Huángjīn Guì

IHuángjīn Guì ingelinye lamawulong amane adumile esifundeni sase-Anxi kanye neTiě Guānyīn (铁观音), iBěnshān (本山) neMáoxiè (毛蟹). Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamawulong akhona, leli tiye lihluke ngezikhathi zokuvuna zokuqala kakhulu kanye nephunga elimangalisayo, “elihlabayo emkhathini”, okuyinto e-Anxi selokhu kwathiwa yi-“Tòu Tiān Xiāng” (透天香) — “Iphunga Eligqobozela Isibhakabhaka”.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Nokudabuka:

• Uhlobo: Ulungu (itiye eline-fermentation encane). Ulungu waseMinnan (闽南乌龙, Mǐnnán Wūlóng) lokuvutshelwa okulula. Izinga le-oxidation ngesitayela sendabuko “qīngxiāng” (清香) licishe libe ngu-15–30%; ezinguqulweni ezithosiwe kakhudlwana kufinyelela ku-35–40%.
• Isigaba: Amatiye Adumile aseShayina (中国名茶). Enye yezinhlobo ezine zakudala zamawulungu ase-Anxi. Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (中国国家地理标志产品).
• Indawo yokudabuka: IShayina, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建省, Fújiàn Shěng), idolobha laseQuanzhou (泉州市, Quánzhōu Shì), isifunda sase-Anxi (安溪县, Ānxī Xiàn). Indawo yokuzalwa yalesi nhlobo: umzana waseLuóyán (罗岩村, Luóyán Cūn) kanye nomuzana waseMěizhuāng (美庄村, Měizhuāng Cūn) edolobhaneni laseHǔqiū (虎邱镇, Hǔqiū Zhèn). Izindawo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza: iHǔqiū (虎邱), iDàpíng (大坪), iJīngǔ (金谷), iJiàndòu (剑斗), iCānnèi (参内).
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 25°03′ enyakatho, 117°58′ empumalanga (indawo yaseHǔqiū).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwezamasiko:

• Umlando: IHuángjīn Guì yadalwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Qing (清朝, Qīng Cháo), eminyakeni yokubusa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo sika-Xiánfēng (咸丰, Xiánfēng), okuwukuthi phakathi kuka-1850 no-1860. Kunamazenganekwane amabili amqondana nokudalwa kwaleli tiye.

  Ngokweyokuqala, cishe ngonyaka ka-1860, insizwa egama layo linguLín Zǐqīn (林梓琴) wasemzaneni waseLuóyán yashada nentombi uWáng Dàn (王淡) yomuzana waseZhūyáng (珠洋村) eXīpíng (西坪). Ngokwesiko lendawo elithi “duì yuè” (对月) — ngemva kwenyanga yomshado umakoti wayehambela abazali — kanti ngesikhathi sokubuyela kumuzi womyeni kwakudingeka eze ne-“dài qīng” (带青): amahlumela aphilayo, okwakufanekisela ukuqhubeka nokuzala komndeni. Umama kaWáng Dàn wanikeza indodakazi yakhe izithombo ezimbili zesihlahla setiye. Abashadikazi batshala lezi zithombo eduze kwendlu yabo; zakhula zaphila kahle zanika amahlumela aluhlaza. Itiye elenziwe ngamaqabunga aleso sihlahla lalinokukhanya okusagolide nephunga elingaqhelekanga, elifana nezimbali zesihlahla se-sinamoni. Njengoba ngomdabu waseNingizimu yeFujian (umdabu wesiMinnan) igama elithi “Wáng” (王) linomsindo ofana no-“Huáng” (黄 — “ophuzi”), kanti u-“Dàn” (淡) unomsindo ofana no-“Dàn/Yǎn” (棪/旦), itiye laqanjwa ngokuthi iHuáng Dàn (黄旦/黄棪) ukuhlonipha unkosikazi.

  Ngokwenganekwane yesibili, umlimi wamatiye uWèi Zhēn (魏珍) waseLuóyán wayedlula eduze kwekhanda lezintaba iTiānbiān Lǐng (天边岭) ngaseBěixī (北溪) wabona esiqhephini setshe isihlahla setiye esingavamile esikhanywe ngokubusagolide. Wathatha amagatsha wawasa ekhaya, wawandisa ngezithombo ngokugxiliswa, wase enza itiye ngamaqabunga aleso sihlahla. Lapho sekuthelwa ibhodlela lokuqala, iphunga lagcwala igumbi lonke lingakaqhunyiswa isembozo senkomishi; omakhelwane abamangele baliqamba leli tiye ngokuthi yi-“Tòu Tiān Xiāng” (透天香) — “Iphunga Eligqobozela Isibhakabhaka”. Ngenxa yombala wamaqabunga nokunambitheka kwalo, itiye laqanjwa ngokuthi iHuáng Dàn.

  Ngo-1925 umthengisi wamatiye uLín Jīntài (林金泰) walishintsha igama leli tiye lapho belithumela eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia: labizwa ngokuthi iHuángjīn Guì (黄金桂), okuyigama eligqamisa inani lalo. Igama lakhula ngokushesha — kwabokufika baseShayina ngaphesheya leli tiye lalithandwa kakhulu, futhi abathengisi babehlekisa ngelithi: “Libiza ngaphezu kwegolide.”

  Emlandweni wakamuva, iHuángjīn Guì ithole izindondo eziningi zikahulumeni. Ngo-1982 “iHuángjīn Guì Ekhethekile” ekhiqizwe i-Anxi Tea Factory yamukelwa nguMnyango Wezohwebo njengo“Mkhiqizo Wekhwalithi Ephezulu”. Ngo-1984 isikhungo sezitshalo seHuáng Dàn saphumelela ekuvunyelweni yiKomiti Yezwe Yokugunyaza Izinhlobo Zamatiye futhi sathola isikhundla sesikali sikazwelonke (inombolo yokubhalisa GS13008-1985). Ngo-1985 iHuángjīn Guì yaklonyeliswa “NgeNdebe Yegolide” yomnyango wezolimo, okomnyango wezilwane nokomnyango wezokudoba kanye negama elithi “Itiye Eliphawulekile” (中国名茶). Ngo-1986 uMnyango Wezohwebo wawunika igama elithi “Itiye Eliphawulekile Ezweni” (全国名茶).

• Igama:

  • “Huáng Jīn” (黄金, Huángjīn) — “igolide”, “elibusagolide”. Likhomba ukukhanya okusagolide kokuphuzwayo kanye nenani eliphezulu laleli tiye: ngokomfanekiselo othi “liyigugu njengegolide”.
  • “Guì” (桂, Guì) — “isihlahla se-sinamoni”, “i-osmanthus” (Osmanthus fragrans). Libonisa iphunga lezimbali eliyisinamoni elijwayelekile, elifana nokuqhakaza kwe-osmanthus.
  • Ngakho-ke, igama eliphelele laphendulwa lithi “I-Osmanthus Yegolide” noma “Isinamoni Segolide”.
  • Amanye amagama asetshenziswayo: iHuáng Dàn (黄旦, Huáng Dàn), iHuáng Yǎn (黄棪, Huáng Yǎn), kanye nezidlaliso ezisankondlo i-“Qīngmíng Chá” (清明茶, Qīngmíng Chá — “Itiye Lomkhosi WaseQingming”, okusho ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi) kanye ne-“Tòu Tiān Xiāng” (透天香 — “Iphunga Eligqobozela Isibhakabhaka”).

• Ukubaluleka kweZamasiko: IHuángjīn Guì ibaluleke ngendlela ekhethekile phakathi kwamawulungu ase-Anxi. Isazi sedumile samatiye uChén Chuán (陈椽, Chén Chuán) encwadini yakhe ethi “Amatiye Adumile aseShayina” (《中国名茶》) lichaze iphunga leHuángjīn Guì ngokuthi “lidakayo futhi alinakufaniswa.” Omunye umsunguli wesayensi yetiye — uZhāng Tiānfú (张天福, Zhāng Tiānfú) — embhalweni wakhe ongohlelo olulodwa othi “Amawulungu aseFujian” (《福建乌龙茶》) waphawula “isici esikhethekile ‘setòu tiān xiāng’ — iphunga elihlabayo esibhakabhakeni.” Ezizukulwaneni zabafuduki baseNingizimu yeFujian (華僑) eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iHuángjīn Guì ibe uphawu lokukhumbula isizukulwane — itiye elikhumbuza ukunambitheka nephunga lasekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iHuáng Dàn iyisihlahla esiyinhloko sisakhulu kwezolimo zanamuhla zokuhluma: kungukuthi, kungesisekelo salo (njengesihlahla sobaba) lapho kwahlangana khona neTiě Guānyīn (isihlahla somama) kuvele amakhulivar adumile anephunga elikhulu njengeHuáng Guānyīn (黄观音, Huáng Guānyīn), iJīn Guānyīn (金观音, Jīn Guānyīn, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMínkē-1, 茗科1号), iJīn Mǔdān (金牡丹, Jīn Mǔdān) kanye neHuáng Méiguī (黄玫瑰, Huáng Méiguī).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusebenza:

• Uhlobo / Umkhulara: Ukukhiqiza iHuángjīn Guì kusetshenziswa umkhulara ofanayo Huáng Dàn (黄旦, Huáng Dàn), obhaliswe njenge-Huá Chá № 5 (华茶5号). Lena ngumkhulara ongavundli (okwanda ngama-asexual, 无性系), ongowo Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Izimpawu zebhotani:

  • Uhlobo lwesihlahla: Isihlahla esincane (小乔木型, xiǎo qiáomù xíng), isigaba samaqabunga amaphakathi (中叶类), esivuthwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi (早芽种, zǎo yá zhǒng).
  • I-habito: Iyasakazeka kancane (半开展), amagatsha asesigabeni esiphezulu, izindawo ezihlangana emahlumela zimfushane.
  • Amaqabunga: Ayi-elliptical, amancane futhi athambile, enesiphelo esicijile namaphethe aphakanyiselwe phezulu kancane. Umbala wengcwecwe wamaqabunga uluhlaza okotshani ophuzi ngokucwazimula okubonakalayo. Amazinyo emaphethelweni amaqabunga ajulile futhi acijile, imithambo eseceleni ibonakala kahle futhi igcwele.
  • Ukuhlumisa: Isenzeko esikhulu sezithupha zamaqabunga, ukuhlelwa okuhlanganisiwe kwamahlumela. Uboya bumbalwa kakhulu.
  • Isikhathi sokuhlumisa: Cishe izinyanga ezingu-8. Iyakwazi ukuqhakaza, kodwa ayitheli kakhulu.
  • Ukumelana: Iyakwazi ukuhlangana nezimo ezahlukene, ukumelana kahle nezifo kanye nezilokazane, ukukhiqiza okuqhathanisekayo.
  • Ukulunga: Ihle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amawulungu; futhi iyakwazi ukusetshenziselwa itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.

• Ukuvuna: IHuáng Dàn iyona ephumelela ngaphambi kwezinye ezinhlabeni zashe-Angxi ezine. Ukuhlumisa kwentwasahlobo kuqala ekuqaleni — maphakathi noMashi, kanti ukuvuna kokuqala kwenzeka maphakathi no-April, okuholela ezinsukwini ezingaphezulu kwengu-10 kunezinhlobo ezijwayelekile, futhi ingaphambi kweTiě Guānyīn cishe ngezinsuku ezingu-20. Ngenxa yalokhu, iHuángjīn Guì ivamise ukuba ngumulong wokuqala wesizini entsha, okuyiyona ndlela eyabiza ngayo isidlaliso “Itiye LaseQingming” (清明茶). Ngaphandle kwemvuno yasentwasahlobo, kwenziwa namanye amavuno asehlobo, ebusika ngezinye izikhathi futhi nebusika (“iqatha lasebusika”, 冬片, dōngpiàn). Inani elikhulu linamathiselwe emvunweni yasentwasahlobo.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Ukuvuna kwenzeka lapho ihlumela eliphezulu selihlumile isithupha esilele (驻芽, zhùyá), futhi iqabunga eliphezulu selivuleke endaweni “yokuvuleka okuncane” (小开面) noma “yokuvuleka okuphakathi” (中开面) — kuthathwa ihlumela elinamagabunga amabili noma amathathu. Ukuvuna okuncane kakhulu kuveza iphunga eliphansi nokunambitheka okubabayo; ukuvuthwa okungaphezulu kuveza ukunambitheka okubuthakathaka nokumahhadla. Isikhathi esifanelekile sokuvuna ukusukela ngo-14:00 kuya ku-16:00, lapho izinga lomswakama weqabunga lehla futhi izinto eziyiphunga ziqongeleleka kakhulu.

• Izidingo zezinto zosetshenziselwa: Amahlumela kufanele abe aphelele, ahambisane ngokuvuthwa, angenazithupha eziyibunhlovu noma amaqabunga alinyazwe izifo noma izinambuzane. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngamaqoqo amancane, amaqabunga abekwa ngobunono, ngaphandle kokuwahlanganisa, ukugcina ubutsha nokuphelela kwawo.

4. Indawo Nokuhlobene Nokutshala:

• Isifunda: Isifunda sase-Anxi siseNingizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseFujian, ephangeni lomfula iJìnjiāng (晋江). Izwe liwuhlelo lwamagquma nezintaba eziphansi, ezihlanganiswe nezigodi ezinemifudlana — okuyisimo esivamile sokwakheka kwezindawo ezincane zokutshala.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Amasimu amakhulu eHuángjīn Guì asezindaweni eziphakeme nge-400–800 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Ingqikithi yokukhiqiza — indawo yaseHǔqiū — ithatha izindawo eziphakeme nge-400–600 m; amanye amasimu ezindaweni zaseDàpíng kanye naseJiàndòu afinyelela ku-700–800 m.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo ne-muasson, esinehlobo elifudumele nebusika obuphansi. Isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sokushisa singu-18–20°C, izinga lonyaka lezulu lingu-1500–1800 mm. Inala yenkungu nokukhanya okusabalele kusiza ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto eziyiphunga emaqabungeni kanye nokwakheka komphumela we-“tòu tiān xiāng”.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi (红壤, 黄壤), ene-asidi (i-pH 4.5–6.5), igcwele izinto eziphilayo, inamazinga aphezulu amaminerali amancane — i-selenium ne-zinc. Ingqikithi yendawo yaseLuóyán-Měizhuāng ihluke kakhulu ngezinga eliphezulu le-selenium emhlabathini, okunomphumela omuhle kuphrofayli ye-antioxidant yetiye eliphelele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza iHuángjīn Guì bulandela uhlaka olujwayelekile lwamawulungu aseMinnan, kodwa umgomo oyinhloko ukuphatha ngocosho esigabeni ngasinye: “ukomiswa okulula, ukunyakaziswa okulula, ukugcinwa kwemicu eluhlaza” (轻晒轻摇保青). Amaqabunga amancane aHuáng Dàn agcwele amafutha abalulekile a-oxidize kalula futhi adinga ukuphathwa ngocosho okwedlulele kunaseTiě Guānyīn.

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Kuchazwe esigabeni sesi-3.
• Ukomiswa elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng): Amaqabunga avuthiwe abekwa esiqeshana esincane ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga isikhathi esifushane. Ukulahlekelwa kwenqwaba kuba ngu-5–7% — okuphansi kakhulu kunaseTiě Guānyīn. Inhloso iwukuthi kuqalise ngobumnene izinqubo zokuhwebelana futhi kuqalwe ukwakheka kwesisekelo sephunga.
• Ukugcinwa emthunzini (凉青, liàngqīng): Iqabunga liyiswa ekamelweni elinomthunzi nelinomoya, lapho likhula khona ukuguqubala futhi “liphumule” ngaphambi kwesigaba esilandelayo.
• Ukunyakazisa (摇青, yáoqīng): Imijikelezo yokunyakazisa ngokucophelela nokuphumula iqala i-oxidation engaphelele emaphethelweni amaqabunga. EHuáng Dàn kusetshenziswa ukunyakazisa okulula futhi okungathathi isikhathi eside kunaseTiě Guānyīn — inhloso iwukugcina ubutsha (保水保青) kanye nokuvimbela ukubabomvu ngokweqile emaphethelweni (减少红变). Kusesigabeni lapho kwakheka khona iphrofayli yezimbali ejwayelekile.
• Ukuqinisa imicu eluhlaza / “ukubulala imicu eluhlaza” (杀青 / 炒青, shāqīng / chǎoqīng): Ukufudumeza ngokushesha ngezinga eliphezulu lokushisa kumisa izinqubo ze-fermentation futhi kuqinise izinhloso zephunga. EHuángjīn Guì kusetshenziswa umgomo othi “izinga eliphezulu lokushisa, isikhathi esifushane” (高温短时).
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusonga ngokushesha nokulula (快速轻揉), okwenza isimo eside “esimise okwe-safana” samaqabunga — ngokungafani nokusongwa okugcwele okuhlangene okusaqanda kweTiě Guānyīn.
• Ukomiswa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng): Ukuqina kokuqala ngezinga eliphakathi lokushisa.
• Ukubunjwa ngokusonga (包揉, bāoróu): Ukusongwa okuphindaphindiwe ngendwangu ukuze kuhlanganiswe isimo — kwenziwa kancane kunaseTiě Guānyīn.
• Ukomiswa okuphindiwe nokubunjwa (复烘, 复包揉): Ukushintshana kokufudumeza nokusonga ukufinyelela ukuhambisana.
• Ukomiswa kokugcina (烘干, hōnggān): Ukomiswa okuhamba kancane ngezinga eliphansi lokushisa (低温慢烘), okunika amandla ukukhuphuka kwezinhlanganisela zephunga kanye nokwenza iphunga eliphezulu lokugcina. Ukomiswa ngokucophelela — kuyisihluthulelo somphumela we-“tòu tiān xiāng”.

Umehluko oyinhloko wobuchwepheshe weHuángjīn Guì kunobekwaTiě Guānyīn ungafinyezwa ngefomula: “ubulula esigabeni ngasinye — ukugcinwa kwamanzi nemicu eluhlaza” (轻晒轻摇减少红变，保水保青锁鲜). Umphumela uba amaqabunga amancane, alukhuni anephunga eliphezulu eligqame kakhulu.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zokuhlanganyela:

• Isimo esingaphandle seqabunga elomile: Amaqabunga anesimo eside esifana ne-safana (细长尖梭形), alukhuni futhi alula ukulinganisa — azwakala engamfitshani futhi ekunzima uma kuqhathaniswa neTiě Guānyīn. Izinduku zincane futhi zincane. Umbala uyehluka ukusuka kuphuzi-oluhlaza kuye ekusagolide ophuzi ngokucwazimula okunamafutha. Esimweni sochwepheshe isimo sangaphandle sichazwa ngamagama amathathu: “ophuzi, omncane, omfitshane” (黄、薄、细).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Liphezulu ngokwedlulele futhi linamandla — ngisho lapho lomile iphunga lizwakala ngokugqamile nangokuqondile. Kunamaphuzu ezimbali ze-osmanthus (桂花, guìhuā) anamaphuzu e-gardenia (栀子花, zhīzihuā), ipheya elivuthiwe kanye nepetshisi lasemanzini (水蜜桃). Yileli phunga eladala isisho esithi: “Uzokuzwa iphunga—bese wazi ngeHuáng Dàn ngaso leso sikhathi” (一闻香气而知黄旦).
• Iphunga lokuphuzwayo: Ligcwele, liphezulu, lihlala isikhathi eside. Isigaba sezimbali-nezithelo kanye ne-osmanthus ephezulu, kuhlanganiswe nobumnandi bezinyosi kanye namaphuzu amancane ezinongo. Iphunga lesembozo se-gaiwan (盖香, gàixiāng) libonakala kakhulu — lishaya ngaphandle lapho lithintana okokuqala namanzi ashisayo, likhombisa umphumela we-“tòu tiān xiāng”.
• Ukunambitheka: Kuhlanzekile, kucwebile, kunobusha nobuhle (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng). Umzimba uthambile, kodwa awunamanzi — kungcono ukuthi “umcwele futhi njengosokisi” (醇细). Ubumnandi buvela ngokuqala kokuthululwa, buqhubeka bube ukunambitheka okuhlehlayo okuhlalayo futhi okubonakalayo (回甘, huígān). Ekunambithekeni kuzwakala amaphuzu ezimbali ze-osmanthus, ipheya nobunzinyosi. Ukuhlaba kuncane kakhulu. Ubumunca etiyeni elenziwe kahle alusekho nhlobo.
• Umbala wokuphuzwayo: Usagolide ophuzi (金黄色), ukhazimulayo, usobala, unokucwazimula okubonakalayo. Ngezinga elilula lokuthela — unombala ophuzi ngokukhanyayo.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elitheliwe): Amaqabunga aphelele avulekile, amancane futhi elulekile. Isizinda siphuzi-oluhlaza, amaphethelo anemqolo obomvu (朱红色) ojwayelekile. Iqabunga lithambile, lidlamuko, linomthambo omkhulu obonakalayo. Amaphethelo amaqabunga anamazinyo angashoni.

Inhlanganisela yezimfanelo zokuzwa zikaHuángjīn Guì ngokwesintu ichazwa ngefomula ethi “yī zǎo èr qí” (一早二奇) — “okunye kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, okubili okungaqhelekile”: “okwasekuqaleni” — ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuvuna kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokuvela emakethe ngaphambi kwesikhathi; “okubili okungaqhelekile” — isimo sangaphandle “esiphuzi, esilinganayo, esincane” (黄、匀、细) kanye nekhwalithi yangaphakathi “enephunga, engaqhelekile, entsha” (香、奇、鲜).

7. Ukwakheka Kwezamakhemikhali:

IHuángjīn Guì igqame ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo. Ngokwemininingwane yokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri:

• Ama-Polyphenol (amatiye amatanini): Isamba sokuqukethwe ama-polyphenol etiye — cishe u-31.58% wesisindo esomile. Ingxenye enkulu yakheke ngama-catechin (儿茶素), anokuqukethwe okuphelele okungaba ngu-129.31 mg/g. Ama-catechin anikeza amandla e-antioxidant futhi enza ukuhlaba okuncane kwephuza; ngenxa ye-fermentation ebuthakathaka eHuángjīn Guì kunezinhlobo ezinga-oxidiwe (i-EGCG, i-EGC, i-ECG).
• Ama-Amino acid: Isamba sokuqukethwe — cishe 2782.91 mg/100 g. Phakathi kwawo, indima ekhethekile idlalwa yi-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸), enikeza ubumnandi obuthambile, umuzwa “wobuwula” ekunambithekeni kanye nomphumela wokuphumula ngaphandle kobuhlungu.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine (咖啡碱) — ukuqukethwe kuphakathi nendawo, okuphawulekayo kumawulungu ane-fermentation ebuthakathaka (cishe 2–3% wesisindo esomile). Futhi kukhona i-theobromine ne-theophylline ngenani elincane kakhulu.
• Amafutha abalulekile: Ukuqukethwe kwamafutha abalulekile (ether extractives) — cishe 2.09%. Amafutha abalulekile yiwona abhekele umphumela oyi-“tòu tiān xiāng” wophawu — iphunga eliphezulu neliqinile elinamandla e-osmanthus, i-gardenia nepetshisi. Ucwaningo lwe-genome lukaHuáng Dàn (iNyuvesi Yezolimo yaseFujian, 2021) lubonise ukuthi ukubanga iphunga eliphezulu kuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo zomndeni we-TPS (ama-terpene synthases), ezibonisa ukukhuluma okwandisiwe kanye nokwehluka kwesakhiwo okuyingqayizivele kulomkhulari.
• Isikhiphi samanzi: Isamba semiphumela yokukhipha — cishe 40.58%, okukhombisa ukugcwala “nokuphelela” kwephuza.
• Amavitamini: UVithamini C, amavithamini eqembu B.
• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-fluorine, kanye ne-selenium ne-zinc (ikakhulukazi etiyeni elivela endaweni eyinhloko yaseLuóyán elinenhlabathi enothe nge-selenium).

8. Izinzuzo Ezilunquluthayo:

• Umphumela we-antioxidant: Ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) kunikeza ukubopha okuphumelelayo kwama-radical amahhala. Ngokocwaningo oluthile, umphumela we-antioxidant weHuángjīn Guì uyaqhathaniseka noma weqiwe ngemiphumela yamanye amawulungu ngenxa yokugcwala okuphawulekayo kwama-polyphenol.
• Umphumela wokunika amandla: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine idala “ukuqina okuthambile” — inyusa ukugxila kanye nemisebenzi yokuqonda ngaphandle kokweqa okukhulu kwezinzwa.
• Ukusekela ukugaya: Ama-polyphenol nama-catechin akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okugaya, asiza ekuhlukaniseni amafutha. Ngokwesiko leHuángjīn Guì kunconywa itiye ngemva kokudla okuningi: ekusebenzeni kwesiShayina kunemiphumela ethi “xiāo shí” (消食 — ukusiza ukugaya) kanye ne-“jiě jiǔ” (解酒 — ukwenza kube lula imiphumela yotshwala).
• Ukususa ukushisa nomphumela wokuqabula: Emthini wesintu wesiShayina ibhekwa njengeziphuzo ezisiza “ukusabalalisa ukushisa kwangaphakathi” (清热, qīngrè). Iqeda ukoma kahle esikhathini esishisayo.
• Ukusekela izinqubo zomzimba: Amawulungu ewonke futhi neHuángjīn Guì ekhona kusiza ekulungiseni izinqubo zamafutha: ucwaningo lukhombisa amandla okwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol kanye namafutha angathathi hlangothi egazini.
• Umphumela wokulwa nokucindezeleka: I-L-theanine lapho ihlanganiswe nephunga eliqhakazile lezimbali idala umphumela wokuphumula. Inqubo yokuphuza itiye ngokucabangisisa (品茗, pǐnmíng) ngeHuángjīn Guì ibhekwa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokwehlisa umthwalo wokucindezeleka.
• Ukunakekela isikhumba: Ama-antioxidant (ama-polyphenol, uvithamini C) asekela ukulaliswa kwesikhumba, kanti umsebenzi we-enzyme i-SOD (i-superoxide dismutase) uma uphuza amawulungu njalo uyanda, okunomphumela omuhle esimweni sesikhumba.

Qaphela: lezi zinzuzo esezishiwo zisekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho kwesintu kanye nemininingwane yesayensi yokuqala. Itiye aliyona imithi.

9. Ukuthela:

• Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 95–100°C. IHuángjīn Guì, nakuba iqabunga lincane, livula amandla alo aphelele ephunga ngezinga eliphezulu lokushisa. Amanzi angaphansi kuka-90°C ngeke avumele ukukhishwa ngokuphelele kwamafutha abalulekile futhi abonise umphumela we-“tòu tiān xiāng”.

• Inani letiye: 5–7 g ngamanzi angu-100–125 ml (indlela yegongfu, 功夫泡). Ngendlela yokuthela yaseNtshonalanga — 3 g ngamanzi angu-200–250 ml.

• Istshalo: I-gaiwan emhlophe yophiresi (白瓷盖碗, bái cí gàiwǎn) — ukukhetha okuhle kweHuángjīn Guì, ngoba uphiresi awumunca iphunga futhi uvumela ukunambitha ngokugcwele kwe-“gàixiāng” (盖香) — iphunga lesembozo. Futhi kusetshenziswa iketela laseYixing elenziwe ngobumba oyibunhlovu (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú) — ikakhulukazi kwezinguqulo ezithosiwe kakhudlwana.

• Inqubo:

  1. Fudumeza isitsha ngamanzi abilayo, chitha amanzi.
  2. Thela itiye egaiwan, vala ngesembozo, unyakazise kancane — phefumula iphunga leqabunga elomile elifudunyezwe izindonga zesitsha.
  3. Thela ngamanzi abilayo, ugeshe ngokushesha (润茶, rùnchá) amasekhondi angu-5, chitha.
  4. Ukuthululwa kokuqala kuya kwesine: khipha amasekhondi angu-10–15, chitha ngokushesha.
  5. Ukuthululwa kwesihlanu nokwalandela: khulisa isikhathi ngamasekhondi ama-5–10.
  6. IHuángjīn Guì esezingeni eliphezulu ikwazi ukumelana nokuthululwa okugcwele okungu-6–7; lapho ngisho nasekuthululweni kwakamuva isisekelo setiye sigcina iphunga elisasele.

• Isincomo esibalulekile: lapho uhlangana okokuqala neHuángjīn Guì kufanele uqale nge-“gàixiāng” eshisayo: sondela isembozo emakhaleni ngemva nje kokuchithwa — kungenxa yalokho okuzwakala “iphunga eligqobozela isibhakabhaka”.

10. Ukugcinwa:

IHuángjīn Guì ngesitayela se-“qīngxiāng” (ene-fermentation encane, engathosiwe) igcinwa ngokwemithetho efana neyokugcinwa kwetiye eliluhlaza: isitsha esivaliwe, ukoma, ukungabikho kwamanye amaphunga nokukhanya okuqondile. Okuhle kakhulu — efrijini ngezinga lokushisa lika-0–5°C, endaweni ehlukile, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthinta nezinye izinto.

Kwezinguqulo ezithosiwe kakhudlwana (ukuthoswa okuphakathi noma okunamandla) kuvumelekile ukugcinwa ngezinga lokushisa legumbi esitsheni esivaliwe nesingabonisi ukukhanya, kude neziphondo zokushisa. Ama-tiye athosiwe amelana kangcono ne-oxidation futhi agcina ikhwalithi isikhathi eside.

Izitha eziyinhloko zetiye: umswakama, ukushisa, amaphunga angejwanga kanye nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile.

IHuángjīn Guì entsha yomvuno wasentwasahlobo inconywa ukuthi igcinwe cishe amasonto amabili ngemva kokucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokuphuza — ngalesi sikhathi “umlilo” (火气, huǒqì) wokuthosa uyahlakazeka bese iphunga lizinza.

11. Intengo kanye Nokumapa:

• Isigaba sentengo: IHuángjīn Guì ingaphakathi kwesigaba sentengo esiphakathi nendawo nesiphakeme phakathi kwamawulungu ase-Anxi. Intengo incike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene: isizini yokuvuna (eyasentwasahlobo ibiza kakhulu kuneyasehlobo neyasekwindla), indawo yokudabuka (itiye elivela endaweni eyinhloko yaseLuóyán linezinga eliphezulu), ikhono lokucutshungula (umsebenzi wezandla ngokumelene nomshini), isigaba sokuthosa kanye nonyaka wokuvuna. Uma kuqhathaniswa neTiě Guānyīn yesigaba esifanayo, iHuángjīn Guì, ngokuvamile, yamukelekile kakhulu ngenani, kodwa iziqephu ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ezivela eLuóyán zingabiza ngokulingana.

• Indlela yokugwema ukumapa:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe abanolwazi olusobala ngemvelaphi yetiye — kuhle uma kuqokwa idolobhana elithile kanye nesizini yokuvuna.
  • Naka isisindo: iHuángjīn Guì yangempela ilula kakhulu kuneTiě Guānyīn ngevolumu efanayo — amaqabunga alukhuni futhi “anomoya”, hhayi aminyene futhi asindayo.
  • Hlola iphunga: iqabunga elomile kufanele libe nephunga elinamandla, elihlanzekile, lemvelo lezimbali (i-osmanthus, i-gardenia, ipheya) — ngaphandle “kwephunga lokwenziwa” lamakhemikhali noma amaphuzu okunamandla okungekhona okwemvelo.
  • Hlola ukuphuzwayo: umbala kufanele ube osagolide ophuzi ohlanzekile, obonakalayo; ukuthela okudephukile noma okufiphele kubonisa ikhwalithi ephansi.
  • Qaphela uma intengo iphansi kakhulu: uma intengo ingaphansi ngokusobala kwentengo yemakethe yamawulungu ase-Anxi, cishe itiye alenziwanga ngomkhulara uHuáng Dàn noma livunwa emasimini asemthambekeni.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

• IHuángjīn Guì inephunga elinamandla kangangokuba e-Anxi kwenziwa isisho ngaye: “Awukaze unambithe ukunambitheka kwasezulwini — usuvele uphefumule iphunga eligqobozela isibhakabhaka” (未尝天真味，先闻透天香).
• Umkhulara iHuáng Dàn waba “unguyise wegolide” wenqwaba yezinhlobo zezitshalo eziphakeme zanamuhla ezinamakha aphezulu: iHuáng Guānyīn (105), iJīn Guānyīn / Mínkē-1 (204), iJīn Mǔdān (220), iHuáng Méiguī (506), iHuáng Qí (黄奇), iRuì Xiāng (瑞香), iZǐ Méiguī (紫玫瑰) kanye neChūnguī (春闺). Wonke lawa makhulivar atheleleka ekuqhamukeni kweHuáng Dàn iphunga elikhethekile.
• Isihlahla sokuqala setiye, okuthiwa ngeqiniso satshalwa nguWáng Dàn eduze kwendlu yomyeni wakhe, ngo-1967 sase sifice ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ama-2 ubukhulu besiqu babucishe bube ngu-9 cm nomqhele ongu-1.6 m. Ngeshwa, lesi sihlahla safa ngenxa yokuhlumelela okwakuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwendlu.
• Ngabo-1940 indlu yetiye i-“Jīntài” (金泰茶庄) yayihweba kakhulu ngeHuángjīn Guì esuka eZhāngzhōu iya eHong Kong naseSingapore. Ngesikhathi esiphakeme sokuthumela ngaphandle leli tiye lalifunwa kakhulu phakathi kwabahlali baseShayina abaseningizimu eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kangangokuba abathengisi babehlekisa ngelithi: “Libiza ukudlula igolide” — bedlala ngencazelo eqondile yegama.
• Ngo-2018 iHuáng Dàn yabhaliswa uhulumeni ekuvunyelweni kwezitshalo ezilinywayo ngohlobo olusha (GPD 茶树（2018）350003), kwathi ngo-2021 iqembu locwaningo laseNyuvesi Yezolimo yaseFujian laqala ngokugcwele ukubhala i-genome yayo, lathola ukuthi ubukhulu be-genome bungu-2.94 Gb, nokuthi indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwephrofayli enephunga eliphezulu idlalwa yizinhlobo ezinwetshiwe zomndeni we-terpene synthase.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amawulungu ase-Anxi:

• ITiě Guānyīn (铁观音, Tiěguānyīn): Iwulong elidume kakhulu lase-Anxi. Isebenzisa umkhulara iTiě Guānyīn — onamaqabunga amakhulu, ovuthwa ngemuva kwesikhathi. Amaqabunga — ayizindilinga eziminyene, ezinzima eziluhlaza okotshani okumnyama. Iphunga — le-orchid, lijulile, linezigaba eziningi. Ukunambitheka — okunamafutha, okuqinile, kunesisekelo samaminerali nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside. IHuángjīn Guì uma iqhathaniswa — ilula, inomoya, inephunga eliphezulu futhi “elihlabayo” kakhulu, kodwa inomzimba onganzima kangako.
• IBěnshān (本山, Běnshān): Umkhulara ngaphandle ufana neTiě Guānyīn, kodwa amaqabunga amancane, nezinduku zizacile futhi ziminyene kancane. Iphunga lithambile futhi lincane kuneleTiě Guānyīn, ukunambitheka kulula kakhulu, kunamaphuzu otshani. Uma uqhathaniswa neHuángjīn Guì, iBěnshān inephunga lezimbali elingagqami kangako futhi nephrofayli ehlelekile nezolile.
• IMáoxiè (毛蟹, Máoxiè): Ibizwa ngezinwele ezincane emahlumela, ezifana noboya benkala. Ihlukile ngephunga lokhuvethe kanye nesimo esinokuhlaba nokubabayo. Amaqabunga amancane kuneleTiě Guānyīn, kodwa aminyene kuneleHuángjīn Guì. IHuángjīn Guì inqaba ngokuphakama nangobumsulwa bephunga, kodwa yehlulwa yiMáoxiè ngokomzimba nokucinana kwephuza.
• IHuáng Guānyīn (黄观音, Huáng Guānyīn): Ingqumbi yeTiě Guānyīn × Huáng Dàn, ethole iphunga eliphezulu likayise nokuminyana komzimba kamama. Ngokwephunga isondelene neHuángjīn Guì, kodwa umzimba ugcwele futhi uyindilinga. Isetshenziswa njengasendleleni yamawulungu aseMinnan, kanjalo nasekukhiqizweni kwama-yán chá (岩茶) e-Wǔyíshān.

Ekuphetheni:

IHuángjīn Guì iwulong oluyisambulo, itiye elinesimo esingeke sididwe nelinye. Isimanga sayo esikhulu ifaka iphunga: eliphezulu, elihlanzekile, lezimbali, eligcwalisa ngokoqobo indawo yonke kusuka enkomishini kuye ophahleni. Ngalokhu alihluli neTiě Guānyīn, kodwa lihlala endaweni yalo: uma iTiě Guānyīn iwukujula nobunzima, iHuángjīn Guì iwukuphakama nokubonakala.

Leli tiye lihle kakhulu kokuqala ukwazi umhlaba wamawulungu (ngenxa yephrofayli yokunambitheka eqondakalayo, ekhanyayo nenobungane), kanye nakubathandi abanolwazi abafuna iphunga ngokusobala nangokuphakeme okumsulwa. IHuángjīn Guì yasentwasahlobo evela eLuóyán ingenye yezinjabulo zokuqala zesizini entsha yetiye: yangaphambi kwesikhathi, enephunga, ekhanyayo njengegama layo uqobo — “I-Osmanthus Yegolide”.