jiǎogǔlán

I-Jiaogulan (绞股蓝, jiǎogǔlán), ngokwesayensi yezitshalo i-Gynostemma pentaphyllum, iwumvini ongathi sína we-herbaceous womndeni wamathanga, okuvame ukwenziwa ngamaqabunga namahlumela asemancane e-China umhluzi omuncu-kamandi onombala we-amber-oluhlaza. Nakuba ekukhulumeni kwansuku zonke — kokubili kwesi-Russian nesi-Chinese — lesi siphuzo sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “itiye,” akulona itiye ngomqondo wesayensi yezitshalo: akukho qabunga lesihlahla setiye i-Camellia sinensis empahleni eluhlaza, ngakho-ke ohlelweni lwesi-Chinese lokuhlukanisa iziphuzo luhamba njengokuthi esikhundleni setiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá), okungukuthi umhluzi wezitshalo. Isifunda esiyinhloko sempahla eluhlaza etshaliwe yezohwebo iyisifunda sase-Pingli (平利, Pínglì) esifundazweni sase-Shaanxi, kanye nezifunda zezintaba zase-Yunnan nase-Guangxi. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, i-jiaogulan iphuzwa njengesiphuzo esiqabulayo “nesilula” sansuku zonke, futhi ngenxa yama-saponin ayo avelele, lesi sitshalo sathola igama lesidlaliso elithi “i-ginseng yaseningizimu” (南方人参, nánfāng rénshēn). Umhluzi waziwa ngokumunyu okuncane, okusheshe kuvele ubumnandi obubuyayo obucacile (回甘, huígān).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: esikhundleni setiye, umhluzi wezitshalo (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); ngokwesayensi yezitshalo — akulona itiye
• Igama lesayensi yezitshalo: I-Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino
• Umndeni: amathanga (Cucurbitaceae)
• Impahla eluhlaza: amaqabunga namahlumela amancane omvini (hhayi iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis)
• Amagama esi-Chinese: 绞股蓝 (jiǎogǔlán); amagama endawo nawesifunda — 七叶胆 (qīyèdǎn), 五叶参 (wǔyèshēn); e-Japan lesi sitshalo saziwa ngokuthi i-amachazuru (甘茶蔓)
• Izifunda eziyinhloko: I-Pingli (平利, Pínglì) e-Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī); I-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán); I-Guangxi (广西, Guǎngxī)

Kubalulekile ukusho ngokusobala: i-jiaogulan ayinalo iqabunga letiye. Ingena ohlotsheni oluzimele lweziphuzo ze-herbal zesi-Chinese — 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá), “amatiye angokwenziwa,” aphakwa futhi aphuzwe ngendlela yetiye, kodwa atholakala kwezinye izitshalo. Lesi simo asenzi i-jiaogulan ibe “yinto engesiyona yangempela”: inomlando wayo osekhulwini leminyaka wokusetshenziswa, i-terroir yayo, ubuchwepheshe bayo bokomisa, namasiko ayo okuphisa. Igama lesidlaliso elithi “i-ginseng yaseningizimu” likhombisa kuphela ukuthi kulesi sitshalo kutholakale ama-saponin ahlobene nalawo e-ginseng, futhi akulona uphawu lwezokwelapha.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Ukukhulunywa kokuqala: incwadi ethi “I-Herbdy Ehlenga Endlaleni” (救荒本草, Jiùhuāng Běncǎo), eyahlanganiswa yiNkosana u-Zhu Su (朱橚, Zhū Sù) futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1406
• Indima yokuqala: isitshalo esidliwayo sasendle “sonyaka wendlala”
• Inshisekelo entsha: ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20, ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwama-saponin

Ku-herbdy ye-Ming 救荒本草 isitshalo sichazwa ngokuyinhloko njengokudliwayo, okulungele ukudliwa eminyakeni lapho kunendlala — okusho ukuthi ekuqaleni i-jiaogulan yayithathwa njengemifino eyindalo, hhayi njengomuthi. Inshisekelo eqhubekayo kuso njengesiphuzo yavela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kuya ko-1980, lapho abacwaningi base-Japan, bese kuba abase-China, behlukanisa ama-triterpene saponin (ama-gypenoside) emaqabungeni futhi bathola ukuthi amanye awo ngokwakheka ayafana nama-ginsenoside e-ginseng yangempela. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho lesi sitshalo sathola igama lesidlaliso elithi “i-ginseng yaseningizimu,” futhi e-China kwaqalwa ukutshalwa kwezimboni nokukhiqizwa kwesiphuzo esipakishwe ngaphakathi (保健茶, bǎojiàn chá — “itiye lenhlalakahle” ngomqondo wansuku zonke).

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Isimo sempilo: umvini okhuphukayo we-herbaceous onezivimbelo
• Amaqabunga: amaqabunga ahlanganiswe ngesandla, ngokuvamile anamacembe amancane angu-5 (aqabukeli angu-3, 7, noma 9); igama lesilwane elithi pentaphyllum lisho “onamaqabunga amahlanu”
• Izimbali: ezincane, eziluhlaza-mhlophe; isitshalo sihlukene ngobulili
• Izithelo: amajikijolo amancane ayindilinga amnyama
• Impahla eluhlaza, ibanga 1: 龙须 (lóngxū, “izintshebe zikadrako”) — izihloko ezincane kakhulu zamahlumela anezivimbelo namaqabunga angakavuleki
• Impahla eluhlaza, ibanga 2: iqabunga elivamile — izingcwecwe zamaqabunga avuthiwe ezivela emahlumeleni

Impahla eluhlaza yezohwebo ivamise ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili. “Izintshebe zikadrako” (龙须, lóngxū) — izihloko ezincane ezithambile ezinezivimbelo, okuyisilinganiso esiyigugu kakhulu nesibizayo: umhluzi ovela kuzo umnene, umnandi futhi awunawo wona umunyu omahhadlahhadla. Iqabunga elivamile likhipha umhluzi ominyene, ogcwele futhi omunyu kakhudlwana; lishibhile futhi lifakwa ekupakisheni okuningi. Kokubili ukunambitheka nentengo kuncike ngokuqondile engxenyeni yehlumela elisencane exubeni.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• Isifunda esiyindinganiso: isifunda sase-Pingli (平利, Pínglì) esifundeni sedolobha sase-Ankang (安康, Ānkāng), esifundazweni sase-Shaanxi — izintaba ezingaphansi kwe-Daba Mountains (大巴山, Dàbā Shān)
• Ezinye izifunda: izintaba zase-Yunnan nase-Guangxi, lapho umvini uvela khona nasendle
• Izimo: isimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama, ukukhanya okusakazekile kanye nomthunzi oyingxenye, inhlabathi exegayo nekhipha amanzi
• Indlela yokuthola: empahleni eluhlaza etshaliwe (amasimu) kanye nasendle

I-Pingli itholakala eningizimu ye-Shaanxi, ebhandeni le-subtropical lezintaba ezingaphansi kwe-Daba Mountains enesimo sezulu esipholile nesinomswakama kanye nenkungu evamile — izimo ezinjalo zilungele ukunqwabelana kwama-saponin. Lesi sifunda sizibeka njenge “lizwe le-jiaogulan” (绞股蓝之乡, jiǎogǔlán zhī xiāng) futhi siyisikhungo sokukhethwa kwezinhlobo kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwemboni. E-Yunnan nase-Guangxi, kokubili ukutshala kwamasiko kanye nezindawo zasendle zisabalele; lesi sitshalo ngokuvamile sitholakala kabanzi ezingxenyeni ezifudumele zaseMpumalanga naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuvuna: amahlumela amancane namacembe ngesizini efudumele
• Ukubuna: 摊晾 (tānliàng) — ukunaba nokomisa kancane impahla eluhlaza
• Ukuqinisa uhlaza: 杀青 (shāqīng) — ukushisa ukuze kumiswe ama-enzyme
• Ukusonteka: 揉捻 (róuniǎn) — ukubumba iqabunga nokukhipha amajusi
• Ukomisa: kuze kube umswakama ophansi ozinzile

Ukugaywa kabusha okuvame kakhulu kwe-jiaogulan kusondelene nobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni itiye eliluhlaza: impahla eluhlaza iyabunwa, “ibulawe uhlaza” ngokushisa (杀青), iyasontwa (揉捻) bese yomiswa. Ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwama-enzyme, iqabunga ligcina umbala walo oluhlaza futhi alifakwa i-oxidized, kanti ukusonteka kulenza libe nesimo esijikayo futhi lenze umhluzi ube ne-extractive kakhudlwana. Ingxenye yomkhiqizo (ikakhulukazi owenziwe ngesandla) imane nje yomiswe emthunzini ngaphandle kokusontwa — iqabunga elinjalo likhanya futhi likhipha umhluzi onjenge-herbaceous kakhudlwana. “Izintshebe zikadrako” (龙须) ziyahlukaniswa ngokuhlukile — zivunwa futhi zomiswe ngokucophelela ukuze kulondolozwe ubumnene nobumnandi.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Ukubukeka kwangaphandle: amaqabunga aluhlaza okumnyama asonteke kanye nezihloko ezincane-ezivimbelo
• Iphunga lempahla eluhlaza eyomile: i-herbaceous-leguminous, enothi elincane elimnandi
• Ukunambitheka: kuqala umunyu obonakalayo, bese kuba ubumnandi obubuyayo obuhlanzekile (回甘)
• Umhluzi: ukusuka koluhlaza okuphaphathekile kuya koluhlaza-kwegolide, okusobala

Isici esiyinhloko se-jiaogulan wukungqubuzana komunyu nomnandi. Ukuphuza kokuqala kunomunyu obonakalayo, kodwa umunyu udlula ngokushesha, ushiya ukunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside (回甘, huígān), okuyikho okwenza lesi siphuzo sithandwe. “Ezintshebeni zikadrako” ibhalansi ithambekele ebuswidi, eqabungeni elimahhadlahhadla — emunyuweni. Ukushiya impahla eluhlaza emanzini abilayo isikhathi eside kukhulisa umunyu, ngakho-ke ubumnandi bulawulwa ngesikhathi sokugxilisa.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Saponin (ama-gypenoside): ama-triterpene saponin ohlobo lwe-dammarane (绞股蓝皂苷, jiǎogǔlán zàogān); ingxenye yawo ifana ngokwesakhiwo nama-ginsenoside e-ginseng
• Ama-Flavonoid: isibonelo, i-rutin nezinye izinto ezihlobene
• Ama-Polysaccharide
• Okunye: ama-amino acid, amavithamini, ama-macro- kanye nama-microelement

“Umaka” oyinhloko wamakhemikhali wesitshalo ngama-gypenoside, inhlanganisela ye-triterpene saponin; ukufana kwazo ngokwesakhiwo nama-ginsenoside okuyikho okwanikeza isizathu sokuqhathaniswa ne-ginseng. Ngaphandle kwama-saponin, amaqabunga aqukethe ama-flavonoid, ama-polysaccharide, ama-amino acid akhululekile kanye nezinto zamaminerali. Ukwakheka okuqondile kanye nengxenye yama-saponin kuncike ohlotsheni nasezinhlotsheni zamakhemikhali esitshalo, isifunda esikhulele kuso kanye nengxenye yehlumela: ngokuvamile izihloko ezithambile namaqabunga anothe ngezigaba eziyigugu kunengxenye eziphenduke izinkuni.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Njengoba kuvame ukucatshangwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: e-China i-jiaogulan iphuzwa njengesiphuzo esiqinisa umzimba wonke, “esinika amandla” nesibukabulayo sansuku zonke; isiko lesintu liyisondeza ne-ginseng
• Lokho isayensi ekufundayo: ama-gypenoside kanye nezinto ezikhishwe ku-gynostemma kuyacwaningwa emisebenzini yaselabhorethri neyomtholampilo, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi umhluzi wansuku zonke unemiphumela yokwelapha eqinisekisiwe futhi engagwegwesi
• Isimo: umkhiqizo wokudla (isiphuzo), hhayi umuthi

Kubalulekile ukusho ngokusobala: i-jiaogulan iyisiphuzo sokudla, futhi asikho isithembiso sokwelapha okumele sinikezwe. Iqiniso lokuthi lesi sitshalo siqukethe ama-saponin afana ne-ginseng ngokwako akwenzi umhluzi ube umuthi, futhi izimangalo zezempilo ezithengiswayo zingaphandle kobubanzi be-athikili ye-encyclopedia. Phakathi kwezexwayiso ezaziwa umphakathi okufanele zishiwo ngokungathathi hlangothi yilezi: ukulinganisela enanini; ukuqapha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa (imininingwane ayanele); futhi naka kulabo abaphuza imithi njalo — ezimweni ezinjalo kufanele ukuxoxa ngokusetshenziswa nodokotela. Lokhu wukubalwa kwezexwayiso, hhayi isincomo futhi akulona umthamo.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Isilinganiso: cishe ama-3-5 g empahla eluhlaza eyomile ku-300-500 ml wamanzi (okwe “zintshebe zikadrako” — kusondele emkhawulweni ophansi)
• Izinga lokushisa: 85-95 °C; iqabunga elimahhadlahhadla libekezelela namanzi asondele ekubileni, izihloko ezithambile kungcono ukuthelwa ngamanzi asepholile kancane
• Izitsha: ingilazi noma i-teapot engilazi, i-gaiwan, i-thermos
• Isikhathi: umhluzi wokuqala imizuzu engu-1-3, ngemva kwalokho ngokunambitha
• Ukuthelwa kabusha: umelana nokuphisa izikhathi eziningana; impahla eluhlaza enamandla emunyu kungcono ukuyiphisa isikhashana futhi kaningi
• Ukuphakwa okubandayo: ukuphisa okubandayo kungenzeka (amahora ambalwa emanzini abandayo) — umhluzi uphuma umnene futhi umnandi, cishe ngaphandle komunyu

Empeleni, kulula ukuphisa i-jiaogulan ngqo engilazini noma ku-thermos: isandla esigcwele sempahla eluhlaza sithelwa ngamanzi ashisayo futhi siyanceliswa njengoba incipha. Ukwenza umunyu uthambe, sebenzisa amanzi angashisi kakhulu nesikhathi esifushane sokuthintana noma ushintshele ekuphiseni okubandayo. Ehlobo, ukuphakwa okupholile kuyathandwa: umhluzi we “zintshebe zikadrako,” ogxiliswe emanzini abandayo futhi wapholiswa, uba mnandi futhi uqabulayo.

10. Ukugcina:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama, kude namaphunga angaphandle
• Isitsha: ukupakisha okuvaleke kahle, okungangenwa ukukhanya
• Izitha zempahla eluhlaza: umswakama, ukukhanya, ukushisa, amaphunga angajwayelekile

Iqabunga elomile le-jiaogulan limunca umswakama kalula futhi limunca kalula umswakama namaphunga, ngakho-ke ligcinwa esitsheni esivalekayo. Lapho libamanzi, impahla eluhlaza ilahlekelwa iphunga, umbala oluhlaza futhi iba namathoni abuthuntu. Njengeziningi zezixube ze-herbal ezomile, i-jiaogulan ingcono ukuyisebenzisa isesha — ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphunga nobumnandi besici bokunambitheka kwangemva kuyancipha.

11. Intengo Nokomgunyathi:

• Inkomba yenani eliphelele: iqabunga elivamile — cishe ama-80 ¥/kg (inani liyinkomba, lincike esivunweni nasebangeni)
• Ibanga le-premium: “izintshebe zikadrako” (龙须) zibiza kakhulu kuneqabunga elivamile
• Ukuthi ibukeka kanjani impahla eluhlaza yangempela: amaqabunga aluhlaza okumnyama asonteke ngokulinganayo kanye nezihloko, iphunga elihlanzekile le-herbaceous-mnandi, ekunambithekeni — umunyu oshintsha ube ubumnandi ekunambithekeni kwangemva
• Ukufakwa okuvamile esikhundleni: ukuthengiswa kweqabunga elimahhadlahhadla ngaphansi kwegama “lezintshebe zikadrako”; ukuxutshwa kwamanye amaqabunga ashibhile angaphandle; ukwethula impahla eluhlaza enemvelaphi ehlukile njengeyase-Pingli

Umehluko phakathi kwamabanga uyisizinda esiyinhloko sezindleko ezengeziwe namaqhinga: “izintshebe zikadrako” zangempela zakhiwe ngezihloko ezincane ezi-uniform, kanti ngaphansi kwaleli gama kuvame ukuthengiswa ingxube eneqabunga elimahhadlahhadla. Okumele kukuxwaye yizicucu zezitshalo ezingaphandle, iphunga elinjengomhlabathi noma elibuthuntu, kanye nokuntuleka ngokuphelele kokuguquguquka komunyu-mnandi okujwayelekile ekunambithekeni. Inkomba enikeziwe (cishe ama-80 ¥/kg ngeqabunga elivamile) kufanele iqondakale njengezinga lenani ezingeni eliphelele, hhayi njengesithembiso senani lokuthengisa.

12. Amaqiniso Ajabulisayo:

• Igama lesilwane elithi pentaphyllum (“onamaqabunga amahlanu”) likhombisa iqabunga elijwayelekile elinamacembe amancane amahlanu, nakuba engaba kusuka kwamathathu kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye.
• Isifunda sase-Pingli e-Shaanxi ngokusemthethweni sibekwa njenge “lizwe le-jiaogulan” (绞股蓝之乡).
• Esikweni lesi-Japanese, lesi sitshalo saziwa ngokuthi i-amachazuru (甘茶蔓, “umvini wetiye elimnandi”), futhi kungokutadisha ama-saponin aso ngeminyaka yawo-1970 lapho kwaqala khona kakhulu inshisekelo yesimanje kuleli siko.
• Igama lesidlaliso elithi “i-ginseng yaseningizimu” (南方人参) ngelesintu futhi likhombisa kuphela ukuhlobana kwama-saponin, hhayi ukulingana ne-ginseng.
• Elinye lamagama amadala esi-Chinese, 七叶胆 (qīyèdǎn, “inyongo yamaqabunga ayisikhombisa”), likhomba ngokuqondile umunyu ekunambithekeni.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Jiaogulan ingummeleli obonakalayo wohlobo lwesi-Chinese lwe-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): isiphuzo esiphakwa futhi siphuzwe ngendlela yetiye, kodwa ngokwesayensi yezitshalo akulona itiye, ngoba alinalo iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis. Ngemuva kwayo kunomkhuba wayo — kusukela ekukhulunyweni kwayo ku-herbdy we-Ming “wonyaka wendlala” kuya emasimini anamuhla ase-Pingli, — ubuchwepheshe bayo, obusondelene nalobo betiye eliluhlaza, kanye nophrofayili wokunambitheka owaziwayo onomunyu nobumnandi obubuyayo obude.

Kufanele ithathwe hhayi “njengokungena esikhundleni” setiye, kodwa njengomhluzi we-herbal ozimele onendawo ecacile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwempahla eluhlaza — kusukela “ezintshebeni zikadrako” ezithambile kuya eqabungeni elivamile. Igama lesidlaliso lesintu elithi “i-ginseng yaseningizimu” kanye nokunakwa kwesayensi kuma-gypenoside kwengeza udumo esitshalweni, kodwa akuguquli isiphuzo sansuku zonke sibe umuthi — futhi kungalesi simo, njengomhluzi ozolile omunyu-mnandi wansuku zonke, lapho i-jiaogulan ithatha indawo yayo emasikweni ase-China ansuku zonke.

the teas described here are available from teamotea