Huángshān Máo Fēng · new.thetea.app

Huángshān Máo Fēng (黄山毛峰, Huángshān máo fēng) — omunye wamatiye amakhulu ayishumi aseShayina (中国十大名茶, Zhōngguó Shí Dà Míng Chá), ikhadi lokuvakasha lesifundazwe sase-Anhui kanye nesilinganiso sesigaba se-hōngqīng (烘青, hōngqīng) — amatiye aluhlaza omisiwe ngendlela yokufudumeza. Lidaliwe ngo-1875 ngumthengisi wetiye uXiè Zhèng’ān (谢正安, Xiè Zhèng’ān), leli tiye selihambe ibanga kusukela emkhiqizweni wendawo wase-Huīzhōu (徽州) laya ekubeni uphawu lwamasiko etiye laseShayina, emukelwe ezingeni le-UNESCO. Izici zalo ezaziwayo — ukuma okufana nolimi lwenkonjane, umbala wephondo lendlovu oneqabunga legolide le-«yúyè» (鱼叶, yúyè) nephunga elihlanganisa amanothi e-orchid, i-chestnut nenkungu yasezintabeni.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavuthisiwe). Isigaba esingaphansi — hōngqīng (烘青, hōngqīng), okusho itiye eliluhlaza elomiswe ekugcineni ngokushisa (ngokuhlukile kwi-chǎoqīng/炒青 — amatiye aluhlaza agazingiwe njenge-Lóngjǐng).
Isigaba: Amatiye adumile aseShayina (中国十大名茶). Yingxenye «yabayishumi abakhulu» kusukela ngo-1955. Kungumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ethile (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn) ngokuvumelana nezinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 19460-2008 «Huángshān Máofēng Chá» (黄山毛峰茶).
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽省, Ānhuī Shěng), idolobha i-Huángshān (黄山市, Huángshān Shì). Indawo evikelwe yophawu lwendawo ihlanganisa izifunda i-Huīzhōu (徽州区, Huīzhōu Qū), i-Huángshān (黄山区, Huángshān Qū), izigodi i-Shè (歙县, Shè Xiàn), i-Xiūníng (休宁县, Xiūníng Xiàn) ne-Yī (黟县, Yī Xiàn). Indawo yomlando nesizinda somkhiqizo — idolobhana i-Fùxī (富溪乡, Fùxī Xiāng) esigodini sase-Shè, ikakhulukazi isigodi esincane i-Chōngtóuyuán (充头源, Chōngtóuyuán, namuhla — iqembu lase-Chōngchuān 充川 edolobhaneni lase-Xīntián 新田村).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 30.13° N, 118.16° E (inkomba — indawo yentaba i-Huángshān).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando:

Indawo yasezintabeni i-Huángshān ibidume ngetiye kudala ngaphambi kokuvela kwegama elithi «Máo Fēng». Kakade, «Incwadi Yetiye» (茶经, Cháijīng) yesazi setiye saseTang uLù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ, ngekhulu lesi-8) ikhuluma nge-«tiye lase-Shèzhōu» (歙州茶). Umbhali wakwa-Ming uXǔ Cìshū (许次纾, Xǔ Cìshū) encwadini yakhe «Cháshū» (茶疏, Cháshū) wayeveza ukuthi «ezweni lonke izintaba ezidumile zizalisa utshani obumangalisayo», ebeka itiye lase-Huángshān ezingeni elifanayo neLóngjǐng neSōngluó. Ngokwe-«Huángshān zhì» (黄山志, «Imibhalo ngezintaba zaseHuángshān»), eduze kwenhlangano i-Liánhuāān (莲花庵) izindela zazilima itiye emifantwini yamatshe, elibizwa nge-«Huángshān yúnwù chá» (黄山云雾茶, «itiye lasefu laseHuángshān») — okuyilo okuyisandulela somlando sikaMáo Fēng.

Uqobo lwalo uHuángshān Máo Fēng lwalidalwa ngo-1875 (unyaka wokuqala wokubusa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo sikaGuāngxù/光绪 wezikhathi ze-Qing). Umthengisi wetiye uXiè Zhèng’ān (谢正安, 1838–1910), owazalelwa edolobhaneni elithi Cáoxī (漕溪, manje osekuyiFùxī) esigodini sase-Shè, ehlose ukwakha umkhiqizo ongakwazi ukuncintisana emakethe yaseShanghai, waya mathupha ezingadini eziphakeme zase-Chōngchuān (充川) nase-Tāngkǒu (汤口), wakhetha amahlumela athambile kakhulu akusasa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kwathi ngemva kokugaywa ngokucophelela wathola itiye lohlobo olusha. Njengoba iqabunga eseliphekiwe laligcwele uboya obumhlophe (白毫, báiháo), kanti izihloko zamahlumela zazifana neziqongo zezintaba, uXiè Zhèng’ān walibiza nge-«Máo Fēng» (毛峰, «iziqongo ezinoboya»), wabe esengeza ukuxhumana nendawo — «Huángshān». Ibheji yokuqala yathengiswa e-Shanghai ngehhovisi lakhe letiye elithi «Xiè Yùdà» (谢裕大茶行, Xiè Yùdà Cháháng), yathola ukutuswa okukhulu futhi yalithatha ngokushesha imakethe — eminyakeni embalwa itiye laduma hhayi kuphela e-Shanghai naseManchuria kodwa naphakathi kwabathengi baseYurophu.

Ngo-1937, i-«Shèxiàn zhì» (歙县志, «Umbhalo Wesigodi Sase-Shè») yabhalela ukuthi: «Máo Fēng — itiye lamahlumela; eningizimu — lase-Gàiyuán, empumalanga — lase-Tiáolǐng, enyakatho — lase-Huángshān; wonke umhlaba uyalizalisa, kodwa thatha lase-Huángshān liyiphakeme kakhulu, abanye abakwazi ukuqhathaniseka nawo ngombala, ngephunga noma ngokunambitheka.» Kodwa-ke izimpi nokucekelwa phansi okwalandela kwaholela ekucisheni kunqanyulwe ukukhiqiza: abalimi basezintabeni babethengisa itiye ngosawoti nelayisi.

Emuva kuka-1949, ukuvuselelwa kwaqala. Ngo-1955 uHuángshān Máo Fēng wafakwa ngokusemthethweni ohlwini «lwamatiye ayishumi adumile aseShayina». Ngo-1982 wathola isiqu se-«tiye elidume kakhulu» kuMnyango Wezohwebo; ngo-1986 — waqinisekiswa nguMnyango Wezangaphandle we-PRC njenge-«tiye lesipho sohlelo lwezokuxhumana» (礼品茶). Ngo-1984 edolobhaneni lase-Fùxī kwaqala ukuvuselelwa kokukhiqizwa kwamabanga aphezulu kakhulu — itiye lasesigodini sase-Chōngchuān laba yisilinganiso sezinga lokuthengwa kwesigaba esikhethekile.

Ngonyaka we-2008, «itiye eliluhlaza: ubuchule bokulungiselela i-Huángshān Máo Fēng» (绿茶制作技艺·黄山毛峰) lwafakwa ohlwini lwesibili lwamagugu esiko angaphatheki kazwelonke e-PRC. Ngo-29 Novembre 2022 emhlanganweni we-17 weKomidi Elixhumanisa Amazwe E-UNESCO eRabat (eMorocco), «Ubuchule bendabuko baseShayina bokwenza itiye kanye namasiko ahlobene nabo» kwafakwa ohlwini olumele amagugu esiko angaphatheki esintu — futhi ubuchule be-Huángshān Máo Fēng bangena kulo msebenzi njengengxenye ethile.

Igama:

Igama lakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili. «Huángshān» (黄山) — «Izintaba Eziphuzi» — libonisa indawo yemvelaphi: lokhu kuyizintaba ezidumile zaseningizimu ye-Anhui, indawo eyigugu lomhlaba le-UNESCO. «Máo Fēng» (毛峰) humusha ngokoqobo ngokuthi «iziqongo ezinoboya»: «máo» (毛) — uboya obuncane, izinwele ezimhlophe ezincane emahlumeleni etiye; «fēng» (峰) — isiqongo, iphethe — kokubili kubhekise ekumeni okusongayo kwehlumela nasezintabeni eziwuphawu lwase-Huángshān.

Ukubaluleka kwamasiko:

UHuángshān Máo Fēng uxhumene ngokungenawukuhlukaniswa nesiko lezohwebo lase-Huīzhōu (徽商, huīshāng) nobunikazi besifunda senyakatho ye-Anhui. Itiye liwuphawu lomgomo othi «míng shān chū míng chá» (名山出名茶, «izintaba eziyingqophamlando zizalisa itiye eliyingqophamlando»). Ngonyaka ka-1999, ngokweyalelo likaMongameli we-PRC uJiāng Zémín, undunankulu uZhū Róngjī waletha i-Huángshān Máo Fēng njengesipho kumfundisi wakhe waseMelika ngesikhathi evakashele eMelika — isigameko esaqinisa isikhundla setiye njengesipho sezinga eliphezulu sokuxhumana. Abakwa-Xiè (谢) balondoloze ubuchule izizukulwane eziyisithupha: indlalifa yesihlanu uXiè Yīpíng (谢一平) — ungusihlalo wenkampani i-«Xiè Yùdà» futhi unegama elithi «Ingcweti yetiye laseShayina» (中国制茶大师), kanti owesithupha — uXiè Míngzhī (谢明之) — uqhubeka nomsebenzi ekhulwini lama-21.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

Uhlobo lwesitshalo: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis.
Izimila / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwezinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 19460-2008, ukukhiqizwa kwe-Huángshān Máo Fēng kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zendawo eziyimiphakathi: Huángshān zhǒng (黄山种, Huángshān zhǒng) — isitshalo sasendaweni esiyisisekelo esinamaqabunga amancane; Zhūyè zhǒng (槠叶种, Zhūyè zhǒng) — uhlobo olunamacembe aphakathi, oluvamile eningizimu ye-Anhui; Dīshuǐxiāng (滴水香, Dīshuǐxiāng, «iconsi lamanzi anephunga elimnandi») — isitshalo sendawo, esaziswa ngephunga elimnandi eliqinile; Míngzhōu zhǒng (茗洲种, Míngzhōu zhǒng) — uhlobo lwasendaweni olungavamile. Izitshalo zendabuko eziyi-«tǔzhǒng» (土种, «izinhlobo zomhlabathi») zibonakala ngokuqala kwesikhathi sekhula emva kwesikhashana, kodwa zinikeza ukunambitheka okujulile. Ezinye izindawo zisebenzisa ama-clone athuthukisiwe ukuze zikhiqize kusenesikhathi, okuyinto okufanele icatshangelwe uma ukhetha itiye.
Ukuvuna: Ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo. Amabheji aphambili avunwa ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qīngmíng (清明, Qīngmíng, ~5 Apreli) — lokhu kubizwa nge-«míngqián chá» (明前茶). Ukuvuna okuyinhloko kwenzeka phakathi kwe-Qīngmíng ne-Gǔyǔ (谷雨, Gǔyǔ, ~20 Apreli). Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla, ikakhulukazi ekuseni. Kukhona umgomo othi «okusekuseni vuna — ntambama gaye, ntambama vuna — ebusuku gaye».
Izinga lokuvuna: Kwezinga elikhethekile (特级一等) — ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa esigabeni sokuvuleka kokuqala (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chū zhǎn). Kwezinga elikhethekile lezigaba zesibili nezesithathu — ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga elilodwa kuya kwamabili. Kwebanga lokuqala — ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amabili esigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka. Kwebanga lesibili nelesithathu — ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu.
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Amahlumela kumelwe abe aphelele, aqinile, alingane ngosayizi. Izinto kufanele zihanjiswe endaweni yokugaya ngokushesha okukhulu emva kokuvunwa, zingonakaliswanga ngomshini, zingashiswanga futhi zingabunanga. Kuyaziswa kakhulu ukuba khona «kweqabunga legolide lenhlanzi» (鱼叶金黄, yúyè jīnhuáng) — iqabunga elincane elivikelayo esisekelo sehlumela, ngemva kokugaywa likhombisa umbala osagolide. Lesi simo, kanye «nombala wephondo lendlovu» (色似象牙, sè sì xiàngyá), siwuphawu oluhlonishwayo lwe-Huángshān Máo Fēng yoqobo yezinga eliphezulu.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Izingqungqulu zezintaba zase-Huángshān — zingenye yezindawo eziyingqayizivele kakhulu zokutshalwa kwetiye eShayina. Izintaba eziphakeme zize zifike ku-1864 m (isiqongo i-Liánhuāfēng/莲花峰) zakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi enezigodi ezijulile, imifudlana eminingi nezimpophoma.

Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Izindawo ezinkulu zokutshala zitholakala ezingeni eliphakeme ukusuka ku-600 kuye ku-800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Amabheji abaluleke kakhulu — avela ezingadini ezingaphezu kwe-700 m. Izimo eziphakeme ziphakamisa ukukhula okuhamba kancane kwamahlumela kanye nokwanda kwezakhi zamakha kanye nama-amino acid.
Isimo sezulu esincane: Indawo ibonakala ngamafu amaningi nenkungu. Isaga sendawo sithi: «Ngezikhathi zokuvuleka ekuseni nakusihlwa — yonke indawo inenkungu, ngezikhathi zemvula — usuku lonke izintaba zisemafini» (晴时早晚遍地雾，阴雨成天满山云). Isilinganiso sokushisa sonyaka siba ngu-15–16°C. Inani lemvula — ngu-1500–2000 mm ngonyaka. Umswakamo womoya uphakeme ngokugcinake ( > 80%). Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile, okungena emafini nasezingodweni zemithi, kuholela ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa kwama-amino acid (ikakhulukazi i-L-theanine) nasekuncishisweni kwezilinganiso zama-catechin, okwakha iphrofayela yokunambitheka ethambile, enoshukela.
Umhlabathi: Kunomhlabathi one-asidi no-acidi omncane (i-pH engu-4.5–5.5) ophuzi wasezintabeni kanye nomhlabathi onsundu ophuzi, okwakheke phezu kwetshe legranite kanye ne-gneiss. Izinga eliphezulu lezinto eziphilayo nokungena kahle kwamanzi kunikeza ukwakheka okuhle kwamanzi amaminerali. Izingxenye zezihlahla ezinamacembe amaningi (izinsini, izhlahla zomoba, ama-rhododendron) zicebisa umhlabathi.
I-ecosystem: Izindawo zokutshala zivame ukutholakala phakathi kwamahlathi axubile anama-orchid asendle (兰花, lánhuā) — iphunga lawo, ngokukholelwa abalimi betiye bendawo, linomthelela ngqo esimweni setiye, linikeze iphunga lawo eliyinhloko «le-orchid» (兰花香, lánhuā xiāng). I-Huángshān iyindawo yokuhlala kwezinhlobo ezingaveli lula zezihlahla ezinamasundu, kanti ama-phytoncide amahlathi asezintabeni kwakha isimo esiyingqayizivele, esizuzisayo esihlahleni setiye.

5. Ubuchule Bokukhiqiza:

UHuángshān Máo Fēng uyingxenye yesigaba se-hōngqīng (烘青) — amatiye aluhlaza, okomisa kwawo kokugcina kwenziwa ngokufudumeza, hhayi ngokugazinga epanini. Lokhu umehluko obalulekile ematiyeni anjenge-Lóngjǐng (炒青, ogazingiwe) ne-Bì Luó Chūn. Indlela ye-hōngqīng ivumela ukugcinwa kwephunga elimnandi elihle kakhudlwana, elingadli ubisi olugazingiwe, kanye noshukela omuhle, okuyisici sikaMáo Fēng. Ubuchule buhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla kwenziwa emahoreni asekuseni kakhulu. Ingcweti ithatha amahlumela ngokwezinga elithile. Kwezinga elikhethekile — amahlumela kuphela aneqabunga elilodwa esanda kuvuleka. Izinto ezivuniwe zifakwa ezintukhuni zomoba ngokuxegayo, ngaphandle kokucindezelwa, futhi zihanjiswa endaweni yokugaya ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukusakaza nokuncipha (摊放 — tānfàng / 摊晾 — tānliàng): Izinto ezisanda kuvunwa zisakazwa ngongqimba omncane (ama-5–7 cm) ezindawini zokumisa zomoba endaweni enomoya. Isikhathi sokuhlala — kusukela emahoreni ama-5 kuya kwayi-10, ngokuhlehliswa oku-1–2. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingxenye yomswakamo ophezu komhlaba iyanyamalala, kuqale ukwakheka kwemixube enamakha amnandi, iqabunga libe lithambile futhi lilungele ukulungiswa. Ukwehla kwesisindo kuba ngu-15–20%.
Ukulungiswa / «ukubulawa kokuluhlaza» (杀青 — shāqīng): Isigaba esibalulekile. Senziwa epanini eliyisilinda (桶锅, tǒngguō) enobubanzi obungaba ngu-50 cm. Ukushisa kwepani — ngu-130–150°C (ekuqaleni — kuphakeme, bese kuyehla). Kwezinga elikhethekile, kufakwa izinto ezingama-200–250 g ngaso sonke isikhathi; kwamabanga aphansi — ama-400–500 g. Ingcweti ngokushesha iphakamisa futhi ixuba amacembe imizuzu emi-3–4. Inhloso — ukungasebenzi kwama-enzyme (i-polyphenol oxidase), ukumisa i-oxidation, ukulungiswa kombala oluhlaza nokwakhiwa kwamanothi ayisisekelo ephunga. Ukulungiswa okwenziwe kahle kuchazwa ngokuthi — «amacembe athathwa kalula, axhashazwa ngokukhululeka, avelelwa kalula epanini» (带得轻、捞得净、抖得开).
Ukusontwa / ukwakheka (做形 — zuòxíng / 揉捻 — róuniǎn noma 理条 — lǐtiáo): Ngokushesha emva kokulungiswa, ngenkathi iqabunga lisashisa, kwakheka ukuma. Ngokuya ngamagugu engcweti, kusetshenziswa enye yezindlela ezimbili: ukusontwa okuncane (揉捻, róuniǎn) — okunikeza ukuma okugobile kancane, noma ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo) — okunikeza isilhouette esiqonde kakhudlwana. Ukucindezela — kuncane kakhulu, ukuze kungalimali amahlumela athambile. Inhloso — ukuvuleka kwengxenye yezakhiwo zeseli ukuze kuthuthuke ukukhishwa ngesikhathi sokuphisa kanye nokufakwa kwesimo esiphawulekayo «solimi lwenkonjane» (雀舌, quèshé).
Ukomisa kokuqala / «máohuǒ» (毛火 — máohuǒ, «umlilo omahhadla»): Iqabunga eselakhiwe sifakwa ezihlungweni zomoba noma ezomisini ezifudumezayo ezingeni lokushisa elicishe libe ngu-90°C. Komiswa kuze kube yilapho izinga lomswakamo lehla lifike cishe ku-15–20%. Lesi sigaba siqinisa ukuma futhi siqala ukwakha iphunga lokugcina. Amabheji ahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ukuze alingane.
Ukupholisa okwamanje nokulinganisa (摊凉 — tānliáng): Emva kokomisa kokuqala, itiye lisakazwa ukuze liphole futhi kusakazeke umswakamo osele kusuka esiqwini kuye eqabungeni. Isikhathi — cishe ihora elilodwa.
Ukomisa kokugcina / «zúhuǒ» (足火 — zúhuǒ, «umlilo owenele»): Kwenzeka ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi (60–70°C) kuze kufinyelelwe esilinganisweni somswakamo esingaphansi kuka-5%. Ngempela lesi sigaba — ukomisa okuphindwe kabili, ngezinye izikhathi okuphindwe kathathu (初烘 + 复烘) — kuyisici esihlolekayo sika-Huángshān Máo Fēng esihlula kwamanye amatiye aluhlaza. Ngenxa yokufudumeza okuthambile okunezigaba eziningi, itiye lithola iphunga elimnandi eliqinile, ukuhlala kahle lapho ligcinwa kanye nenothi elingokomlando le-chestnut-orchid.
Ukuhlukaniswa (分级 — fēnjí): Itiye eseliphekiwe lihlulelwa ngokwamabanga: ibanga elikhethekile (特级) lesigaba sokuqala, sesibili, sesithathu, kanye namabanga okuqala, wesibili, wesithathu — konke amaleveli ayisithupha.

6. Izici Zokuzwa (Organoleptic):

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ibanga elikhethekile — amacembe amancane, agobile kancane, ngokuma kwesimo afana nolimi lwenkonjane (雀舌). Umbala — uyiluhlaza ophuzi, «umbala wephondo lendlovu» (象牙色, xiàngyásè) onombala osagolide omncane. Uboya obuningi obumhlophe (白毫, báiháo) amboza amahlumela. Esisekelweni samahlumela amaningi kubonakala iqabunga elincane elisagolide-ophuzi «lenhlanzi» (鱼叶金黄) — okuwuphawu oluhlonishwayo lwe-Máo Fēng loqobo yezinga eliphezulu. Iqabunga liqinile, linwebeka, aliphuki. Emabangeni aphansi iqabunga likhulu, ukusontwa akukho kangako, iqabunga legolide lenhlanzi alikho.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Lihlanzekile, lisha, linamanothi aqhamile e-chestnut eyosiwe (栗香, lìxiāng). Emabangeni aphezulu — amanothi ezimbali acwebile e-orchid (兰花香, lánhuā xiāng). Akunakho ukunambitheka kotshani noma amanothi «angaphekiwe».
Iphunga le-fluid: Liphakeme futhi lihlala isikhashana (香高持久, xiāng gāo chíjiǔ). Kunothi le-orchid elihle elihamba phambili, lengezwe ngamanothi e-chestnut kanye namathoni oju angakacaci. Iphunga lihlanzekile, lingenantuthu. Lapho inkomishi ipholile, kuvela amanothi amnandi abushelelezi.
Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuphila (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), kunoshukela oqhamile kanye nomzimba oyindilinga (醇厚, chúnhòu). Ukumunyu kuncane kakhulu — ngisho nalapho kudlulelwa kancane, itiye alibi lidungekayo. Kuzwakala «ukuba namanzi amnandi» (鲜醇甘甜, xiān chún gāntián — «ukusha, ukuthamba, ubumnandi»). Ukunambitheka okuhlala njalo isikhashana, kunoshukela okhulayo obuyayo (回甘, huígān) kanye nokubanda okuncane emphinjeni.
Umbala we-fluid: Isobala, uhlanzekile, uluhlaza okhanyayo onomsindo ogqamile ophuzi (清碧微黄, qīng bì wēi huáng). Lapho uphiswa engilazini, phezu kwamanzi kuphakama inkungu ephawulekayo — «inkungu esiqongweni» (雾气结顶, wùqì jiédǐng).
Indawo yetiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Amacembe aphuzi-ophuzi anemibala yokuluhlaza, anwebeka, agcwele ukuphila (嫩黄肥壮成朵, nèn huáng féizhuàng chéng duǒ — «aphuzi ngokuthe nhá, agcwele, avuleka njengezimbali»). Amahlumela namacembe aphelele, angenakho ukulimala. Ukulingana kosayizi kubonisa ukuvuna okunempilo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Njengawo wonke amatiye aluhlaza asezintabeni ezivunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, uHuángshān Máo Fēng ubonakala ngesilinganiso esihle sama-amino acid nama-polyphenol (isilinganiso esiphansi se-«phenol-amino» — 酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ), okuchaza ubumnandi nokuthamba kwawo.

Ama-polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): Izinga lama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG — i-epigallocatechin-3-gallate) livamile ematiyeni aluhlaza avunwa kusenesikhathi — cishe 12–18% wesisindo esomile. Ama-catechin anomphumela we-antioxidant nobumnandi obuncane obujabulisayo.
Ama-amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): Isamba — cishe 3–5% wesisindo esomile, okuphakeme kunesilinganiso samatiye aluhlaza. Izinga eliphezulu le-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸, L-chá’ānsuān) lichazwa yizimo zasezintabeni (ukuphakama, inkungu, ukukhanya okuhlakazekile) — nguye i-theanine enesibopho sobumnandi obuyisici, ukugcwala okunjenge-«umami», kanye nomphumela wokuphumula nokuqabula.
Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn) — 2–3.5% wesisindo esomile (cishe 30–50 mg ngenkomishi engu-150 ml ngokuphisa okujwayelekile). Kukhona futhi i-theobromine ne-theophylline ngezilinganiso ezincane kakhulu.
Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C (i-ascorbic acid) — ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu; izinga layo etiyeni eliluhlaza elisha lifinyelela ku-100–250 mg/100 g wesisindo esomile, kodwa lehla lapho ligcinwa. Amavithamini eqembu B (B1, B2, B3/niacin), i-Vitamin E (ama-tocopherol), i-Vitamin K.
Amaminerali: I-potassium, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-fluoride, i-selenium. Umhlabathi one-asidi wasezintabeni wase-Huángshān unikeza ukudla okuhle kwama-microelement.
Amafutha emvelo nezixube ezinamakha: E-ipungwini lesi-Huángshān Máo Fēng kutholakale amakhulu ezakhi eziguqukayo, phakathi kwazo i-linalool, i-geraniol, i-nerolidol, i-cis-jasmone — zakha iprofayela eyisici ye-orchid-chestnut. Indlela ye-hōngqīng (ukomiswa ngokushisa) inikela ekwakhekeni kwama-pyrazine, anesibopho samanothi e-chestnut eyosiwe (栗香).
Izici ezikhethekile zokwakheka: Ngenxa yemvelaphi yasezintabeni eziphakeme nokuvunwa kusenesikhathi, i-Huángshān Máo Fēng inezinga eliphakeme lama-amino acid ngenkathi inezinga elisezingeni eliphakathi lama-catechin — kusuka lapha ubumnandi nokuthamba kwawo okuqhamile uma kuqhathaniswa namatiye aluhlaza asemathafeni.

8. Izakhiwo Eziluncedo:

Ukuvikela nge-antioxidant: Izinga eliphezulu lama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) linikeza umphumela onamandla we-antioxidant — ukwehliswa kwama-radical amahhala nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative.
Ukuqabula okuncane nokugxilisa ingqondo: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine idala isimo «somdlandla ozolile» — ukugxilisa okukhuphukile ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi noma ukuguquguquka okukhulu. I-theanine inciphisa umphumela ovuselelayo we-caffeine.
Ukusekelwa kwesistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo: Ama-catechin etiye eliluhlaza anikela ekwehliseni izinga le-cholesterol «engalungile» (LDL), athuthukise ukunwebeka kwemithambo futhi angaba nomphumela omncane wokwehlisa umfutho wegazi.
Umphumela ekugayeni kokudla: Ukusetshenziswa okusesilinganisweni kwetiye eliluhlaza kwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme wokugaya, kusiza ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha. I-Huángshān Máo Fēng, ngenxa yobumnandi bayo, ilungele ukuhambisana nokudla okulula.
Ukusekelwa kokuzivikela: Ama-polyphenol ne-Vitamin C anemiphumela yokwandisa amandla omzimba. Ama-catechin anezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane.
Imisebenzi yengqondo: I-L-theanine inikela ekukhiqizweni kwama-alpha brain wave, ithuthukise inkumbulo, ukunakisisela nekhono lokufunda. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwetiye eliluhlaza kuhlanganiswa nokusekela imisebenzi yengqondo.
Isimo sesikhumba: Ama-antioxidant etiye eliluhlaza (ama-polyphenol, i-Vitamin E) asiza ekuvikeleni amaseli esikhumba ekulimaleni kokukhanya futhi abambezele izinqubo zokuguga.
Ukusekelwa kwe-metabolism: Ama-catechin uma ehlanganiswe ne-caffeine kwandisa i-thermogenesis futhi angasiza ekugcineni isisindo esinempilo ngokudla okunesilinganiso.

Qaphela: izakhiwo eziluncedo zichazwa ngokusekelwe emininingweni ejwayelekile yamatiye aluhlaza; ukusabela komuntu ngamunye kungahluka. Abantu abazwela i-caffeine, abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo, bayelulekwa ukuthi basebenzise ngokulinganisela.

9. Ukuphisa:

Ukushisa kwamanzi: 80–85°C emabangeni avamile; 75–80°C ezingeni elikhethekile lesigaba sokuqala nesesibili (izinto ezingamahlumela zidinga amazinga okushisa anobumnene). Akufanele kusetshenziswe amanzi abilayo ngamandla — ayowashisa amahlumela athambile futhi anikeze ubumunyu.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml wamanzi (indlela yokukhiphayo: i-gaiwan) noma 2–3 g ku-200 ml (indlela yokuhlalisa: ingilazi). Uma kusetshenziswa i-teapot — 5–7 g ku-200–250 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi (玻璃杯, bōlí bēi) — ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu ukujabulela ukubukwa: kuvumela ukubona ukuthi amahlumela avuleka futhi «adansa» emanzini, bese kuthi phezu kwamanzi kukhuphuke «inkungu» eyisici. I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) eyenziwe nge-porcelain emhlophe — ukuhlola kahle iphunga nokunambitheka. I-teapot ye-porcelain — ukuze kuphiwe nsuku zonke. I-teapot yase-Yixing ye-zǐshā ayinconywa ngaleli tiye — ubumba olunama-pore lungadla iphunga elihle.
Inqubo (indlela yengilazi — enconywayo nge-Máo Fēng):

Fudumeza ingilazi ngamanzi abilayo, uwakhiphe.
Thela u-2–3 g wetiye.
Thela inani elincane lamanzi (75–85°C) — cishe u-1/3 wengilazi — ukumanzisa iqabunga. Linda imizuzwana engama-30–60, unike itiye ithuba «lokuvuka». Le ndlela ibizwa nge-«zhōngtóu fǎ» (中投法, indlela yokuwuphakathi).
Thela amanzi kuze kugcwale ingilazi.
Hlalisa imizuzu engu-1.5–2. Phuza lapho ingilazi isele cishe ingxenye yesithathu yoketshezi — bese ungeza amanzi ashisayo.
Iyakwazi ukumelana nezikhathi ezingama-3-4 zokwengeza, kancane kancane ukwandisa isikhathi sokuhlalisa.

Inqubo (indlela ye-gaiwan, yokukhiphayo):

Fudumeza i-gaiwan ne-chahai (isitsha sokulinganisa) ngamanzi abilayo.
Thela u-3–5 g wetiye. Phefumulela iphunga leqabunga elomile elifudumele.
Ukuhlambulula akudingeki (emabangeni aphezulu akunconywa — ukukhipha kokuqala kuyigugu kakhulu).
Ukukhipha kokuqala — 15–20 imizuzwana.
Thela ku-chahai, bese ezinkomishini.
Ukukhipha okulandelayo — kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-60 imizuzwana, kancane kancane ukwandisa. I-Máo Fēng enhle iyakwazi ukumelana nokukhiphwa okuyi-4-6.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Njenganoma yiliphi itiye eliluhlaza, i-Huángshān Máo Fēng izwelana kakhulu «ezitheni» ezine: ukukhanya, umswakamo, ukushisa, kanye namaphunga angaziwa.

Isiqukathi: Ukuphakwa okungangeni umoya nokungabonakali. Okuhle kakhulu — amaphakethe e-foil angenamoya noma amathini ensimbi anezicabha eziqinile. Lapho kuvulwa — thela ethinini elinokuminyana kwe-silicone.
Ukushisa: Okuhle kakhulu — efrijini e-0–5°C, esigabeni semifino, kufanele isitshe esingangeni umoya (itiye lidonsa ngokushesha amaphunga efrijini). Kungenzeka ukuligcina ekamelweni ezingeni lokushisa, endaweni emnyama epholile, kodwa isikhathi sokuphila sincipha.
Isikhathi sokugcina: Ukuze uthole ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthi lisetshenziswe ezinyangeni eziyi-6-12 emva kokukhiqizwa. Ngenyanga ngayinye yokugcinwa, itiye eliluhlaza lilahlekelwa ubusha, ubukhazikhazi bephunga nobumnandi. Itiye langonyaka owedlule (陈茶, chénchá) lingasasebenziseka, kodwa lehluleka kakhulu kunelisha.
Okubalulekile: Ngaphambi kokuvula iphakethe esikhipha efrijini, livumele lifudumele lize lifinyelele ekushiseni kwegumbi (imizuzu engama-30–60) ukuze kugwemeke ukuncipha komswakamo emacembeni abandayo.

11. Intengo Nama-Fake:

Isigaba sentengo: Ububanzi obukhulu. Ibanga elikhethekile lesigaba sokuqala (特级一等) elivela kubakhiqizi abadumile abasesizindeni sase-Fùxī lingafinyelela kuma-5000–9000 yuan nge-jīn (500 g). Ibanga elikhethekile lesigaba sesithathu — 800–2000 yuan. Ibanga lokuqala — kusukela ku-300 yuan. Amabanga amaningi (esesibili-elwesithathu) — ayatholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, kusukela ku-100 yuan. Izici ezibalulekile zentengo: isikhathi sokuvuna (míngqián > yǔqián > ihlobo), ibanga, indawo ethile yemvelaphi (Fùxī > ezinye izindawo), idumela lomkhiqizi.
Ungagwema kanjani ama-fake:
Thenga kubathengisi abaziwayo: Izimpawu ezihamba phambili ezinomlando olandelekayo — «Xiè Yùdà» (谢裕大), «Lǎo Xiè jiā chá» (老谢家茶), «Wāng Mǎntiān» (汪满田) — bobathathu bangababhali kanye bezinga likazwelonke. Ukuthenga ngqo e-Huángshān noma ngezindlela ezisemthethweni kunciphisa ubungozi.
Hlola ukubukeka: Ibanga elikhethekile loqobo — «izilimi zenkonjane» zombala wephondo lendlovu oneqabunga legolide le-«nhlanzi» esisekelo. Umbala oluhlaza olinganayo ongenawo umbala osagolide noboya — uphawu lokushintshwa.
Hlola iphunga: Iphunga lemvelo le-chestnut-orchid — lihlanzekile, lingenaleyobumba «yamakhemikhali». Ama-fake afakwe ubumba bokuzenza anephunga elihlasimulisayo, eliqhubekayo, elinyamalala ngokushesha emva kokukhipha kokuqala.
Hlola i-fluid: Kumelwe ibe sobala, ikhanyayo, ibe yiluhlaza okhanyayo-ophuzi. I-fluid edungekayo noma ephuzi ngokumnyama ibonisa itiye elidala noma ubuchule obungalungile.
Xwaya ngentengo ephansi ngokusolisayo: I-Máo Fēng yoqobo ye-«míngqián» yebanga elikhethekile ayikwazi ukubiza ama-yuan ayi-100 nge-jīn. Uma intengo ibonakala iheha kakhulu — cishe, itiye livela ezifundazweni ezingomakhelwane (Sichuan, Guizhou) noma ngesikhathi sokuvuna sekwephuzile, lipakishwe kabusha njengalicatshangelwa ukuthi lase-Huángshān.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Ngonyaka ka-1999, i-Huángshān Máo Fēng yakhethwa njengesipho sezinga likahulumeni: ngokweyalelo likaMongameli we-PRC u-Jiāng Zémín, undunankulu u-Zhū Róngjī waletha leli tiye kumfundisi wakhe waseMelika ePhiladelphia.
Ibhodi elidume kakhulu elithi «Xiè Yùdà cháháng» (谢裕大茶行) ligcinwe emnyuziyamu yetiye e-Huángshān. Abazi kahle izinto bakaqaphela incazelo ethakazelisayo: ku-«yù» (裕, «ingcebo») isiqephu sobunxele «okokugqoka» (衣) sibhalwe ngaphandle kwephuzu elilodwa — ngokwesazi somkhaya, lokhu kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthozama nokuqapha ezintweni (慎裕精神, «umoya wengcebo enengqondo»).
Lapho kuphiswa i-Huángshān Máo Fēng engilazini, kubonakala ukwenzeka kwe-«nkungu esiqongweni» (雾气结顶): phezu kwamanzi kuphakama ifu lomusi, kube sengathi liphinda amafu agone izintaba zase-Huángshān. Yilowo mphumela wokubukwa okwenza kube nesikhuthazo esivamile sokusebenzisa izitsha ezisobala kwi-Máo Fēng.
Isazi setiye esidumile, uprofesa u-Wáng Zhènhéng (王镇恒) wase-Anhui Agricultural University, emva kweminyaka eminingi yokuhlola e-Cáoxī, wabiza u-Xiè Zhèng’ān nge-«baba ka-Huángshān Máo Fēng» (黄山毛峰之父), kanti idolobhana lase-Cáoxī — «ikhaya le-Huángshān Máo Fēng».
Ngonyaka wezi-2022, isifunda se-Huīzhōu kuphela sakhiqiza amathani angama-2553 e-Huángshān Máo Fēng, isamba semali yomkhiqizo ingaphezu kuka-1.5 billion yuan. Isifunda sigcine isiqu se-«Top-100 Tea Counties of China» iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-15 ilandelana.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza Adumile:

Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe (炒青), iqabunga eliyisicaba. ILóng Jǐng inephunga «elingagazingiwe», lonobhontshisi; iMáo Fēng yiyona enezimbali futhi inoshukela. ILóng Jǐng — ipuleti eliyisicaba, iMáo Fēng — ihlumela elisontwe futhi elibumbene elinoboya. I-fluid yeLóng Jǐng — iluhlaza ngaphezulu; eyeMáo Fēng — iphuzi ngaphezulu.
Bì Luó Chūn (碧螺春, Bì Luó Chūn): Nayo i-chǎoqīng, inokusontwa okuqinilekanye noboya obuningi. I-Bì Luó Chūn ihlukile ngephunga lezithelo nezimbali (izindawo zokutshala phakathi kwezihlahla zezithelo), kunokumunyu okuphezulu. IMáo Fēng — ithambile, «iyi-chestnut» ngaphezulu, ayinazo izithelo kakhulu.
Tàipíng Hóukuí (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóukuí): Owasemhlabeni ovela naye kuleyo ndawo yase-Huángshān, kodwa esifundeni sase-Tàipíng. Uhluke kakhulu ngokubukeka — amacembe amakhulu ayisicaba afinyelela kuma-7 cm. I-Hóukuí inephunga le-orchid elingaphezulu, nephunga lokunambitheka «elinosawoti». IMáo Fēng — ithambile ngaphezulu futhi iyakwazi ukuphuzwa kalula.
Lù’ān Guāpiàn (六安瓜片, Lù’ān Guāpiàn): Yiwona kuphela itiye eliluhlaza elidumile elenziwe ngeqabunga eliyingxenye yalo ngokuphelele (ngaphandle kwamahlumela). Iprofayela igcwele kakhulu, inokubaba okuphawulekayo. IMáo Fēng — umehluko omkhulu ngokuthamba noshukela ngenxa yokuthi yenziwe ngamahlumela.
Xìnyáng Máojiān (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān): Nayo imbozwe uboya (毛) futhi ine-«ocijile» (尖), kodwa ivela esifundazweni sase-Henan. I-Máojiān mncane, usonteke ngokuqinile, futhi inokumunyu okusha okuqhamile. IMáo Fēng — inkulu, ithambile, namakha amaningi.

Ekuphetheni:

UHuángshān Máo Fēng — itiye lapho kuhlangana khona intaba enkulu, ingcweti enkulu kanye negugu elikhulu. Eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, alilahlekelwanga lutho lobumnandi bayo bokuqala, lobo bumsulwa «bamafu» abufakwa kuyo ngu-Xiè Zhèng’ān. Leli tiye alishaqisi ngezinto ezingavamile futhi alikhalimisi ngokukhanya — lithatha ngenye indlela: ngobumnene, ukujula, nokuzola okuyingqophamlando. Iphunga lalo le-orchid, amanothi e-chestnut kanye nobumnandi obuncibilikayo kuvela kancane kancane, kusuka ekukhipheni kuya kokunye, njengoba izimo zase-Huángshān zivela emafini.

UHuángshān Máo Fēng ulunge ngokufanayo kokuqala ukwazana namatiye aluhlaza aseShayina, nakubathandi abanolwazi, abafuna itiye lansuku zonke lezinga eliphezulu. Mnike amanzi athambile, izinga lokushisa elifanele nengilazi — futhi uzokuphendula ngaleyo-«bumsulwa obusobala» (清碧), obabudunyiswa abahlali abayizindela base-Huángshān emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.