jiāo lǐng chǎo lǜ chá

I-Ciyaoling chao lücha (焦岭炒绿茶, Jiāolǐng chǎo lǜchá) itiye eliluhlaza, eliyingxenye yomndeni omkhulu wamatiye aluhlaza athosiwe (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá), lapho ukuqiniswa kohlaza nokomiswa kokugcina kwenziwa hhayi ngesitimu, kodwa ngokushisisa phezu kwendawo eshisayo ye-wok noma esigubhini esijikelezayo. Igama lakhiwe ngokwemodeli evamile eShayina ethi «indawo + indlela yokucubungula + uhlobo lwetiye»: i-Ciyaoling (焦岭, Jiāolǐng) ikhomba indawo yomkhiqizi, uhlamvu lwesiShayina oluthi 炒 (chǎo) lukhomba ubuchwepheshe «bokuthosa», kanti oluthi 绿茶 (lǜchá) lukhomba ukuthi ingeyamatiye aluhlaza. Lesi isitayela sasendaweni, sansuku zonke setiye eliluhlaza, okuyisitayela esiningi esikhiqizwa eShayina; saziswa ngephunga laso elikhethekile lokugazingiwe, le-kastanedi, ukugcwala okuminyene kanye nekhono lokumelana nokuphalaza izikhathi ezimbalwa. Ngokungafani namatiye aluhlaza asheshiswa ngesitimu (蒸青, zhēngqīng) kanye nawomiswa ezikhalini (烘青, hōngqīng), izinhlobo ezithosiwe zikhipha inothi «elithosiwe» elivelele kakhudlwana futhi ngokuvamile ziba neqabunga elisontekile, eliminyene.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — elingagayelwanga, eliqiniswa ama-enzyme esikhathini sokuqala.
Isigaba esingaphansi: itiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá).
Indlela yokuqinisa uhlaza: ukushisisa phezu kwendawo eshisayo (杀青 «kokuthosa», kusuka ku-炒, chǎo), ngokungafani nokuqiniswa ngesitimu noma ezikhalini.
Imvelaphi: indawo yase-Ciyaoling (焦岭, Jiāolǐng); igama likhombisa ukuhlobana kwendawo, hhayi uhlobo oluvikelwe lukazwelonke.

Ngaphakathi kwesigaba samatiye aluhlaza athosiwe, ngokwesiko kuhlukaniswa amatiye amade (长炒青, cháng chǎoqīng), okwenziwa ngawo «itiye lamashiya» (眉茶, méichá, amashiya); amatiye ayindilinga (圆炒青, yuán chǎoqīng), akhipha «itiye lamaparele» (珠茶, zhūchá); kanye namatiye ayizicaba (扁炒青, biǎn chǎoqīng), okuyingxenye yawo, ngokwesibonelo, i-Longjing (龙井, Lóngjǐng). Ngokwesimo sangaphandle nendlela yokusonteka, amatiye asezifundeni afana nelase-Ciyaoling ngokuvamile athambekele ohlotsheni olunamacembe amade.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Inkathi yobuchwepheshe: ukusabalala okukhulu kokuthosa kuhlobene nozalo lwakwa-Ming (明朝, Míngcháo, 1368–1644).
Isikhathi esiyinguquko: ngo-1391, umbusi u-Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋, Zhū Yuánzhāng) waqeda ukulethwa okuphoqelekile «kwamaqebelengwane adonsa njengedragoni ne-feniksi» acindezelwe (龙团凤饼, lóngtuán fèngbǐng), okwanika umfutho ekukhiqizweni kwetiye elixegayo (散茶, sǎnchá) nezindlela «zokuthosa».
Ubufakazi obubhaliwe: incazelo eningiliziwe yokuthoswa kwetiye eliluhlaza iqukethwe esivumelwaneni esithi «Cha Shu» (茶疏, Cháshū) sika-Xu Cishu (许次纾, Xǔ Cìshū), esashicilelwa cishe ngo-1597.

Itiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe liwumnkantsha wokukhiqizwa kwetiye eliluhlaza laseShayina: kulesi sigaba kukhona iningi lezinhlobo ezidumile kanye nengxube enkulu yamatiye ezifunda, «abantu». I-Ciyaoling chao lücha ime ncamashi kulolu hlu lwesibili — njengomkhiqizo wendawo, lapho isiko lobungcweti lokuthosa lidluliselwa endaweni ethile futhi lihlinzeka ngokuyinhloko isidingo sangaphakathi.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza:

Uhlobo lwesitshalo: isihlahla setiye (Camellia sinensis), kumatiye aluhlaza alesi sitayela — ngokuvamile, uhlobo olunamacembe amancane i-var. sinensis.
Izinhlobo zezihlahla: kaningi imiphakathi yembewu yendawo (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng) kanye/noma izinhlobo ezisatshalaliswa ngama-clone; ukulinywa okuqondile kuncike epulazini.
Impahla eluhlaza: iflesh esencane — ihlumela elinamacembe eyodwa noma amabili (一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè), emaqoqweni alula kuvunyelwa nokuvuna okumahhadlahhadla.
Isikhathi sokuvuna: ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo kuthandwa kakhulu; izinkomba eziwukulinganisa — «ngaphambi kwe-Qingming» (明前, míngqián, ngaphambi komkhosi we-清明, Qīngmíng) kanye «nangaphambi kwe-Guyu» (雨前, yǔqián, ngaphambi kwe-谷雨, Gǔyǔ).

Iqabunga elisha (鲜叶, xiānyè) letiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe ngokuvamile alidingi ubuthakathaka obuphawulekayo njengoba kudingeka ezinhlotsheni eziyizicaba «ezinegama»: ubuchwepheshe bokuthosa busebenza kahle nangempahla evuthwe kancane, bukunikeza ukuminyana nokugazingeka.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Ezikhethekile Zokulima:

Indawo: uhlamvu lwesiShayina 岭 (lǐng, «indawo ewugqinsi lwentaba, ukhakhayi») egameni likhomba indawo enamagquma nezintaba, ejwayelekile ezindaweni zetiye eziseningizimu namaphakathi neShayina.
Isimo sezulu esincane: kuthandeka ukuphakama okulingene, ukukhanya okuhlakazekile, inkungu kanye nokwehluka kwamazinga okushisa emini/ebusuku, okunomthelela ekuqongeleleni izinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid.
Inhlabathi: etiyeni eliluhlaza kunenzuzo inhlabathi evundlile, ekhishwa kahle amanzi, ene-asidi encane.

Kumatiye ezifunda, indawo ngokuvamile ayihlelwanga ngendlela yokucaciswa okuqinile kwendawo, ngakho-ke izici zendawo (ukuphakama, ukuma komthambeka, ubudala bamasimu) zihluka kakhulu epulazini nepulazini. Umthetho ojwayelekile munye: lapho indawo iphakeme futhi «isezintabeni» kakhulu futhi lapho ukuvuna kuseduze nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, impahla eluhlaza iba mncane futhi ibe nephunga elimnandi.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): ukukhethwa kwama-flesh anemibandela efanele.
Ukuvutshelwa/ukwandlalwa (摊放, tānfàng): ungqimba oluncane lwamacembe ukuze kulahlekelwe umswakama kancane nokulinganiswa.
Ukuqiniswa kohlaza (杀青, shāqīng): isinyathelo esiyinhloko — ukushisisa ku-wok evuthayo noma esigubhini, okwenza angasebenzi ama-enzyme e-oxidation futhi kuqinise umbala oluhlaza.
Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): ukwakheka kweqabunga, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindonga zamaseli, ukuphuma kojusi phezu kobuso.
Ukomiswa/ukuthoswa kokugcina (干燥, gānzào): ukufinyelela esimweni esifanele ngokushisisa ngezigaba ezimbalwa, okuyinika itiye isimo saso «sokuthosa».

Umehluko oyisisekelo wetiye elithosiwe kwelomiswa ezikhalini (烘青) ukuthi lapho iqabunga lithintana nendawo eshisayo, kwenzeka ukusabela kwe-Maillard kanye nokucekelwa phansi okuncane okushisayo kukashukela nama-amino acid. Kungaleso sizathu-ke ukuthi izinhlobo ezithosiwe zizuza isimo sokugazingiwe nesama-kastanedi, kanti amatiye omiswe ezikhalini ahlala emasha futhi «eluhlaza» kakhudlwana. Imvamisa ukushisisa kokugcina ngenhloso yephunga kuchazwa ngokuthi 提香 (tíxiāng, «ukuphakamisa iphunga»).

6. Izici Zomzwelo Womzimba:

Iqabunga elomile: lisontekile, lisuka kokuluhlaza okumnyama kuya kokumpunga, ngokuvamile linobuso obungenakucwazimula; ukulingana nobumsulwa bengxenye kuncike ekuhlungweni.
Iphunga: inothi elaziwayo le-kastanedi nelokugazingiwe (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng, «iphunga le-kastanedi», noma kalula nje 栗香, lìxiāng), phezu kwesisekelo esiluhlaza, esinambitheka okusanhlamvu namantongomane.
Umbala wokugcwala: kusuka kokuphuzi okukhanyayo kuya koluhlaza ophuzi ogcwele, obala.
Ukunambitheka: kuminyene, kugcwele, kunokunambitheka okulingene (收敛性), ithoni yokugazingiwe kanye nobumnandi obubuyayo (回甘, huígān); ubucwephe bungenamandla kakhulu kunobamatiye asheshiswa ngesitimu nawomiswa ezikhalini.
Iqabunga elibilisiwe: liyagobeka, linombala olinganayo; umbala osheshayo «oshisiwe» noma obolile — kuwuphawu lwesici.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol etiye (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): ngokulinganiselwa ku-18–36% wesisindo esomile, imvamisa ebangeni lika-20–30%.
Ama-Catechin (儿茶素, érchásù): ingxenye enkulu yama-polyphenol, eningi le-EGCG.
I-Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): cishe ku-2–4%.
Ama-Amino acid akhululekile (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): cishe ku-1–4%, ingxenye ebalulekile iyi-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān).
Okunye: ama-chlorophyll, ushukela oncibilikayo, amavithamini (kuhlanganise no-C), izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi.

Isilinganiso sama-polyphenol nama-amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ) sinquma kakhulu ukulingana phakathi kokugcwala, ukunambitheka, nokuthamba kokugcwala. Iphunga lokugazingiwe lamatiye athosiwe libangelwa ngokuyinhloko ama-pyrazine (吡嗪, bǐqín) kanye neminye imikhiqizo yokusabela okushisayo, eyakheka ncamashi ezigabeni zokushisisa.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

Umsebenzi wokulwa nokuxhuma komoyampilo: unikezwa ama-catechin namanye ama-polyphenol.
Ukuqabula nokugxilisa ingqondo: inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-theanine inikeza ukuphaphama ngaphandle kwenjabulo esheshayo.
Ukusekela umzimba ekusebenziseni ukudla: kuxoxwa ngakho emongweni wokusebenzisa itiye eliluhlaza njalo ngesilinganiso.
Umphumela omncane wokuqabulayo: ngokwesiko kuthandwa lapho kushisa kakhulu.

Izici ezinikeziwe zikhombisa imibono ejwayelekile ngetiye eliluhlaza futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha. Ukusabela komuntu ngamunye kuncike ebuningini, emandleni, nasekuzweleni kwe-caffeine; abantu abanemingcele ye-caffeine kufanele bahlale benesilinganiso.

9. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye:

Izitsha: ingilazi engabonakali kahle (玻璃杯, bōlíbēi) — kulula ukubuka iqabunga; noma i-gaiwan yobumba (盖碗, gàiwǎn) yokuphalaza.
Amanzi: athambile, anamaminerali amancane; izinga lokushisa lingu-80–85 °C (empahleni eluhlaza ethambile kakhudlwana, kusondele ku-80 °C).
Ingilazi, indlela yansuku zonke: cishe amagremu angu-3 kumamililitha angu-200; kulula ukuthela iqabunga ngendlela «yokuphonsa okuphakathi» (中投, zhōngtóu) — kuqala amanzi amancane, bese kuba iqabunga, bese kugcwaliswa; ungamboza ngesembozo.
I-gaiwan, ngokuphalaza: amagremu angu-4–5 kumamililitha angu-100–120, amanzi angu-80–85 °C; ukuchitheka kokuqala imizuzwana engu-20–40, isikhathi bese sandiswa kancane kancane.
Inani lokuphalaza: ngokuvamile ukugcwala okuphelele oku-2–4.

Amatiye aluhlaza athosiwe azwela ekushiseni ngokweqile: amanzi abilayo «ashisa» iphunga futhi enze ukunambitheka kube mabi futhi kubabe. Uma ukugcwala kuba bukrakra obusongelayo, yehlisa izinga lokushisa, yehlisa isisindo noma ufinyeze isikhathi sokukhishwa.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Ubusha: itiye eliluhlaza lithandwa liselisha; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphunga liyafiphala, bese ukunambitheka «kuyahlala phansi».
Izimo: ukupakishwa okuvaleke kahle, indawo epholile, ukungabikho kokukhanya, amaphunga angaphandle, nomswakama.
Ifriji/Isiqandisi: kuvunyelwe kuphela uma kuvaleke ngokuphelele; ngaphambi kokuvula, iphakethe lilethwa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ukugwema ukujiya.
Isikhathi: cishe izinyanga eziyi-12–18 uma kugcinwe kahle; izinhlobo ezithosiwe zihlala isikhathi eside kunezomiswa ezikhalini, kodwa umthetho othi «okusha kuyinto enhle kakhulu» uyaqhubeka.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi:

Isigaba sentengo: amatiye aluhlaza athosiwe ezifunda, njengomthetho, awabizi kakhulu — lo ngumkhiqizo omningi, ome ngaphansi kakhulu kunezinhlobo «ezinegama» njenge-Longjing noma i-Biluochun (碧螺春, Bìluóchūn).
Yini evame ukwethulwa njengokuthile: itiye lonyaka owedlule okuthiwa liselisha lasentwasahlobo; ukuxuba amaqoqo amahhadla namancane kakhulu; ukudayiswa kwetiye elenziwe ngomshini ngokuthi «lenziwe ngesandla»; akuvamile — ukufakwa kombala nephunga lokudlalisa.
Ungahlola kanjani: hlola ubusha nobumsulwa bephunga (akufanele kube nethoni ebolile, enesiqhumane noma eshiswe ngokusobala), ukugqama kokugcwala okuphuzi nokuluhlaza (hhayi okungacacile, okunsundu), ukulingana nokugobeka kweqabunga elibilisiwe; iqabunga elomile eliluhlaza okuqhakazile ngokungemvelo kuyakwethusa.

Njengoba 「焦岭炒绿茶」 kuwuphawu lwendawo nobuchwepheshe kunokuba uhlobo oludumile oluseqophelweni eliphezulu, ubungozi lapha abuhlobene kangako nokwenziwa komgunyathi wegama elihlonishwayo, kodwa nokukhuphulwa kwezinga kanye nokwethulwa komkhiqizo ongasemusha noma owenziwe ngomshini ngokuthi ukhethiwe futhi wenziwe ngesandla. Isu elinengqondo — ukuthenga unyaka wamanje kumthengisi okulungele ukukhombisa iqabunga elomile, iphunga, neqabunga elibilisiwe.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Amatiye aluhlaza aseShayina iningi lawo athosiwe, kanti awaseJapane wona asheshiswa ngesitimu (蒸青); ngenxa yalokho kuba nomehluko wesimo: ukugazingiwe-nokwe-kastanedi kwawaseShayina kanye nokunambitheka kohlaza-«nolwandle» kwawaseJapane.
Iphunga le-kastanedi (板栗香) liwuhlobo lwe-«siginesha» yokuthosa okuyimpumelelo futhi ngenye yezinkomba zobungcweti.
Ukuguqukela okukhulu etiyeni elixegayo nelithosiwe ngenkathi yoMing kwahlela kabusha yonke isiko letiye, kwakhipha amaqebelengwane acindezelwe ezizukulwaneni zangaphambili.
Ngaphakathi kwesigaba esithosiwe, isimo seqabunga asikona ngengozi: ukusonteka okude, okuyindilinga, nokuyizicaba ngokomlando kukhiphe imindeni emithathu ehlukene yamatiye — «amashiya», «iparele» nezinhlobo eziyizicaba.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Ciyaoling chao lücha ingummeleli ophawulekayo womkhakha omkhulu futhi onganakwa kakhulu wetiye laseShayina: amatiye aluhlaza athosiwe ezifunda, angavamile ukuba yinto yentshisekelo yokuqoqwa, kodwa yiwo akha isiko letiye lansuku zonke lezwe. Ubuhle bawo — iphunga elaziwayo lokugazingiwe-nokwe-kastanedi, ukugcwala okuminyene nokumnandi, ukumelana nokuphalaza izikhathi ezimbalwa kanye nentengo enengqondo; isimo sawo sinqunywa ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe «bokuthosa» bokuqinisa nokomisa, hhayi igama elikhulu lendawo.

Ukukhuluma ngaleli tiye kufanele kwenziwe ngaphandle kokulindela okungavamile okuphakeme, kodwa ngokunaka ikhwalithi yeqoqo elithile: ubusha bonyaka wamanje, iphunga elihlanzekile ngaphandle kwamanothi ashisiwe nabobile, ukusonteka okunonophele, kanye nokugcwala okuphuzi nokuluhlaza okubalile kuzokhuluma okuningi ngalo kunanoma yiliphi igama esembalazweni. Ngokwenza itiye ngokucophelela ngamanzi ashisayo ngokulingene nangokuphalaza okufushane, liyazembula njengekhambi elithembekile, elifudumele ngesimo, leluhlaza lokuphuza njalo, hhayi lokukhangisa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea