Húběi Qīng Zhuān

IHúběi Qīng Zhuān iyinganekwane ye-Wànlǐ Chádào (万里茶道, Wànlǐ Chádào — “Indlela Yetiye Yamamayela Angamashumi Ayisigidi”), itiye elimnyama eliyisitini okwathi amakhulu amathathu eminyaka laliyitiye eliyinhloko laseShayina elalithunyelwa eMongolia naseRashiya. Mhlawumbe iyona kuphela itiye laseShayina elishiye umkhondo walo emlandweni wobudlelwano bezohwebo phakathi kweRashiya neShayina ngendlela ejulile njengosilika nopholishi. Ilogo edumile ethi «川» (chuān — “umfula”), enyatheliswa ohlangothini olungaphambili lwesitini, ingenye yezimpawu zokuhweba ezindala eziqhubekayo emhlabeni. I-Qīng Zhuān ikhiqizwa edolobheni iXiánníng (咸宁市, Xiánníng Shì), esifundazweni sase-Húběi, futhi kusukela ngo-2014 inesimo somkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sikazwelonke sendawo yokukhiqiza (国家地理标志产品). Ngawo lowo nyaka yafakwa ku-“Rejista Yezimpawu Zendawo Zokukhiqiza Ye-EU neShayina” (中欧地理标志保护名录), kwathi ngo-2024 yafakwa ohlwini lokuphromothwa kwezimpawu zendawo yokukhiqiza ngaphansi kwesinyathelo se-“Bhande Elilodwa Nendlela Eyodwa”.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nokuvela Kwendawo:

• Uhlobo: Itiye elenziwe ngemuva kokuvutshelwa, lingaphansi kwesigaba se-Hēichá (黑茶, Hēichá — “itiye elimnyama”). Licindezelwe (紧压茶, jǐnyā chá) libe yisitini esiyinxande. Ngokwezinga lokucindezela — lingelinye lamatiye aminyene kakhulu phakathi kwawo wonke ama-Hēichá, okunikeza amandla akhethekile okukhuliswa nokulondolozwa ukuze kube mnandi.
• Isigaba: I-Húběi itiye elimnyama lesitini. Ngokomlando lingaphansi kwamatiye asemngceleni (边销茶, biānxiāo chá) — imikhiqizo eyayihloselwe ukuhwebelana nezizwe zabadlwenguli zase-Inner Asia. Kanye nokuba itiye elithunyelwa ngaphandle (外销茶, wàixiāo chá), elithunyelwa eRashiya naseYurophu amakhulu eminyaka.
• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Húběi (湖北, Húběi), idolobha iXiánníng (咸宁市, Xiánníng Shì). Ukukhiqizwa kugxile ezifundeni ze-Chìbì (赤壁市, Chìbì Shì), i-Xián’ān (咸安区), i-Tōngshān (通山县), i-Chóngyáng (崇阳县) ne-Tōngchéng (通城县).
• Izixhumanisi zeJografi: Cishe 29°–30° N, 113°–114° E.
• Amagama ahlukile: «川字砖 Chuān-zì Zhuān» (“isitini esinombhalo othi ‘川’”) — ngophawu lwezentengiso; Lǎo Qīng Chá (老青茶, Lǎo Qīng Chá) — ngegama lempahla eluhlaza; Dòng Chá (洞茶, Dòng Chá) — ngesikhungo somlando sokukhiqiza — idolobhana iYánglóudòng (羊楼洞, Yánglóudòng).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando:
  • Ubukhosi iTang (唐, 618–907 CE) — umsuka: Ngenkathi yobuTang isifunda saseChìbì (ngaleso sikhathi i-Púqí, 蒲圻) saqokwa njenge “gceke lasensimini” (园户, yuánhù) lokukhiqiza itiye. I-“Dòngchá” (洞茶) yendawo yafakwa ohlwini lwamatiye anethosiwe (贡茶).
  • ISong–Yuan (宋–元, X–XIV eminyaka) — izinhlobo zokuqala: EYánglóudòng, esezansi kwentaba iSōngfēng (松峰山), kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elicindezelwe. Itiye lesitini lalisetshenziselwa ukuhwebelana ngamahhashi namaMongol.
  • IMing (明, 1368–1644) — “ibhokisi lesigqoko”: Phakathi nokubusa kukaYǒnglè (永乐, 1403–1424) eYánglóudòng kwasungulwa i-“Mào Hé Chá” (帽盒茶, mào hé chá — “itiye ngebhokisi lesigqoko”) — okuyisibonelo sokuqala se-Qīng Zhuān yanamuhla. Abathengisi baseShānxī (晋商, Jìnshāng) basungula ubucukuzi nokuhlela, bathumela itiye e-Inner Mongolia nangasenyakatho.
  • IQing (清, 1644–1912) — ukuchuma kanye ne-Wànlǐ Chádào (万里茶道): Ngo-1728, ngemva kokusayinwa kweSivumelwano saseKyakhta (恰克图条约, Qiàkètú Tiáoyuē) phakathi kweRashiya neShayina yobuQing, abathengisi baseShānxī baguqula “Mào Hé Chá” baba isakhiwo sesitini esaziwayo esinesitembu esithi «川» — kanjalo kwasungulwa i-Qīng Zhuān yesimanje. Itiye lalithunyelwa lisuka eYánglóudòng ngomkhumbi lidlula eHànkǒu (汉口), bese kuba indlela yomhlaba edlula eZhāngjiākǒu (张家口) naseKùlún (库伦, manje yi-Ulan Bator) kuze kufike eKyakhta (恰克图), bese kuthi kusuka lapho lidlule eSiberia liye eMoscow naseSaint Petersburg. Ubude bomzila bufinyelela cishe ku-14 000 km.
  • Ukuphakama kokuhwebelana (1910–1915): Ngalesi sikhathi ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwakufinyelela kumabhokisi angu-48 000 (cishe amathani angu-26 000), okwakucishe kube ngama-60% ayo yonke imithumela yetiye yaseShayina eya eRashiya. IYánglóudòng — idolobhana elincane elingaphansi kwe-2 km² — lalihlala amahhovisi etiye angaphezu kuka-200 (茶庄, cházhuāng), kuhlanganise nabaseRussia, abaseNgilandi nabaseJalimane, kanye nenani labantu elingaphezu kuka-40 000. Lathola igama lesidlaliso elithi “Hànkǒu Encane” (小汉口).
  • Inkathi yesimanje: Ngo-2014 i-Qīng Zhuān yangena ku-“Rejista Yezimpawu Zendawo Zokukhiqiza Ye-EU neShayina”. Ngo-2020 kwasungulwa i-Hubei Qing Zhuan Industry Development Group (湖北青砖茶产业发展集团), eyahlanganisa abakhiqizi abahamba phambili. Ngo-2024 itiye lafakwa ohlwini lokuphromothwa kwezimpawu zendawo yokukhiqiza ngaphansi kwesinyathelo se-“Bhande Elilodwa Nendlela Eyodwa”.
• Igama:
  • “Qīng” (青) — “luhlaza okotshani”. Likhomba umbala othile wezinto zokusetshenziswa (老青茶, lǎo qīng chá — “itiye eliluhlaza elimdala”), ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza isitini.
  • “Zhuān” (砖) — “isitini”.
  • “川” (chuān) — uphawu lwezentengiso, olugxivizwe ohlangothini olungaphambili lwesitini. Imigqa emithathu eqondile imelela “imifula emithathu” noma “izindlela ezintathu” (izindlela ezintathu zokuhwebelana), okwakuthunyelwa ngazo itiye lisuka eYánglóudòng liye emhlabeni wonke.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Qīng Zhuān “yisitini esakha i-Wànlǐ Chádào (万里茶道)”. Yiyona eyayiyisithuthi esiyinhloko ku-Indlela Enkulu Yetiye, eyayihlanganisa iNingizimu yeShayina neRashiya neYurophu futhi efaniswa ngokubaluleka komlando neSilk Road. Emathafeni aseMongolia nasemahhanini amaBuryat, i-Qīng Zhuān amakhulu eminyaka yayiyi-“imali yehlathi” — yayishintshwa ngezinkomo, izikhumba nesiliva. ERashiya yekhulu le-19, itiye laseKyakhta “lesitini” laliyisiphuzo esaziwayo kabanzi, kanti izinsalela zalo zazisetshenziselwa ukutshaya (eSiberia). Amagandayi amadala aseYánglóudòng agcina imisele ejulile evela ezinqoleni “zamaqhude” (鸡公车, jīgōng chē) — izinqola ezinamasondo amunye okwakuthuthwa ngazo izitini ziye emkhunjini. Le mikhondo iyisibonakaliso esibonakalayo sesikali sokuhwebelana.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Inhlobo / I-cultivar: Inhlobo yendawo enamahlamvu amancane emvelo yase Ningizimu Húběi (鄂南本地群体种, Ènán běndì qúntǐ zhǒng) — Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Ikhiqiza amahlamvu amancane anobuncanyana obukhulu namandla okugcina umswakama; ifanelekele ukumiliswa okujulile. Amasimu amasha atshalwa ngokwengeziwe nge-cultivar Fúdǐng Dà Bái (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng Dà Bái) ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo.
• Ukuvuna: Ihlobo nekwindla yinkathi eyinhloko. Ukuze kutholakale ungqimba olusezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu “lwangaphambili” (洒面, sǎ miàn) kusetshenziswa izinto ezisencane; kuthi ungqimba lwangaphakathi (里茶, lǐ chá) kube amahlamvu avuthiwe amaholo aneziqu.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Amahlamvu avuthiwe aneziqu eziqina (红梗, hóng gěng — “iziqu ezibomvu” noma 青梗, qīng gěng — “iziqu eziluhlaza”). Ngokwesiko amahlamvu aqale aphathwe ngomshini “ukuwoshwa kabili — ukusontwa kabili — ukomiswa kabili” (二炒二揉二晒) ngqo emasimini.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlukaniswa izendlalelo ezintathu, ngasinye sinezidingo ezihlukile:
  • Sān-sì miàn / Sǎ miàn (三四面 / 洒面): Ungqimba lwangaphambili lwesitini. Amahlamvu amnene aneziqu eziluhlaza; umbala uluhlaza okotshani omnyama ocwebezelayo.
  • Èr miàn (二面): Ungqimba oluphakathi. Amahlamvu aphakathi ngokuvuthwa aneziqu ezibomvana; isimo esidingekayo siwukuba abunjwe kahle futhi aqine.
  • Lǐ chá (里茶): Ungqimba lwangaphakathi. Amahlamvu amaholo onyakeni onamaziko aqine agcwele abomvu; anikela ngokuminyana, amandla nokunambitheka okugcwele.

4. Indawo Yokutshala Nezici Zokukhula:

Isifunda saseXiánníng — iNingizimu Húběi — saziwa njengenye yezindawo zendabuko zokutshala itiye eShayina, enesimo sezulu esipholile nemvula eningi.

• Indawo: Izwe elinamagquma lezintaba zaseNingizimu Húběi, indawo yenguquko phakathi kweJianghan Plain nezintaba iMùfù (幕阜山脉).
• Ukuphakama lapho kutshalwa khona: 500–800 amamitha ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
• Isimo sezulu: IMonsoon esubtropiki. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngonyaka 16–18°C, izilinganiso zonyaka zemvula zingaphezu kuka-1500 mm, umswakama ophelele ungaphezu kuka-78%. Indawo ihlala igcwele amafu nenkungu ingxenye enkulu yonyaka, okunikeza ukukhanya okusakazekile — okuhle kakhulu ekunqwabelaneni kwezinqamuleli ezinika amandla kanye nezinto ezinephunga elimnandi emahlamvini.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi ene-acidic emincane yamagquma (黄壤, huáng rǎng), i-pH 4.5–6.5, enamazinga aphakeme e-zinc ne-selenium. Amahlathi amboze ngaphezu kuka-60%.
• Isici esikhethekile sendawo: Indawo ewumgogodla yokutshala eYánglóudòng — iLǎoyīng Yán (老鹰岩, Lǎoyīng Yán, “Idwala Lokhozi Oludala”) — itholakala endaweni enehlathi lasendulo, okunikeza umthunzi wemvelo nokuvikelwa emoyeni.

5. Ubucwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Qīng Zhuān kungenye yezinqubo ezinde nezidinga ukusebenza kakhulu embonini yetiye: kusukela ekuvunweni kwamaqabunga kuze kufike esitini esilungile kudlula izinyanga ezingaphezu kwengxenye yonyaka, futhi itiye lidlula emisebenzini engaphezu kuka-70 yobucukuzi ngaphakathi kwezigaba eziyisithupha eziyinhloko.

• Ukuvunwa nokuphathwa kokuqala (初制, chūzhì): Emasimini kwenziwa “ukuwoshwa kabili—ukusontwa kabili—ukomiswa kabili” (二炒二揉二晒): iqabunga liwoshwa kabili emgodleni (杀青), lisontwe kabili futhi lomiswe elangeni kabili. Umkhiqizo oyingxenye otholakalayo ubizwa ngokuthi “lǎo qīng chá” (老青茶).
• Ukumiliswa okumanzi (渥堆发酵, wòduī fājiào): Lesi yisigaba esimaphakathi neside kunazo zonke. I-lǎo qīng chá ibekwa ngezindunduma ezinkulu futhi igcinwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-60. Lokhu kungenye yezindlela ezinde kakhulu ze-wòduī (渥堆) phakathi kwawo wonke ama-Hēichá. Ngalesi sikhathi izilwanyana ezincane (isikhunta, ama-actinomycetes, amagciwane) zenza ukuguqulwa okujulile kwezinto eziphilayo kuma-polyphenol nama-cellulose, kwakheke i-chénxiāng (陈香 — iphunga lokulondolozwa) nokunambitheka okumnandi okupholile.
• Ukulondolozwa (陈化, chénhuà): Ngemva kwe-wòduī (渥堆) izinto zokusetshenziswa zibuye zilondolozwe ukuze kuzinze ikhwalithi.
• Ukuhlanganiswa nokuxubaniswa (复制拼配, fùzhì pīnpèi): Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emaqoqeni nasezigabeni ezahlukene ziyaxutshwa. Ukuze kube nesitini ngasinye, “ungqimba lwangaphambili” (洒面), “olusezingeni eliphakathi” (二面) kanye “nolwangaphakathi” (里茶) kukhethwa ngokuhlukile.
• Ukufuthwa (蒸制, zhēngzhì): Ukufuthwa isikhashana ngesitimu esiphezulu (闪蒸, shǎn zhēng) ukuze kuthambiswe iqabunga.
• Ukucindezelwa (紧压定型, jǐnyā dìngxíng): Ukubeka izendlalelo (洒面 — ngaphandle, 二面 — phakathi nendawo, 里茶 — ngaphakathi) nokucindezela ngaphansi kwengcindezi ecishe ibe ngamathani angu-100. Lokhu kunikeza ukuminyana okubhekwa njengokuphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwawo wonke ama-Hēichá, futhi ngenxa yalokho — amandla amade kakhulu okulondolozwa ukuze kube mnandi.
• Ukomiswa (烘干, hōnggān): Ukomiswa kancane ngomlilo ophansi (文火, wén huǒ) cishe amahora angu-30.
• Ukupakishwa (包装, bāozhuāng): Izitini eziphelele zipakishwa ngephepha le-kraft.

Ubukhulu obujwayelekile besitini esiphelele: 34 × 17 × 4 cm, isisindo siyahlukahluka (imvamisa 1.7–2 kg).

6. Izimpawu Zezinzwa:

• Ukubukeka kwetiye elomile: Isitini esikhulu esiyinxande esinombhalo ocacile othi «川» ohlangothini olungaphambili. Umbala — 青褐 (qīng hè, “nsundu nlaza”), ingaphezulu lesigaba esikhethekile lingase limbozwe ngoboya obuncane obusagolide (金毫). Ukumumatha — kuminyene, okuqinile; isitini sizwa sinesisindo. Isitembu sokucindezela sicacile.
• Iphunga letiye elomile: I-chénxiāng (陈香) ehlanzekile — iphunga elimnandi nelipholile, elivuthiwe elinamanothi enhlamvu ezomile nokuphawuleka okuncane kwamakhowe (菌花香, jūnhuā xiāng — “iphunga lembali yekhowe”), okubangelwa ukumiliswa isikhathi eside. Ezitini ezigugile (iminyaka engu-10+) kuvela i-mùxiāng (木香, mù xiāng — iphunga le-sandalwood endala noma i-cedar) ecacile.
• Iphunga lokumpompomisa: Ligcwele futhi lifudumele. I-chénxiāng iyabusa; lapho inkomishi iphola kuba khona i-chángbēixiāng (长杯香, chángbēi xiāng — “iphunga elihlala njalo lenkomishi ebandayo”) — iphunga elincane, elimnandi eliqhubekayo, okuthiwa lingelinye lezimpawu zekhwalithi ye-Qīng Zhuān.
• Ukunambitheka: 醇厚 (chúnhòu — “ogcwele noluhlanganiswe kahle”), 甘滑 (gān huá — “omnandi nolulazayo”). Ama-polyphenol awona angaphansi kuka-25%, okunikeza “isakhiwo” esanele sokunambitheka, kodwa ngenxa yokumiliswa kwezinyanga ezimbili, ubukrakra buguqulwe ngokuphelele baba ukumumatha okupholile, okunjengovelvet. Ubumnandi bujulile, “bunjengezithelo” (ngenxa yokugcwala kwama-pectin). I-aftertaste (回甘) inde futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
• Umbala wokumpompomisa: Ubomvu ophuzi, okhanyayo futhi osobala (红黄明亮, hóng huáng míng liàng). Izibonelo ezincane zinikeza umbala ophuzi; ezigugile zinombala obomvu kakhulu, onjenge-ruby.
• Insimbi yetiye (iqabunga eliphekwe kakade): Amaqabunga ansundu aneziqu ezibonakalayo; ukumumatha kupholile, kodwa akudangalanga.

7. Ukuhlangana Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol: ≥ 25%. Kuningi okuphuma ekungcoleni okujulile — ama-theaflavin (茶黄素, cháhuángsù) nama-theabrownin (茶褐素, cháhèsù). Ama-theaflavin avimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-cholesterol, okuyisisekelo somphumela wokwehlisa amafutha.
• Ama-Pectin: Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-pectin kunikeza “ubushelelezi” bokunambitheka kanye nomphumela wokuvikela ulwelwesi lwesisu.
• Ama-Amino acid: I-L-theanine, i-glutamic acid, i-aspartic acid — zakha ubumnandi obupholile.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine (ngesilinganiso esimaphakathi), i-theobromine, i-theophylline.
• Ama-Polysaccharide: Ama-polysaccharide etiye (茶多糖, chá duōtáng) — adlala indima ekulawuleni izinga le-glucose egazini.
• Amavithamini: C, B1, B2, PP, A.
• Amaminerali: I-Zinc, i-selenium (ukugcwala okuphezulu ngenxa yenhlabathi yendawo), i-potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-manganese.
• I-Microbiome: Ngesikhathi se-wòduī (渥堆) yezinsuku ezingama-60, kwakheka umphakathi wezilwanyana ezincane ohlukile, okhiqizwayo wawo (ama-organic acid, ama-enzyme) okunquma iphrofayili yokunambitheka kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezinempilo zetiye.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Ukweqa amafutha (消食): Ukusebenza kahle kokweqa amafutha ngama-polyphenol e-Qīng Zhuān, ngokwezilinganiso eziningana, kuphindwe kabili kunalokho kwetiye eliluhlaza. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthandwa kwetiye amakhulu eminyaka phakathi kwabalusi bezinkomo baseMongolia nase-Asia Emaphakathi.
• Ukwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol (去肥腻): Ama-theaflavin (茶黄素) avimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-cholesterol, kusiza ekugcineni iphrofayili yamafutha enempilo.
• Ukulawula “okuphakeme okuthathu” (降三高): Ngokusho kocwaningo lwanamuhla, i-Qīng Zhuān egugile (iminyaka engu-10+) inomthelela obalulekile kumazinga e-glucose (血糖), amafutha (血脂) ne-uric acid (尿酸) egazini.
• Ukusiza ukugaya: Ama-pectin namakhemikhali aphilayo akhuthaza amathumbu amboza ulwelwesi lwesisu, akhuthaze ukunyakaza kwamathumbu.
• Ukuvikela nge-antioxidant: Ama-polyphenol nama-theabrownin anciphisa ama-radical mahhala.
• Umphumela wokufudumala: Isici setiye esifudumele, “sasezimbalini” — ngokwesiko siyathandwa emathafeni nasezintabeni.
• Ukusekela amasotsha omzimba: I-Zinc, i-selenium namavithamini eqembu B aqinisa imisebenzi yokuzivikela yomzimba.

9. Ukupheka:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 100°C (amanzi abilayo ngokuphelele).
• Inani letiye: 5–8 g ngamamililitha angu-500 amanzi.
• Izitsha: Iketela lekhramiki noma iketela lokupheka (煮茶器, zhǔ chá qì). Ngendlela yokuthululela — i-gaiwan noma iketela le-Yixing.
• Inqubo (indlela yokupheka — ehlongozwayo):
  1. Qhafaza isiqephu esingama-5-8 g esitini usebenzisa ummese wetiye.
  2. Ukugeza: thela amanzi abilayo, yima imizuzwana engu-10, thulula. Lokhu kususa uthuli futhi “kuvuse” iqabunga.
  3. Thela amamililitha angu-500 amanzi, ulethe emathangeni, upheke imizuzu emi-3.
  4. Thela ngesihlungi.
  5. Ungangeza amanzi futhi upheke kaningi — kuze kube izikhathi ezi-3, wandise isikhathi.
• Inqubo (indlela yokuthululela):
  1. Shisa i-gaiwan.
  2. Faka 7-8 g ngamamililitha angu-150.
  3. Geza kanye ngamanzi abilayo (imizuzwana engu-10).
  4. Ukuthululela kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-20-30.
  5. Okulandelayo — ngokwengeza ngemizuzwana engu-5-10.
  6. Imelana nokuthululela okungu-10-15.

10. Ukugcinwa:

I-Qīng Zhuān ingelinye lamatiye anamandla amakhulu okulondolozwa phakathi kwawo wonke ama-Hēichá, ngenxa yokuminyana okwedlulele kokucindezela kwayo.

• Indawo: Eyomile, enomnyama, enomoya, ekude namaphunga angaphandle.
• Izinga lokushisa: Lasekamelweni (15–25°C).
• Umswakama: 50–70%.
• Isiqukathi: Iphepha le-kraft. Ukuvaleka ngokuphelele akuhlongozwa — itiye kufanele “liphefumule” ukuze kuqhubeke ukumiliswa ngemuva.
• Izitha zetiye: Umswakama, amaphunga angaphandle, ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile.
• Amandla okulondolozwa: Cishe awanamkhawulo. Izitini ezinokulondolozwa kweminyaka engu-10 zibonisa ukuthuthuka okukhulu kokunambitheka; izibonelo ezinezikhathi eziyi-20-50 zeminyaka ziyathandwa kakhulu ngabaqoqi. Ukulondolozwa isikhathi eside kukhulisa umphumela “wokwehlisa okuphakeme okuthathu” (降三高).

11. Intengo Nokwenziwa Okumbi:

• Isigaba senani: Kuyahlukahluka kakhulu:
  • Isigaba sesibili (里茶, umkhiqizo omningi): kusuka ku-50 yuan/500g — itiye lansuku zonke elifinyeleleka kalula.
  • Isigaba sokuqala (二面): 200–500 yuan/500g.
  • Isigaba esikhethekile (洒面 ≥ 30%, uboya basagolide): kusuka ku-1000 yuan/500g.
  • Izibonelo ezigugile (iminyaka engu-10-50): inani lenyuka ngokunedlulele.
• Izinto ezithinta inani: Isigaba sezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nesilinganiso sezendlalelo, iminyaka yokulondolozwa, uphawu lomkhiqizo (izimpawu ezidumile — «川» (Zhàolǐqiáo), «Yánglóudòng», «Chángchéngchuān»), unyaka wokukhiqiza.
• Indlela yokugwema okumbi:
  • Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile: Izimpawu ze-«川» (赵李桥茶厂), «Yánglóudòng» (羊楼洞茶业), «Dòngzhuāng» (洞庄茶业) — zithembakele kakhulu. Thenga ezitolo ezikhethekile noma ngqo kubakhiqizi.
  • Hlola ukubukeka kwangaphandle: Isitini kufanele siminyene, sinesisindo, sinombhalo ocacile othi «川». Umbala — i-qīng hè elinganayo. Imifantu, ukungaqini, isikhunta esimhlophe noma esiluhlaza — kuyizimpawu ezixwayisayo.
  • Hlola iphunga: I-chénxiāng ehlanzekile, mhlawumbe nephawuleka elincane lekhowe. Ukunuka, i-acid, umswakama “wasegunjini” — akwamukelekile.
  • Hlola ukumpompomisa: Ubomvu ophuzi, okhanyayo, osobala. Ukubandakanyeka kuwuphawu lwesici.
  • Inkomishi ebandayo (长杯香): Iphunga elihlala njalo, elimnandi enkomishini epholile — ingenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko ze-Qīng Zhuān yangempela enekhwalithi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Imali yehlathi: Ekhulwini le-19 eMongolia naseBuryatia, itiye lesitini lalisebenza njengendlela yokukhokha kanye nesiliva. Ngenxa yemvu eyodwa kwakunikezwa inani elithile lezitini ezinophawu «川»; ngehhashi — ngenani elikhulu ngokuhlobana.
• Imikhondo ematsheni: Emigwaqweni yamatshe aseYánglóudòng yasendulo kusabonakala imisele ejulile — imikhondo evela ku-“jīgōng chē” (鸡公车, “izinqola zamaqhude”) — izinqola ezinamasondo amunye okwakuthuthwa ngazo izitini ziye esikhumulweni somfula. Le mikhondo iyisibonakaliso esibonakalayo sesikali sokuhwebelana: ngalesi sidolobhana esincane kwakudlula amathani amashumi ezinkulungwane etiye minyaka yonke.
• «川» — olunye lwezimpawu ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni: Uphawu lwezentengiso oluthi «川», olunamatheliselwe ohlangothini olungaphambili lwesitini, lusetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1728 — okungukuthi cishe iminyaka engu-300. Lesi ngesinye sezimpawu zentengiso ezindala kunazo zonke eziqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke.
• Itiye nezokuxhumana namazwe: I-Qīng Zhuān yadlala indima ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe. ISivumelwano saseKyakhta sango-1727, ngaphandle kokubeka umngcele, salawula ngqo ukuhwebelana kwetiye. Kamuva, ngesikhathi se-“万里茶道”, itiye lesitini laba ngelinye lamaqalabala ambalwa ahamba ngokusemthethweni nangobuningi bewela umngcele weRashiya neShayina.
• Ama-60% okuthunyelwa ngaphandle: Phakathi kokuphakama (1910–1915) itiye laseYánglóudòng lalicishe libe ngama-60% ayo yonke imithumela yetiye yaseShayina eya eRashiya — idolobhana elilodwa elincane lalihlinzeka itiye ingxenye enkulu yoMbuso WaseRussia.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Ama-Hei Cha:

• Ānhuà Hēi Zhuān (安化黑砖, Ānhuà Hēi Zhuān): Itiye lesitini laseHunan elivela esifundeni saseĀnhuà. Likhiqizwa ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphakathi neliphansi, kodwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esinezendlalelo (洒面–二面–里茶) esiyisici se-Qīng Zhuān. Ukunambitheka kulula kakhulu, kuqondile. I-Qīng Zhuān ihlukile ngokuthi inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana, ukumiliswa isikhathi eside (izinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-60 uma kuqhathaniswa nezingu-~30 ku-Ānhuà) kanye “nephunga lenkomishi ebandayo” eliqhubekayo.
• Fú Zhuān Chá (茯砖茶, Fú Zhuān Chá): Itiye lesitini laseHunan eline-“Izimbali Zasagolide” (Eurotium cristatum). I-Fú Zhuān ipholile kakhulu, inamanothi amakhowe namakinati; i-Qīng Zhuān ihleleke kakhulu, “ngokwakha” ngokunambitheka, enohlaka olucashile lwama-tannin ne-aftertaste ende.
• Kāng Zhuān (康砖, Kāng Zhuān): Itiye lesitini laseSichuan elenzelwe imakethe yaseTibet. I-Kāng Zhuān imaholo futhi “iyasebenziseka kakhulu”, ihloselwe ukuphekwa kwetiye elinamafutha. I-Qīng Zhuān icwengekile kakhulu, inesakhiwo esinezendlalelo ezintathu namandla okuphekwa ngokuthululela okucolekileyo.
• Liùbǎo Chá (六堡茶, Liùbǎo Chá): I-Hei Chá yaseGuangxi enamanothi anomhlabathi kanye “nawasegunjini” acacile. I-Liùbǎo “ingeyeseningizimu” ngokwemvelo, inomswakama futhi inesisindo; i-Qīng Zhuān “ingeyasenyakatho” kakhulu, yomile futhi ihlanzekile ngephrofayili.

14. Isiko Lokusetshenziswa:

• Itiye lobisi laseMongolia (蒙古奶茶, Měnggǔ nǎichá): Indlela yakudala yokusebenzisa i-Qīng Zhuān emakethe yayo yomlando yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Itiye liyaphekwa kuze kube nombala ogcwele, bese kufakwa ubisi (lwenkomo noma lwamahhashi), usawoti, ngezinye izikhathi — ibhotela likapheya namafutha omsila onamafutha. Kuvela isiphuzo esinama-calories amaningi, esifudumezayo.
• Ukumpompomisa okuhlanzekile: Abathandi besimanje baya ngokwengeziwe bepheka i-Qīng Zhuān ngendlela yokuthululela — ngaleyo ndlela kwembulwa izinhlangothi eziyimfihlo zokunambitheka okuhlukahlukene.
• Ukuhambisana nokudla: Iyamangalisa kakhulu ngenyama enamafutha, oshizi, amakinati, izithelo ezomisiwe, i-halva.
• Isikhathi sosuku: Ngenxa ye-caffeine emaphakathi nesici esicacile “sokufudumala”, ilungele noma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku, ikakhulukazi — amathisane ekwindla nasebusika.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Húběi Qīng Zhuān iyitiye elaxhumanisa iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba lokho kube yinto evamile. Umlando wayo ungumlando we-Wànlǐ Chádào (万里茶道), umzila wokuhwebelana ongamakhilomitha angu-14 000, lapho izigidi zezitini ezinesitembu esithi «川» zazithatha uhambo lwezinyanga eziningi zisuka eYánglóudòng encane zinqamula emathafeni aseMongolia ziye ezitolo zetiyose zaseMoscow nasezimzini zasePetersburg. Namuhla enkomishini ye-Qīng Zhuān egugile umuntu uyakwazi ukuzwa izinsalela zale nkathi: ukumpompomisa okuminyene, okunjengovelvet okunombala obomvu onensipho, i-chénxiāng efudumele enephawuleka lekhowe kanye ne-aftertaste ende, emnandi ehlala ingenasiphelo njengezindlela zamathafa oMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiyeyi. Kulabo abafuna itiye elinomlando — hhayi oqanjiweyo, kodwa owangempela, olotshwe eziVumelwaneni Zamazwe Ngamazwe, oqoshwe emisele yamatshe emigwaqweni yasendulo — i-Qīng Zhuān isalokhu iyindlela engenakuqhathaniswa.