Guìzhōu lǜchá

Ithafa eliphakeme lase-Guizhou lahlala isikhathi eside lisemuva ezifundazweni ezinomhlaba ovelele wetiye, kodwa yilapha, emithambekeni enomswakama nenkungu, lapha kwakheka khona esinye sezikole ezigqamile zetiye eliluhlaza laseShayina. Amagama amathathu — Dūyún máojiān 都匀毛尖, Méitán cuìyá 湄潭翠芽 kanye lǜbǎoshí 绿宝石 — akhombisa kanyekanye ukujula komlando nobunjiniyela besimanje besifunda.

Indawo: Ithafa Lenkungu

I-Guizhou iyithafa elinamatshe e-karst eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShayina, lapho ukuphakama, ukugcwala kwamafu kanye nenhlabathi ene-asidi kwakha izimo ezicishe zibe ngezikahle nge-camellia. Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile ngaphansi kwenkungu engapheli kubambezela i-photosynthesis futhi kushintshe ibhalansi iye ohlangothini lwama-amino acid, okwenza ukuqabuleka nobumnene besifundo kwalesi sifunda kube nokuncane kokubaba.

Ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe, amaqhawe amathathu alo mbhalo athambekela ezindaweni zawo ezincane. I-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖 ivela esifundeni sase-Qiannan (黔南), edolobheni lase-Duyun eningizimu yesifundazwe. I-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽 ivela esifundeni sase-Meitan esifundeni sase-Zunyi (遵义) enyakatho, esigodini esihlobene ngokomlando nemvelaphi yesayensi yetiye yaseShayina. I-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 ayisiyona indawo, kodwa into yomkhiqizo: itiye lenziwa futhi likhangiswe yinkampani i-Guicha Group (贵茶集团) futhi liqoqwa emasimini esifundazwe sonke.

Eduze kwawo emndenini wofanayo wesifundazwe kukhona i-Fanjingshan Cuifeng 梵净山翠峰 (evela esiqongweni esikhulu sezintaba zase-Wuling), i-Fenggang Xinxi Cha 凤冈锌硒茶 (evela enhlabathini ene-zinc ne-selenium enyakatho yoMfula i-Wujiang), i-Leishan Yinqiu Cha 雷山银球茶 esesimweni “samabhola” acindezelwe avela ethafeni lama-Miao, i-Guiding Yungong Cha 贵定云雾贡茶 (okwaphiwa inkantolo kusukela ngezikhathi zika-Tang no-Song) kanye netiye lasendulo lase-Pu’an 普安古茶 elivela esikhwameni sezakhi zofuzo sasendulo se-Siqiu Gucha 四球古茶. Le nhlanganisela iqukethe “ukuhluma okusha okuluhlaza” — ukubuya kwe-Guizhou ezingeni lamazwe ahamba phambili ekukhiqizeni.

Izimila

Isisekelo sezinhlobonhlobo ze-Guizhou sakhiwe phezu kwezinsika ezintathu. Eyokuqala — imiphakathi yendawo exubile (群体种), ecebile ngokwezakhi zofuzo futhi evumelana nezindawo eziphakeme. Eyesibili — ulayini othengisiwe we-Qianmei 黔湄, owakhiwe esifundazweni, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo zawo zamaqabunga amakhulu (黔湄大叶), ezakhelwa phezu kwawo i-Lübaoshi 绿宝石. Eyesithathu — i-Fuding-Select 福选, eletha iqabunga elilinganayo nelinoboya obuningi.

I-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖 incike enhlanganisweni ye-Fuding-Select 福选, i-Qianmei 黔湄 nemiphakathi yendawo; i-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽 incike ku-Qianmei 黔湄 kanye namaqembu; i-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 ngokuyisisekelo isebenzisa i-Qianmei Daye 黔湄大葉 enamaqabunga amakhulu, okubeka ukuminyana nokunambitheka kwayo.

Izinge ezintathu, ubuchwepheshe obuthathu

Womathathu lawa matiye — chǎoqīng 炒青, agazingwe epanini, kodwa ukuma kweqabunga kwalinye kuhlukile, futhi yikho okubeka ukunambitheka.

I-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖 — iqabunga elincane, eligoqiwe, eligoqiwe “njengokwegwe lokudoba” (似鱼钩), elimbozwe ngoboya obumhlophe obuminya (多毫). Uhlaza lwezinga le-míngqián 明前 (ngaphambi kwe-Qingming) kanye nesigaba esikhulu kakhulu i-特级 — lona ihlumela elintekenteke elinegatsha elilodwa. Ukugoqa kwakha ijika elinwebekayo, futhi ukubonakala kogwayi kuhlala kuwuphawu lwentengiso lwetiye eselilungile.

I-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽 ilandela isikole esicaba (扁形): iqabunga liyelulwa bese licindezelwa epanini, okwenza “izinsimbi” ezibushelelezi nezicaba (扁平光滑). Ngokobuchwepheshe, lokhu kuhlobene namatiye acaba afana ne-Longjing, futhi lokhu akukhona ngengozi — i-Meitan ihlobene ngokomlando nokudluliswa kwezindlela zokucubungula eziphambili.

I-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 — engavamile kakhulu ngokuma kwayo: “imbali ehlanganisiwe” eyimbumbulu (颗粒形, 盘花). Ngokungafani namatiye endabuko ayimbumbulu, lapha kuqoqwa iqabunga eliphelele elinehlumela, hhayi izingcezu, ngakho enkomishini imbumbulu iyavuleka kancane ibe ihlumela eliphelele. Lesi yisixazululo sobunjiniyela somkhiqizo wakwa-贵茶, esiklanywe futhi ukungena ezimakethe zamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise ne-European Union nezidingo zayo eziqinile ezinsalela zamakhemikhali.

Amazinga nezigaba

I-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖 ingenye ‘yamatiye ayishumi adumile aseShayina’ (十大名茶) futhi inesicoco esingekho emthethweni ‘sendlovukazi yetiye eliluhlaza’ (绿茶皇后). Isimo sayo esiyingqophamlando sichazwa ngendlela ethi ‘ezintathu eziluhlaza, ezintathu eziphuzi’ (三绿三黄) — ukudlalana kwethoni eziluhlaza nezimthubi eqabungeni elomile, ekugxileni naseqabungeni eliphekiwe.

I-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽 ithathwa njengetiye lesigaba esiphezulu (高档), kanti i-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 — njengetiye elinegama lezinga elimaphakathi (名优, 中档). Womathathu anesimo samagama avikelwe esifunda noma omkhiqizo, futhi ukuqoqwa kwezinga le-特级 kukhawulelwe esikhathini sasentwasahlobo ngaphambi kwe-Qingming. Ama-indeksi athile ezinombolo ezinembile zamazinga omkhiqizo awafakwanga ngamabomu lapha, ukuze kungafakwa idatha engaqinisekisiwe.

Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa

I-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖 inika iphunga eliphakeme, eliqabulayo kanye nokunambitheka okumnene, okuqabulayo okwenza ngaphakathi (香高味鲜甘). Ngenxa yobuningi boboya, amanzi ayafiphala kancane — lokhu kuvamile, hhayi isici. Kufanele yenziwe ngobumnene: amanzi acishe abe ngu 80 – 85 °C, ingilazi ekhanyayo ukuze ubuke “umdanso wamagwegwe”, ukugaywa okufushane.

I-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽 “inosi” kakhudlwana: inothi elihamba phambili — ukunambitheka okunothile kwe-castnut (栗香浓郁) ngaphansi kweqabunga eliluhlaza okukotshini, elibushelelezi (绿润扁平). Ukuma okuyisicaba kuqine kakhulu, ngakho-ke amanzi ashisayo adlula esilinganisweni nokufakwa engilazini noma ku-gaiwan kuyavunyelwa.

I-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 ngenxa yezinto zayo zokusetshenziswa zamaqabunga amakhulu inomfutho omkhulu futhi imelana nokuphonswa kaningi. Imbumbulu iyavuleka kancane kancane, inikela ngokugxila okulinganayo, okunothile; itiye elifana naleli libamba kahle ukwenziwa okuningana futhi lixolela amanzi ashisayo adlula esilinganisweni.

Umlando namasiko

I-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖 yaqina enkumbulweni yezwe ngo-1956, lapho itiye laqanjwa igama ngokubamba iqhaza kuka-Mao Zedong — lesi sigameko sayikhipha yayingena emjikelezweni wamatiye adumile ezweni.

I-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽 inesisindo esikhethekile somlando: kwakuse-Meitan lapho kwakukhona khona i-Central Experimental Tea Station (中央实验茶场) futhi kusebenza ochwepheshe abafudukile ababexhumene ne-Zhejiang University (浙大). Lesi sigodi ngokufanele sibizwa ngokuthi esinye sezindawo zokuzalwa yesayensi yetiye yesimanje yaseShayina — kusuka lapha kuvela ukuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe kwesikole sendawo esicaba.

I-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 — izwi lenkathi entsha: lona umkhiqizo wokukhethwa kwenkampani kanye nokumiswa komgomo we-贵茶集团, ohlose ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokukhiqizwa kabusha ngezinga lezimboni. Uma i-Duyun Maojian ne-Meitan Cuiya kuyindlalifa, i-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 iyisu lokungena kwe-Guizhou emakethe yomhlaba.

Ungazihlukanisa kanjani

• Ukuma kweqabunga elomile. “Igwegwe” elincane eligoqiwe elinoboya — i-Duyun Maojian 都匀毛尖; “insimbi” ebushelelezi, eyisicaba — i-Meitan Cuiya 湄潭翠芽; imbumbulu eminyene egoqiwe — i-Lübaoshi 绿宝石.
• Iphunga. Ubumnandi obusha obuphakeme — i-Duyun; i-castnut egqamile — i-Meitan; ukunambitheka okulinganayo kwezinto zamaqabunga amakhulu — i-Lübaoshi.
• Indlela esabela ngayo emanzini. Ukufiphala okuncane okuvela obuyani kanye “namagwegwe” engilazini — i-Duyun; izinsimbi ezimcaba ezivundliwe — i-Meitan; imbumbulu evuleka kancane ibe ihlumela eliphelele — i-Lübaoshi.
• Ukuqina. I-Lübaoshi 绿宝石 enamaqabunga amakhulu imelana nokuphonswa okuningi kune-Duyun ne-Meitan ezinamahlumela antengentenge.

Kanyekanye, lawa matiye amathathu akhombisa ukuthi ithafa elilodwa liligcina kanjani imiqondo emithathu ehlukile yetiye eliluhlaza: owomlando (都匀毛尖), owezesayensi nobuchwepheshe (湄潭翠芽), kanye nowesimboni nowokuthumela kwamanye amazwe (绿宝石). Kulokhu ukuhluma okusha kwe-Guizhou kuvela — hhayi ukubuyela emthethweni owodwa, kodwa ukuthuthuka ngesikhathi esifanayo kwalokhu okuningana.