Guzhang Mao Jian · new.thetea.app

Guzhang Mao Jian (古丈毛尖, Gǔzhàng máo jiān) yitiye eluhlaza elidumile elivela esifundeni saseGuzhang, esifundazweni sase-Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, esifundazweni saseHunan. Leli tiyi lisendaweni emaphakathi nezintaba zeWuling (武陵山脉) “ngomugqa wegolide wamashumi amathathu” — indawo edume ngezinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza amanye amatiye amahle kakhulu eChina. Leli tiyi laziwa ngezimfanelo ezimbili ezivame ukungahlangani: ukuqina kakhulu ekuphindaphindeni ukuthela (kufika ezikhathini eziyi-15) kanye nokunotha kwe-selenium emhlabathini. Amahlumela amancane, a-silvery, acwebezelayo abizwa ngokuthi “igugu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza” (绿茶中的珍品).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nokudabuka:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavuthisiwe). Lingaphansi kwetiye eliluhlaza eligadwayo (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá) elinesimo esicijile, esiphothiwe.
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo Wezimpawu Zokukhomba Ezokusebenza Kwezwe (国家地理标志保护产品, 2007). Uphawu lwentengiso olwaziwa kabanzi eChina (中国驰名商标, 2011). Ngo-1982, lafakwa ohlwini “lwamatiye alishumi adumile eChina” (ngokolunye uhlelo lwezilinganiso).
Indawo: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南, Húnán), i-Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (湘西土家族苗族自治州, Xiāngxī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu), isifunda sase-Guzhang (古丈县, Gǔzhàng Xiàn). Inhliziyo yokukhiqiza — idolobhana lase-Guyangzhen (古阳镇), izintaba zetiye i-Dongfang (东方), i-Longtianping (龙天坪) ne-Niujiaoshan (牛角山).
Indawo ebanzi: “Ibhande legolide lokutshalwa kwetiye” emugqeni wama-degree angu-30 enyakatho, eduze kwezintaba zase-Wuling, ezidlula ezifundazweni i-Hunan, i-Hubei, i-Chongqing ne-Guiyang.
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: Cishe 28°37′ enyakatho, 109°57′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Ukutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni sase-Guzhang kwaqala ngesikhathi se-Eastern Han (25–220 AD): embhalweni wasendulo wezokwelapha “Tongjun Lu” (桐君录, Tóngjūn Lù), indawo yase-Guzhang ibivele ikhonjwe njengendawo ekhiqiza itiye. Nge-Tang Dynasty (618–907), itiye lendawo lafakwa ohlwini lwemihlatshelo yombusi (贡品, gòngpǐn).

Ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kwenzeka ngekhulunyaka lama-20: ngo-1929, i-Guzhang Mao Jian yazuza indondo “Yetiye Lamazwe Ngamazwe Elidumile” embukisweni wamazwe ngamazwe eParis (法国国际博览会); ngo-1957 — indondo yegolide emqhudelwaneni wamazwe ngamazwe waseLeipzig. Ngo-1982, yafakwa “Kumatiye alishumi adumile eChina”.

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokwehla, ukukhiqizwa kwavuselelwa ngeminyaka yo-1980. Ngo-2007, itiye lathola ukuvikelwa kwephawu lendawo lukazwelonke, kwathi ngo-2011 — isimo “Sethuluzi Lokuthengisa Elaziwayo eChina”.
Igama:
- “Guzhang” (古丈) — igama lesifunda, elisuselwa ezindabeni zasendulo zabantu base-Tujia (土家) nama-Miao (苗), abantu bomdabu basezintabeni zase-Xiangxi.
- “Mao” (毛) — “uboya, ama-fluff”: akhomba ubuningi bama-silvery trichomes emaqulwini.
- “Jian” (尖) — “isikhali esicijile”: chaza isimo esincanyana, esicijile samahlumela.
Ukubaluleka kwezamasiko: I-Guzhang Mao Jian ingukudalwa kwe-Xiangxi, indawo eyaziwa “njengezwe lezintaba nemifula” (山水之乡), ikhaya lombhali u-Shen Congwen nomdwebi u-Huang Yongyu. Itiye lihlobene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa namasiko e-Tujia nama-Miao — abantu abahlala ezintabeni zase-Wuling izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Esifundeni sase-Guzhang, lapho izingadi zetiye zithatha ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba wezolimo, itiye liyisisekelo somnotho nobunikazi bamasiko.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

I-cultivar: Isitshalo sendawo esikhuliswa endaweni, esinamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo namancane, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis — Guzhang Quntizhong (古丈群体种), esigqamisa uhlobo olungaphansi i-Zhuyeqizhong (槠叶种, Zhūyè zhǒng). Iphawuleka ngokugcina ubumnene isikhathi eside (持嫩性强) kanye nama-trichomes amaningi (茸毛多). Ngempela amaqembu endawo a-cultivar, ajwayele izimo zezintaba zase-Wuling, yiwona anika itiye ukumelana okujulile nokuphindaphinda ukuthela.
Ukuvuna: Ukuvuna ngaphambi kwe-Qingming (清明, cishe ngo-5 Ephreli). Okwezinga eliphakeme — amaqulu aphelele noma iqulu elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa elivulekile kancane (一芽一叶初展). Amahlumela kumele abe mnandi, anama-trichomes, alinganayo ngosayizi.
Izinga lokuvuna: Amagreyidi amathathu:
- Teji (特级): Amaqulu aphelele noma iqulu elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa. Ubuningi bama-trichomes amhlophe, ukunambitheka okusha.
- Yiji (一级): Iqulu elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa. Amahlumela alinganayo, amancanyana, nephunga elimile.
- Erji (二级): Kufakwe ingxenye encane yeziqu ezithambile. Ukunambitheka okuqinile, ukumelana okukhulu nokuthela.
Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Amahlumela athambile, afanayo, angonakali. Ukugaywa kwenziwa ngosuku lokuvuna.

4. Indawo Nokukhiqiza:

Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-subtropical sezintaba ezinomsoco womoya. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi lingu-16°C. Amafu amaningi, ukukhanya okuncane okuqondile kwelanga, ukukhanya okuthe xaxa kuqhubeka (漫射光). Lezi zimo zehlisa ukwakheka kwama-polyphenols futhi zikhuthaze ukunqwabelana kwama-amino acid — umphumela: ukunambitheka okuthambile, okumnandi ngaphandle kobumunyu obugqamile.
Ukuphakama kwendawo yokutshala: Amasimu amakhulu angaphezu kwamamitha ayinkulungwane ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ukuba nezihlahla kungu-80%. Izintaba zigelezwa imifula eminingi nezimpophoma, akukho ukungcola kwezimboni.
Inhlabathi: Isici esiyingqayizivele — inhlabathi eyakhiwe phezu kwe-purple slate (紫色板页岩, zǐsè bǎnyèyán), enothe nge-phosphorus kanye neselenium (硒, xī) — izinga le-selenium liphakeme kakhulu kunasezindaweni eziningi zokutshala itiye eChina. Izingxenye ezingama-83% zendawo zinhlabathi equkethe i-nitrogen ngaphezu kwe-1% — inkomba enhle kakhulu yobukhulu.
Indalo: Isifunda sase-Guzhang sise “bhandeni legolide lokutshala itiye” emugqeni wama-degree angu-30 — indawo ehlanganisa izifunda ezingcono kakhulu zetiye emhlabeni (i-Darjeeling, i-Uji, i-Huangshan). Ukuhlanzeka komoya, amanzi, nenhlabathi kwenza le ndawo ibe ngenye yezindawo ezihlanzekile kakhulu eChina.

5. Ubuciko Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuciko be-Guzhang Mao Jian buphawuleka ngamanyathelo amaningi: izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili ezinokugadingwa kathathu nokujikajikwa kabili. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi ukwedlula amanye amatiye amaningi aluhlaza, futhi kuchaza ukumelana okungavamile nokuthela.

Ukuthela nokomisa kancane (摊青 — tān qīng): Ukuthela okufushane ukukhipha umswakama oweqile.
Ukuqala kokugadwaya / Ukulungiswa (杀青 — shāqīng): Nge-180°C — Ukumisa ukufakwa kwe-oxidative enzyme, ukuqinisa iphunga elisha.
Ukujikajika kokuqala (揉条 — róutiáo): Ukujikajika okunamandla (揉捻力度重) — okuqine ukwedlula amanye amatiye amaningi aluhlaza, okuvula ngokujulile izakhiwo zamangqamuzana futhi kuchaze ukumelana okungajwayelekile nokuphindaphinda ukuthela.
Ukugadingwa kwesibili (炒二青 — chǎo èrqīng): Nge-120°C — ukomisa phakathi nendawo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwephunga ngokwengeziwe.
Ukujikajika kabusha (复揉 — fùróu): Ukuhlanganisa ngokwengeziwe kwesakhiwo.
Ukugadingwa kwesithathu (炒三青 — chǎo sānqīng): Ukugadwa kokugcina ukuze uqinise isimo.
Ukwakheka (做条 — zuòtiáo): Umsebenzi wenza amahlumela ngesandla, ehlanganisa indlela “yokuqondisa” (理, lǐ), “yokudonsa” (拉, lā), kanye “nokuhlikihla” (搓, cuō), enika amaqabunga itiye isimo esiqondile, esincanyana, esicijile.
Ukuvela kwe-trichomes nokomisa kokugcina (提毫收锅 — tí háo shōuguō): Isigaba sokugcina — ezingeni lokushisa elilawulwa ngokucophelela, umsebenzi “udonsa” ama-silvery trichomes angaphezulu kweqabunga letiye ngaphandle kokuwa. Lokhu kudinga ukufaneleka okukhethekile — ukushisa okuncane kakhulu kucekela phansi i-trichomes, ukungashisi kuyishiya “icindezelwe”.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka Nokuhogela:

Ishidi elomile ngaphandle: Amahlumela amancanyana, acinene, aqondile futhi amancane (条索紧细圆直), anezihloko ezicijile ezinhle (锋苗挺秀). Umbala — uhlaza okhanyayo nge-emerald, okucwebezelayo okufana namafutha (翠润), umbozwe kakhulu ngama-silvery trichomes (显毫).
Iphunga lamahlamvu omile: Iphunga elimsulwa, eliphakeme, elisha (清香, qīngxiāng). Iphunga elimnene lama- buds amancane (嫩香高悦, nènxiāng gāoyuè) — “ubumnene obujabulisayo”. Iphunga elisele enkomishini engenalutho (冷杯留香) lihlala isikhathi eside.
Iphunga lokuphakwa: Elimile, eliphakeme, ninomqondo wembali ohlanzekile. Livela kancane kancane ezikhathini eziningi zokuthela.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha futhi okunomsoco (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng), okucinene futhi okunothile (醇厚, chúnhòu), okunobumnandi obubuyayo nokwehla kwamathe (回甘生津, huígān shēngjīn). Isici esiyinhloko — ukumelana okungavamile nokuthela: i-Guzhang Mao Jian esezingeni eliphakeme iyakwazi ukumelana nezikhathi zokuthela ezingafika ku-15, igcine iphunga nokunambitheka — inkomba ecishe ingenakwenzeka etiyeni eliluhlaza elijwayelekile. Ifomula yokunambitha: “Izikhathi zokuqala ezi-3 — ukusha okuhlanzekile; kusukela kweyesine — ukujula nobumnandi obubuyayo”.
Umbala wokuphakwa: Uhlaza omnene, ohlanzekile futhi osobala nokucwebezela okuphilayo.
Amahlamvu asezansi (amahlamvu elingisiwe): Amahlumela amuncane, aqinile, afanayo anombala oluhlaza. Angenakulimala.

7. Ukuhlangana Kwamakhemikhali:

Inhlabathi ye-purple slate enothile nge-selenium, imvelaphi yezintaba eziphakeme, nokugaywa ngezigaba eziningi kwakha umphumela oyingqayizivele:

Ama-polyphenols (ama-catechins): Ukuphakama okuphawulekayo — kunikeza amandla amakhulu e-antioxidant kanye nokujula kwesakhiwo sokunambitheka.
Ama-amino acid (kuhlanganise ne-L-theanine): Izinga eliphakeme — umphumela wokukhanya okuthe xaxa kanye nenhlabathi ene-nitrogen (83% yendawo ene-nitrogen >1%). Ngempela ama-amino acid ahlinzeka ukusha nokuthamba.
I-Selenium (硒, xī): Izinga eliphakeme ngokwemvelo — i-Guzhang Mao Jian ingaphansi kwesigaba “se-fuxicha” (富硒茶, fùxī chá — “itiye elinothe nge-selenium”). I-Selenium iyi-antioxidant enamandla kanye ne-immunomodulator.
Ama-alkaloids: I-caffeine — izinga eliphakathi. I-theobromine, i-theophylline.
Amavitamini: I-Vitamin C, amanye amavitamini e-B, ama-carotenoids.
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-selenium.

8. Izinzuzo Zempilo:

Ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant: Izinga eliphezulu lama-polyphenols kanye ne-selenium kuhlinzeka ukuvikelwa okuqinisiwe ekuhluphekeni kwe-oxidative.
Umthelela oqinisa umzimba nokucabanga okucacile (清头目): I-caffeine ne-L-theanine zinikeza amandla amnene, agxilile.
Ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla (消食): Ama-polyphenols akhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha — umphumela, ngokocwaningo, ubonakala kakhulu.
Umthelela opholile noqabulayo (清热消暑): Ukunqaba ukoma, ukukhipha ukushisa kwangaphakathi.
Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba: I-selenium nama-polyphenols asekela umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba.
Ukunika umswakama nokukhiqiza amathe (止渴生津): Ukuphakwa kukhuthaza ukuhla kwamathe.
Kubalulekile: Izakhiwo ezishicilelwe zisuselwa emininingweni etholakala esidlangalaleni futhi azikona izincomo zezokwelapha.

9. Ukuphuza:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90°C (amanzi abilayo, apholile kancane). I-Guzhang Mao Jian ingelinye lamatiye amabalwa aluhlaza lapho kunconywa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu, ngenxa yesakhiwo esiqinile seqabunga.
Ubuningi betiye: 3–4 g ku-120–150 ml wamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:40).
Izitsha: I-gaiwan (白瓷盖碗) yobumba lwe-porcelain emhlophe noma ingilazi.
Inqubo (indlela yokuthela phezulu / 上投法):
1. Fudumeza izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo, thela.
2. Gcwalisa ingilazi ngamanzi (90°C) kuze kufike ku-7/10 womthamo.
3. Thela itiye.
4. Ukuthela kokuqala — imizuzwana emi-5. Chitha.
5. Ukuthela okulandelayo — andisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana emi-5.
6. Itiye limelana nezikhathi zokuthela ezingafika ku-15 — lesi yisici salo esiyinhloko.
Qaphela: izikhathi zokuqala ezi-3 zembula ukusha nokuhogela okuhlanzekile; kusukela kweyesine — ukujula, umzimba, nobumnandi obubuyayo. Gwema “ukucwilisa” (闷泡) — lokhu kukhulisa ubumunyu. Akunconywa ukuphuza ngesisu esingenalutho; okuhle kakhulu — emizuzwini engu-30 ngemuva kokudla.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Gcina esitsheni esivalekile, endaweni emnyama, eyomile nepholile.
Izinga lokushisa elifanele — 0–5°C (esiqandisini), ekufakweni okuvalekile.
Isikhathi sokugcina — kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-12–18 uma izimo zilandelwa.
Ngemuva kokuvulwa — sebenzisa phakathi nezinyanga ezi-1–2.

11. Intengo Nokukhotshwa:

I-Guzhang Mao Jian — itiye elinokuduma okukhulayo, elikhiqizwa kancane endaweni yezintaba eziphakeme sase-Guzhang. Intengo incike kugreyidi, isikhathi sokuvuna, kanye nemvelaphi evela endaweni eyinhloko.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukopela:
- Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile abanophawu lwendawo lwesifunda sase-Guzhang.
- Hlola isimo: “amahlamvu” amancanyana, aqondile, amancane anama-trichomes amaningi. Amaqabunga avulekile, angalingani — uphawu lokukopelela.
- Hlola ukumelana nokuthela: i-Guzhang Mao Jian yangempela imelana nezikhathi zokuthela ezingu-10+. Ukuphefumula okunye ngemuva kwezi-2–3 — uphawu oluqinisekile lokukopelela.
- Hlola iphunga: elimsulwa, eliphakeme, ngaphandle kokukhazimula. Iphunga elibi noma “okotshani” — isizathu sokungabaza.
- Bheka intengo: intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo — uphawu lokukopelela.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Ukumelana nezikhathi zokuthela ezingafika ku-15 kuyinkomba engavamile yamatiye aluhlaza. Iningi lamatiye aluhlaza adumile lamelana nezikhathi ezi-3–5 zokuthela; u-15 ileveli evame ukuhlotshaniswa nama-oolong noma ama-pu’er. Imfihlo isekujikajikeni okuphindwe kabili okuqinile kanye nokunotha kwezinto ezikhiphekayo, okubangelwa indawo.
Ngo-1929, i-Guzhang Mao Jian yaba ngelinye lamatiye okuqala aluhlaza aseChina ukuthola indondo yamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kwe-Asia — embukisweni wamazwe ngamazwe eParis. Lokhu kwakungaphambi kokuba iningi lamatiye aseChina liqale ukungena emakethe yomhlaba.
Isifunda sase-Guzhang sisendaweni “yegolide yamashumi amathathu” enyakatho — umugqa ohlanganisa izifunda ezingcono kakhulu zetiye emhlabeni: kusukela e-Darjeeling yaseNdiya kuya e-Uji yaseJapane nase-Huangshan yase-Anhui.
Ama-83% endawo yesifunda anenhlabathi equkethe i-nitrogen >1% — lokhu kungenye yezinkomba eziphakeme kakhulu zemvelo phakathi kwezifunda zetiye zaseChina, okuqinisekisa ngokuqondile ukukhula kwama-amino acid etiyeni.
I-Guzhang indawo yabantu base-Tujia nabase-Miao, lapho itiye lithatha indawo ebalulekile emikhubeni yokwamukela izihambeli nasemikhosini yomshado.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-Mao Jian:

Xinyang Mao Jian (信阳毛尖): Isifundazwe sase-Henan. “Ama-hooks” acinene, aqondile anephunga le-chesnut eligqamile. I-Xinyang “isenyakatho” ngemvelo, inobumunyu obunamandla; i-Guzhang ithambile, imnandi futhi imelana kakhulu nokuthela.
Duyun Mao Jian (都匀毛尖): Isifundazwe sase-Guizhou. “Ama-hooks okudoba” agobile “anama-green amathathu ahlanganiswe nokuphuzi”. I-Duyun inothe kakhulu ngama-polyphenols; i-Guzhang imile kahle futhi imelana kangcono.
Wufeng Mao Jian (五峰毛尖): Isifundazwe sase-Hubei. Indawo yokuphila ngezintaba zase-Wuling. Ithambile futhi intekenteke; i-Guzhang iyanothe futhi inesimo esigqamile “se-selenium”.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Guzhang Mao Jian — itiye eliwukujwayela: amandla alo ayikho ekugqanyeni kokuphuza kokuqala, kodwa ekuvuleni kwaso kusukela ekuthelweni kuya ekuthelweni, kusukela ekushiseni kuya ekujuleni, kusukela ekuhlanzekeni kuya ebumnandini obubuyayo — futhi kanjalo kuze kube yisikhathi seshumi nesihlanu. Izintaba eziphakeme zase-Wuling, inhlabathi ye-purple slate enothe nge-selenium, ukuphola okunamafu, kanye namasiko eminyaka eyizinkulungwane abantu base-Tujia nabase-Miao — konke lokhu kufakwe kuyo yonke “inaliti” emincane e-silvery. Uma ufuna itiye eliluhlaza ongachitha ngalo inkomishi engaphezu kweyodwa, kodwa ubusuku bonke — i-Guzhang Mao Jian yakhelwe lokho.