshenziswa kusihlwa kanye nomthamo lapho kuzwela okukhulu kufanele kuqashwe.

9. Ukuphisa:

Amanzi: athambile, asanda kubiliswa futhi apholiswe kancane.
Izinga lokushisa: elilinganiselwa ku-80–90 °C; ngamaqoqo amahle asentwasahlobo eduze komkhawulo ophansi, ngamanye agazingwe kakhulu futhi amahhadla—eduze nomkhawulo ophezulu.
Izitsha: ingilazi yegilasi (玻璃杯, bōlíbēi) yokuphuza kwansuku zonke noma i-gaiwan yobumba (盖碗, gàiwǎn); kulesi sifunda indlela ye-gungfu nayo iyathandwa.

Ukuphuza engilazini, kulula ukuthatha cishe 2–3 g ku-200 ml, uthele amanzi bese uthelekela njengoba ukumnandi kuncipha. Nge-gaiwan enomthamo cishe 110 ml, thatha cishe 3–5 g bese wenza ukumomotheka okufushane: okokuqala—amasekhondi 10–20, bese kuthi kancane kancane kwandiswe isikhathi. Iqabunga eliqinile eligazingiwe likwazi ukumelana nokuchithelwa okuningana okulandelanayo; uma weqisa ngezinga lokushisa kanye nenani lamaqabunga, ukubaba kuyanda. Ukumomotheka kokuqala okusheshayo kokukhipha uthuli akuyona impoqo, kodwa ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezimahhadla kuyavunyelwa.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Izimo: indawo epholile, eyomile, emnyama, kude namaphunga angaphandle.
Isitsha: ukupakishwa okuvala umoya okungabonakali, ikani likathayela noma isikhwama esinongqimba lwe-foil.
Isikhathi: njengamanye amatiye aluhlaza, ingcono kakhulu ezinyangeni zokuqala emva kokukhiqizwa; ukusha nephunga elimnandi kuyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ifriji ekupakisheni okuvalwe ngokuqinile, kodwa uma ukhipha kubalulekile ukuvumela itiye lifudumale lifike ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ungavulanga isitsha, ukuze ugweme ukujiya komswakama. Itiye eliluhlaza lizwela kumswakama, ukukhanya, namaphunga, ngakho-ke ukuhlalisana nezipayisi nekofu kufanele kugwenywe.

11. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Mbumbulu:

Izinga lentengo: njengetiye eliluhlaza lendawo lansuku zonke, i-Ceyang chao cha ngobuningi bayo ayibizi; amanani aphezulu anelezelwa kuphela ngokuvunwa kwakuqala kwasentwasahlobo okuvela ezindaweni ezisezintabeni.
Amaqiniso emakethe: itiye eliqondiswe ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwasendaweni futhi alivamile ukutholakala emakethe yezwe lonke yomklomelo, ngakho-ke intengo yalo ayithinteki kakhulu ekukhuphukeni okunenkanuko.

Njengoba lolu wuhlobo olungabizi futhi olungenalo uphawu oluqinile, imikhiqizo mbumbulu ebizayo esobala imbala; okuvame kakhulu ukuxutshwa kabusha kwezinga. Okufanele kuholele ekungathembekeni:

ukuxutshwa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ashibhile avela kwamanye amadolobha ngaphansi kwegama lendawo;
ukuthengiswa kwetiye elidala, eselilahlekelwe ukusha, njengelonyaka omusha—lokhu kuboniswa umbala ofiphele weqabunga elomile, ukumnandi okufiphele, kanye nephunga “elinothuli”;
ukugazinga okunzima ngokweqile, okusetshenziselwa ukufihla izinto zokusetshenziswa ezimahhadla;
ama-flavourer okwenziwa asobala, anikeza iphunga elimnandi ngokungemvelo, “elifana ne-parfume”.

Kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukuya nge-organoleptics: iphunga elimnandi eliphilayo lokugazinga nekhesthinati, ukumnandi okusobala okuluhlaza ngokuphuzi, nokunambitheka okuhlanzekile okungakho ukubola.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Igama lichaza ngokwezwi nezwi ubuchwepheshe: 炒 (chǎo)—“ukugazinga epanini”, ngakho-ke 炒茶 liphikiswa, ngokwesibonelo, namatiye aluhlaza afakwe umusi noma aqiniswe ngenye indlela.
Itiye libonisa ukwehlukana kwamasiko empumalanga ye-Guwangdong: abakwa-Haka basezintabeni ngokwesiko baphuza itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe, kuyilapho abakwa-Teochiwu basogwini bephuza amaulung ngesitayela se-gungfu cha.
Isifunda sase-Chawoshan sisonke sihlotshaniswa nama-ulung ne-gungfu cha, ngakho-ke itiye eliluhlaza lendawo alaziwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwesifunda.
Ukomiswa ngokugazinga epanini kuhlobanisa i-Ceyang chao cha nomndeni omkhulu wamatiye aluhlaza aseShayina aphekiwe epanini, lapho kungenxa yalo msebenzi lapho kwakheka khona iphunga “elithosiwe”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ceyang chao cha ingaphezu kwakho konke isibonelo esiphilayo sesiko letiye lendawo, hhayi igama elinomsindo emakethe. Ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nasesifundeni esidumile ngama-ulung, kugcinwa isiko lawo siqu lokuphuza itiye eliluhlaza, eligxilile emasikweni abakwa-Haka basezintabeni. Ubuhle bayo—ubulula obuthembekile, iphrofayili eyaziwayo yokugazinga nekhesthinati, nentengo ehambisana nenjongo yansuku zonke.

Ukuze wazi leli tiye, kungcono ukukhetha amaqoqo asentwasahlobo avela ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, uphise ngamanzi angashisi kakhulu, futhi uhlole ubumsulwa bephunga elimnandi nokumnandi, ungafuni ubunkimbinkimbi bamatiye aluhlaza adumile abizayo. Iqondwa ngokwengqikithi yayo—njengesiphuzo sesifunda, somoya wasekhaya empumalanga ye-Guwangdong—i-Ceyang chao cha iziveza ngokugcwele.

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