Itiye eliphuzi

Itiye eliphuzi luhlobo oluyivelakancane futhi oluhlanzekileyo lwetiye olukhiqizwa eChina. Lithatha indawo ekhethekile ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa kwetiye, liphakathi kwetiye eliluhlaza nelase-ulong ngokwezinga lokuvutshelwa. Isici esiyinhloko setiye eliphuzi yinqubo ekhethekile yokufukumeza (mēnhuáng), enikeza ukunambitheka okuyingqayizivele, iphunga nokubukeka. 1. Ukuhlelwa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliphuzi (elivutshelwe kancane, izinga lokudleka kwe-oxidization cishe 10-20%).
• Isigaba: Amatiye e-elite, ayingqayizivele aseChina. Kufakwe phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zetiye ngokohlelo lwaseChina.
• Imvelaphi: I-China. Ngokomlando, itiye eliphuzi belikhiqizwa ngamanani alinganiselwe futhi lalitholakala kuphela enkantolo yombuso ephakeme nasezikhulwini. Izifunda eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza:
  • Isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南, Húnán): Isiqhingi sase-Junshan (君山, Junshan) echibini lase-Dongting (洞庭湖, Dongting) – okuyindawo yokuzalwa ye-Junshan Yinzhen edumile.
  • Isifundazwe sase-Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān): Izintaba zase-Mengding Shan (蒙顶山, Mengding Shan) – lapha kukhiqizwa i-Meng Ding Huang Ya.
  • Isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī): Isifunda sase-Huoshan (霍山县, Huoshan) – okuyindawo yokuzalwa ye-Huoshan Huang Ya.
  • Isifundazwe sase-Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng): Isifunda sase-Huzhou, esifundeni sase-Deqing, intaba i-Moganshan – okuyindawo yokuzalwa ye-Mogan Huang Ya.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Kuncike esifundeni esithile sokukhiqizwa.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Umlando wetiye eliphuzi ugcwele izinsomi, futhi usukela emakhulwini ambalwa kuya enkulungwaneni yeminyaka, ngokwezilinganiso ezahlukene. Eminye imithombo ikhomba ukuthi lwaqhamuka ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseTang (618-907 CE), kanti eminye ithi lwaqala ngoMbuso weMing (1368-1644 CE) noma weQing (1644-1912 CE). Isikhathi eside, itiye eliphuzi laliyitiye lombuso, elalinqatshelwe ukukhishwa ezweni futhi litholakala kuphela kubaphathi abaphezulu.
• Igama:
  • “Huang” (黄) – oluphuzi. Ibonisa umbala ophuzi wezihluthulelo zetiye, amaqabunga kanye nokuphuzwayo.
  • “Cha” (茶) – itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye eliphuzi belihlale lizungezwe yinjabulo yemfihlakalo nokuphakama. Ubuchwepheshe obunzima bokukhiqiza, inani elilinganiselwe, kanye nentengo ephezulu bekuyenza ingafinyeleleki kubantu abajwayelekile. Lalibhekwa njengesiphuzo esiletha ukuhlakanipha, impilo ende kanye nokukhanyiselwa.

3. Incazelo Ngezitshalo kanye Nomthombo Wokusetshenziswa:

• Uhlobo: Ukuze kukhiqizwe itiye eliphuzi, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla zetiye, ngokuvamile ezinamaqabunga amancane, ezinezihluthulelo eziningi ezithambile. Esifundeni ngasinye kunezinto ezikhethwayo:
  • Junshan Yinzhen: Uhlobo lwasekhaya olunamaqabunga amancane lwasesiqhingini sase-Junshan.
  • Meng Ding Huang Ya: Izinhlobo zasekhaya ezinamaqabunga amancane zasezintabeni zase-Mengding Shan.
  • Huoshan Huang Ya: Uhlobo lwasekhaya olwaziwa ngokuthi “Huoshan Jinji Zhong” (霍山金鸡种 – “Inkukhu esagolide yaseHuoshan”).
  • Mo Gan Huang Ya: Uhlobo oluvela entabeni i-Moganshan, cishe “Mo Gan Zao Sheng Zhong” (莫干早生种 – “Uhlobo oluvuthwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi lwaseMo Gan”).
• Ukuvunwa: Kuvunwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu entwasahlobo, uma kuvela izihluthulelo zokuqala, ezintsha.
• Indinganiso yokuqoqwa: Kuncike ohlotsheni lwetiye eliphuzi. Ezinhlotsheni ezi-elite, njenge-Junshan Yinzhen, kuqoqwa izihluthulelo ezingakavuli kuphela. Kwezinye izinhlobo (Meng Ding Huang Ya, Huoshan Huang Ya) – isihluthulelo kanye neqabunga elilodwa, noma amabili nje, angaphezulu.
• Izidingo zomthombo wezinto: Ziphakeme kakhulu. Kusetshenziswa izihluthulelo ezikhethiwe, ezingonakalanga, ezinamanzi, eziqoqwe ngesikhathi esomile. Kuqikelelwa kakhulu ukufana kwaleyonto esetshenziswayo.

4. Indawo Yokusebenza kanye Nezimiso Zokutshalwa:

• Izifunda ezilinywa kuzo: Ngokuvamile, yizifunda zezintaba ezinomoya omncane othile, ophawulwa ngumswakama ophezulu, inkungu evamile, inhlabathi enomsoco, nomoya ohlanzekile.
• Ukuphakama kokulinywa: Kuyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile amasimu etiye atholakala ekuphakameni okusuka kumamitha angu-500 kuya kwayi-1500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi enomsoco, ekhipha amanzi kahle, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo nezimbiwa.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-monsoon esishisayo, ebusika obupholile nehlobo elingashisi kangako, elinemvula eningi nomswakama ophezulu. Inkungu idlala indima ebalulekile, ivikela izihluthulelo ezithambile ekukhanyeni kwelanga okuqondile.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Isici esiyinhloko sokukhiqizwa kwetiye eliphuzi, esilehlukanisa neliluhlaza, yilesi sigaba sokufukumeza (闷黄, mēnhuáng), esinikeza itiye umbala oluphuzi, ukunambitheka okumnene, nephunga elikhethekile.

• Ukuvunwa (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Kuchazwe ngenhla. Kwenziwa ngesandla kuphela.
• Ukwethula (摊凉, tān liáng): Izihluthulelo eziqoqiwe namaqabunga kwethulwa kancane ngoqweqwe oluncane emathanjeni omoba noma emacansini emoyeni ovulekile (emthunzini) noma endaweni engenisa umoya kahle. Ubude balesi sigaba bungahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile busifushane.
• “Ukubulawa kwemifino eluhlaza” (杀青, shā qīng): Ukuhanjiswa okufushane emabhodweni ngezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-100-140°C. Inhloso ukuvimba ukufufukiswa, ukulondoloza iphunga lezihluthulelo nokususa ukunambitheka kotshani. Lesi sigaba sidinga ubungcweti obukhethekile ukuze kungashi abushi ngokweqile izihluthulelo ezithambile. Okwetiye eliphuzi, ukuhanjiswa ngokuvamile kufushane futhi kwenzeka ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi kunaleli elisetshenziswa kweliye liluhlaza.
• Ukupholisa (晾凉, liàng liáng): Ngemva “kokubulawa kwemifino eluhlaza”, izihluthulelo ziyethulwa ukuze zipholile.
• Ukusongwa kokuqala (初揉, chū róu): Izihluthulelo ziyasongwa ngesandla ngobumnene nangesikhathi esifushane, noma azisongwa nhlobo (njengakwi-Junshan Yinzhen), ukuze kungonakali.
• Ukufukumeza (闷黄, mēnhuáng): Isigaba esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwetiye eliphuzi. Izihluthulelo zisongwa ngendwangu ekhethekile, iphepha le-parchement, noma zibekwe ngezikhuluzi ezincane, ezimbozwe ngendwangu. Ngalena ndlela, itiye liyashiywa “lifukumeze” isikhathi esisukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa (kuyaziqubula ngokohlobo lwetiye, izinga lokushisa nomswakama womoya). Ngesikhathi sokufukumeza, kwenzeka ukudleka kwe-oxidization okuncane kwezihluthulelo, zithola umbala ophuzi ngokuthambile, futhi kwakheka ukunambitheka nephunga elikhethekile letiye. Lesi sigaba sidinga ukunakekelwa okungapheli nobungcweti obukhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukufufukiswa ngokweqile.
• Ukusongwa kabusha (复揉, fù róu): Uma kuhlinzekelwe ubuchwepheshe, ngemva kokufukumeza izihluthulelo zingaphinde zosongwe kancane.
• Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): Itiye lomiswa ngezigaba eziningana, kuncishiswa izinga lokushisa kancane kancane. Kungase kube ukwesula ezindlini ezikhethekile zokwesula, phezu kwamalahle, noma indlela exubile. Kubalulekile ukungawomisi ngokweqile izihluthulelo, ukuze kugcinwe iphunga lazo kanye nokunambitheka.
• Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba (分级, fēnjí): Itiye eliqediwe lihlukaniswa ngosayizi, isimo nekhwalithi, kususwa noma yikuphi ukwehla.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezinzwa:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kuncike ohlotsheni oluthile lwetiye eliphuzi. Okujwayelekile umbala ophuzi noma osagolide ophuzi wezihluthulelo, ngokuvamile unoboya obusiliva. Isimo singahlukahluka: izihluthulelo eziqondile neziminyene (njengakwi-Junshan Yinzhen), ezigoqekile noma ezisongekile kancane.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linqena, lincane, linoshukela, linezimpawu zezimbali, uju, utshani obusha, amantongomane (ikakhulukazi i-chestnut egazingiwe). Kungase kube khona ukuhlukahluka okuncane okunentuthu noma “okugazingiwe”.
• Iphunga lokuphuzwayo: Lihlanzekile, liyinkimbinkimbi, ligcwele amanothi ezimbali noju, nemikhakha yezithelo, amantongomane notshani. Iphunga letiye eliphuzi ngokuvamile lichazwa ngokuthi “linoshukela”, “elisha”, “elihlanzekile”.
• Ukunambitheka: Kumnene kakhulu, kubushelelezi, akunampilo emibi, kunoshukela, kuyaqabula, ngokuhlaba okuncane kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside, okuhlanzekile futhi okunoshukela ngemuva kokugwinya. Ebhodleleni lephunga kugcwele amanothi ezimbali, uju, izithelo, kanye nokukhumbuza amantongomane, utshani, kwesinye isikhathi nokuncane okumuncu. Ubuhlungu nokuhlaba kuvezwe kancane kakhulu noma akukho nhlobo. Ukunambitheka kwetiye eliphuzi kubhekwa njengokuthambile nokucwengekile kakhulu.
• Umbala wokuphuzwayo: Ophuzi okhanyayo, osagolide, ocwebezelayo, ohlanzekile, nogqame ngobucwebe. Kungaba nombala oluhlaza okotshani omncane.
• Isikebhe setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Izihluthulelo eziphelele, eziqinile (noma izihluthulelo ezinamaqabunga) ezinombala ophuzi-luhlaza ocwengileyo, okubonisa ikhwalithi ephezulu yento eluhlaza.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Itiye eliphuzi ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali lisondele kweliluhlaza, kodwa linezici zalo eziyimpawu ngenxa yesigaba sokufukumeza:

• Ama-polyphenol: Izinga lama-polyphenol, okuhlanganisa nama-catechin, liphansi kunelamatiye aluhlaza, kodwa liphakeme kunamatiye amhlophe, ngenxa yokudleka kwe-oxidization ingxenye ngesikhathi sokufukumeza.
• Ama-amino acid: Acebile ngama-amino acid, ikakhulukazi i-L-theanine, edala ukunambitheka okunoshukela kwetiye futhi inomthelela wokuthulisa izingqondo.
• Amavithamini: C, weqembu B, P.
• Izimbiwa: I-fluoride, i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-zinc.
• I-caffeine: Izinga le-caffeine liphakathi nendawo, ngokuvamile liphansi kunelamatiye aluhlaza.

8. Imiphumela Enempilo:

• Umthelela we-antioxidant: Uvikela amaseli ekulimaleni okubangelwa ama-free radical, wehlisa ijubane lokuguga, wehlisa ingozi yezifo eziningi.
• Ukuqinisa amandla omzimba: Ukhuphula amandla omzimba okumelana nezifo.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya ukudla: Ukhuthaza ukugaya, usiza ekumuncweni kokudla.
• Umthelela wokukhuthaza amandla: Unikeza amandla ngobumnene, uthuthukisa ukuhlala ugxilile, ususa ukukhathala.
• Umthelela wokuqabula: Kwehlisa ukoma kahle, ikakhulukazi uma kushisa.
• Inzuzo emehlweni: Emithini yesiNtu yaseChina kubhekwa ukuthi itiye eliphuzi linomthelela omuhle ekuboneni.
• Ukuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo: Ngenxa ye-L-theanine, itiye lisiza ekuphumuleni, ekuqedeni ingcindezi nasekuthuthukiseni isimo sengqondo.
• Inzuzo esibindini: Kukholelwa ukuthi itiye eliphuzi lihlanza isibindi futhi lithuthukise umsebenzi walo.
• Umthelela wokulwa nomdlavuza: Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ama-polyphenol etiye eliphuzi angavimbela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 70-80°C. Amanzi ashishe kakhulu angase “ashise” izihluthulelo ezithambile futhi anikeze ukuphuzwayo ubuhlungu.
• Inani letiye: Amagremu angu-3-5 emanzini angu-150-200 ml.
• Isitsha: Kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa isitsha sengilazi (ingilazi, i-flask) noma i-gaiwan yobumba oluqinile (i-porcelain), ukuze ubuke ubuhle bezihluthulelo ezivulekayo kanye nombala wokuphuzwayo.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza isitsha ngamanzi abilayo.
  2. Faka itiye esitsheni.
  3. Thela amanzi etiyeni bese ukhipha ingxube yokuqala ngokushesha (ukugeza itiye).
  4. Thela amanzi etiyeni futhi uligxilise imizuzu engu-1-2 (ukudlula kokuqala). Isikhathi sokuligxilisa singalungiswa ngokuthanda kwakho.
  5. Thela ukuphuzwayo ezinkomishini.
  6. Phinda ukuphisa izikhathi ezinhlanu, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuligxilisa kancane kancane.

Amanothi abalulekile:

• Ungaligxilisi isikhathi eside: Ukugxilisa isikhathi eside kakhulu kungabangela ubuhlungu.
• Buka izihluthulelo: Ngesikhathi sokuphisa, buka indlela izihluthulelo ezivuleka futhi “zidansa” emanzini.
• Zama ukuhlola: Ungesabi ukuhlola isikhathi sokuphisa kanye nenani letiye ukuze uthole okukufanele kakhulu kuwe.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Itiye eliphuzi, njengeliluhlaza, lizwelayo ezimeni zokuligcina. Kufanele ligcinwe:

• Endaweni eyomile, epholile, emnyama: Okuhle kakhulu – esiqandisini, esikhwameni esihlukile, ngezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-0 kuya ku-+5°C.
• Esitsheni esivaleka ngokuqinile: Ibhodlela le-porcelain, lengilazi, noma likakhiyane, elingadlulisi ukukhanya namaphunga angaphandle.
• Kude namaphunga angaphandle: Itiye limunca amaphunga kalula.

11. Intengo kanye Nokukopishwa:

Itiye eliphuzi liyingxenye yamatiye ayingqayizivele futhi e-elite. Intengo ephezulu ibangelwa yilokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe: Kukhiqizwa ngamanani amancane.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwezihluthulelo kuphela noma kwezihluthulelo ezinamaqabunga angu-1-2: Izidingo eziphezulu entweni eluhlaza.
• Ubuchwepheshe obunzima bokukhiqiza: Iningi lomsebenzi wezandla, imfuneko yokunakekelwa ngokucophelela esigabeni ngasinye.
• Imfuno ephezulu: Imfuno yetiye eliphuzi idlula inani elikhona.

Ngenxa yentengo ephezulu kanye nokungavamile, kukhona okokukopisha emakethe. Ungakugwema kanjani ukukopishwa:

• Thenge kubathengisi abathembekile: Funa izitolo ezikhethekile zamatiye ezinedumela elihle, ezinganikeza ulwazi mayelana nemvelaphi yetiye futhi ziqinisekise ikhwalithi yalo.
• Yixwaye ngentengo ephansi kakhulu: Intengo ephansi kakhulu kufanele ikuxwayise. Itiye eliphuzi langempela alikwazi ukubiza kancane.
• Hlola ukubukeka ngokucophelela: Izihluthulelo kufanele ziphelele, zingonakalanga, zifane ngosayizi nangesimo, zibe nombala ophuzi obonakalayo.
• Hlaziya iphunga: Itiye elomile kufanele libe nephunga elincane, elinoshukela elinamanothi ezimbali, uju, notshani obusha.
• Hlola ukuphuzwayo: Umbala wokuphuzwayo kufanele ube ophuzi okhanyayo, ucwebezele. Ukunambitheka – kumnene, kunoshukela, akukho buhlungu.

12. Amaqiniso Athakaselayo:

• “Imvubukazi ephilayo”: Itiye eliphuzi libhekwa njengolunye lwezinhlobo zasendulo kakhulu zamatiye, ezigcine ubuchwepheshe bazo bokukhiqiza bungashintshile cishe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.
• Itiye “elinyamalalayo”: Ngekhulu lama-20, ukukhiqizwa kwetiye eliphuzi cishe kwaphela ngenxa yobunzima bobuchwepheshe kanye nezindleko eziphezulu. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, intshisekelo ngetiye eliphuzi ivuselelwa, kodwa inani lokukhiqiza liselincane kakhulu.
• Itiye lokucabangisisa: Ngenxa yephunga layo elincane, ukunambitheka okumnene, nomthelela wokuphumula, itiye eliphuzi lifaneleka kahle ekucabangisiseni nasemikhosini yetiye.
• Izici zesifunda: Isifunda ngasinye esikhiqiza itiye eliphuzi (Junshan, Mengdingshan, Huoshan) sinezici zaso eziyingqayizivele zendawo yokusebenza, ezithinta ukunambitheka nephunga letiye.

13. Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zetiye Eliphuzi:

• Junshan Yinzhen (君山银针, Jūnshān Yínzhēn): “Izinaliti ezisiliva zaseNtabeni i-Junshan” – itiye eliphuzi elidume kakhulu nelibiza kakhulu. Kukhiqizwa kuphela ngezihluthulelo eziqoqwe esiqhingini sase-Junshan echibini lase-Dongting esifundazweni sase-Hunan. Linokunambitheka nephunga eliyingqayizivele, kanye “nomdlalo” okhethekile wezihluthulelo lapho ziphisiwe (“ukukhuphuka kathathu, ukuwa kathathu”).
• Meng Ding Huang Ya (蒙顶黄芽, Méng Dǐng Huáng Yá): “Izihluthulelo eziphuzi zaseNtabeni i-Mengding” – kukhiqizwa eNtabeni i-Mengdingshan esifundazweni sase-Sichuan. Linomlando omude; kukholelwa ukuthi ukulinywa kwetiye eChina kwaqala kule ntaba.
• Huoshan Huang Ya (霍山黄芽, Huò Shān Huáng Yá): “Izihluthulelo eziphuzi zaseHuoshan” – kukhiqizwa esifundeni sase-Huoshan esifundazweni sase-Anhui. Liphawuleka ngephunga “lamantongomane” eliyingqayizivele.
• Mo Gan Huang Ya (莫干黄芽, Mò Gān Huáng Yá): “Izihluthulelo eziphuzi zaseNtabeni i-Moganshan” – kukhiqizwa eNtabeni i-Moganshan esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang. Itiye eliphuzi elingajwayelekile futhi elaziwa kancane ngaphandle kweChina.
• Beigang Maojian (北港毛尖, Běigǎng Máojiān): “Iziphongo ezinoboya zaseBeigang”. Nakuba igama liqukethe “Maojian” (okuvame ukusho amatiye aluhlaza), empeleni leli yitiye eliphuzi, elikhiqizwa endaweni yase-Beigang (esifundazweni sase-Hunan), elehlukile ku-Junshan Yinzhen hhayi kuphela ngendawo yokukhiqiza, kodwa nangokusetshenziswa kwento ehlukile – ngaphandle kwezihluthulelo, kungasetshenziswa namaqabunga angaphezulu ayi-1-2.

14. Isiko Lokusetshenziswa:

• Gongfu Cha: Itiye eliphuzi, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zalo ezi-elite, lifaneleka kahle ekuphiseni ngendlela ye-Gongfu Cha – umkhosi wesintu waseChina wokwenza itiye.
• Isitsha: Ukuphisa, kungcono ukusebenzisa isitsha sengilazi, ukuze ubuke ubuhle bezihluthulelo ezivulekayo, noma i-gaiwan yobumba oluqinile.
• Ukuhlanganisa nokudla: Akunconywa ukuhlanganisa itiye eliphuzi nokudla, ukuze kungaphazanyiswa ukunambitheka ngephunga lalo okuncane. Leli tiye kungcono uliphuzile lodwa, ujabulele yonke into oyiginyayo.
• Isikhathi sosuku: Itiye eliphuzi lingaphuzwa noma yinini emini, kodwa kuhle kakhulu ngenkathi yokuphuza itiye ekuseni nasemini, ngoba linomthelela omncane wokuvuselela amandla futhi liholela ekuhlaleni ugxilile.

Ekuphetheni:

Itiye eliphuzi yisiphuzo esiyivelakancane futhi esicwengekile, esigcina amasiko amaningi eminyaka kanye nezimfihlo zobungcweti babalimi bamatiye baseChina. Ukunambitheka kwalo okuncane, okunoshukela, iphunga elincane lezimbali, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele bokukhiqiza obunesigaba sokufukumeza, kuyenza ibe yigugu langempela phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zetiye. Ukuzama itiye eliphuzi langempela kusho ukuthinta umlando, ukuzwa ukuzwana nokuthula okulethwa yilesi siphuzo esibekekile. Leli yitiye lalabo abazisayo ukungavamile, ubucwenge, futhi abafuna etiyeni hhayi ukunambitheka kuphela, kodwa nobuhle obukhethekile kanye nokujula kokuzwa.