Ithiyi le-Guìhuā Xiāng Dāncóng

Ithiyi le-Guìhuā Xiāng Dāncóng lingelinye lamakilasi ayishumi ephunga elimnandi (十大香型, shí dà xiāngxíng) le-Fènghuáng Dāncóng, amahlamvu alo omile kanye noketshezi kukhipha iphunga elimangalisayo elifana ncamashi nephunga lezihlahla zasekwindla eziqhakazile ze-osmanthus. Ngaphandle kwegramu elilodwa lezithasiselo zezimbali—kungumlingo omuhle wendawo yokukhula, izakhi zofuzo kanye nobungcweti bomkhandi wamathiyi—leli thiyi likhipha iphunga elimnandi njengoju, elinezipayisi ezingatheni, elezimbali zegolide ze-guìhuā ngendlela enokwethenjelwa kangangokuthi uma uhlangana nalo okokuqala cishe kuveza ukungakholwa. Nokho, akulona ithiyi elifakwe iphunga, kodwa i-Dāncóng yangempela— “ihlathi elilodwa,” elitshalwe, lavunwa futhi lacutshungulwa ngokomgomo othi “ihlathi elilodwa—ukunambitheka okukodwa.”

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: I-Oolong (ithiyi elivutshelwe ingxenye, 青茶, qīngchá). Izinga le-oxidation liphakathi nendawo futhi liphakeme ngokumaphakathi, cishe 30–50%, ngokugcina kukhona ukugazingwa (焙火, bèihuǒ) okuqine ngamandla ahlukahlukene kuye ngesitayela somkhiqizi.
Isigaba: Ama-Oolong ase-Guangdong. I-Fènghuáng Dāncóng (凤凰单丛, Fènghuáng Dāncóng) ingelinye lamakilasi ayishumi ephunga lezimbali noju (十大花蜜香型, shí dà huā mì xiāngxíng). Iyingxenye yama-clones anamagama ayigugu (珍贵名丛, zhēnguì míngcóng).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东省, Guǎngdōng shěng), idolobha i-Chaozhou (潮州市, Cháozhōu shì), isifunda i-Chao’an (潮安区, Cháo’ān qū), idolobhana i-Fenghuang (凤凰镇, Fènghuáng zhèn), izintaba zase-Fenghuangshan (凤凰山, Fènghuáng shān). Isihlahla somama se-Guìhuāxiāng (桂花香) sikhula ezingadini zamathiyi zedolobhana i-Liziping (李仔坪村, Lǐzǎipíng cūn) ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-Wudong (乌岽管区, Wūdǒng guǎnqū)—indawo esezintabeni ephakeme eyinhloko yesifunda setiyi sase-Fenghuang. Ngo-2010, i-Fènghuáng Dāncóng yathola isimo somkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe ngokomthetho (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 23°52′ N, 116°43′ E (i-Wudongshan, isiqongo se-Fenghuangshan).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Umlando we-Fènghuáng Dāncóng awuhlukaniseki nenganekwane yombusi wokugcina we-Southern Song—u-Zhao Bing (赵昺, Zhào Bǐng), owathi lapho ebalekela eningizimu kubanqobi baseMongolia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, kuthiwa wama entabeni i-Wudong. Umbusi owayekhathazwe ukoma waphiselwa isixakaxaka esenziwe ngamahlamvu abomvu esihlahla setiyi sasendle; isiphuzo saqeda ukoma futhi sabuyisa amandla, ngemva kwalokho umbusi waqamba isihlahla ngokuthi “Sòng zhǒng” (宋种, Sòng zhǒng— “uhlobo lwe-Song”). Inganekwane iphinde ithi ithiyi lalethwa “inyoni i-fenghuang” (凤凰, i-phoenix), okuvela lapho igama lesibili lomlando— “niǎozuǐ chá” (鸟嘴茶, niǎozuǐ chá— “ithiyi lomlomo wenyoni”).

Umlando wangempela wokukhethwa kwe-dāncóng uqala ngesikhathi se-Qing. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwababusi u-Tongzhi no-Guangxu (1875–1908), abalimi bamathiyi base-Fenghuang basuka ekukhiqizeni okuhlanganisiwe baya endleleni ethi “dānzhū cǎizhì” (单株采制, dānzhū cǎizhì)—ukuvuna ngakunye nokucutshungulwa kwezihlahla ezivelele ezingazodwana. Isihlahla ngasinye sanikwa igama laso. Ngaleso sikhathi, entabeni i-Fenghuang kwakunezihlahla ezingaphezu kwe-10,000 ezazicutshungulwa ngohlelo oluhlukile—yile ndlela eyanikeza sonke isigaba igama elithi “dāncóng” (单丛, “ihlathi elilodwa”).

Isihlahla somama se-Guìhuā Xiāng Dāncóng sikhula edolobhaneni i-Liziping ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-Wudong. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo, iminyaka yaso ingaphezu kwama-300 (imininingwane yango-2012). Lesi sihlahla sokuqala singomunye wama-clones amadala asekhona e-Guìhuāxiāng (桂花香) e-Fenghuangshan. Ngo-1958, umlilo wehlathi wacekela phansi ingxenye enkulu yezitshalo zamathiyi zase-Wudong, kodwa esihlahleni somama kwasinda izithombo ezingama-54, ezakhuliswa zafinyelela ezingeni lekhwalithi le-dāncóng futhi zakha isisekelo senani lesimanje labantu. Namuhla, izithombo zalesi sifanekiso—i-Wudong Guìhuā (乌岽桂花), i-Jīn Guìhuā (金桂花, “i-osmanthus yegolide”) kanye nezinye—zigcina izimpawu zofuzo zesihlahla somama.

Ngo-1996, abalimi bamathiyi nososayensi base-Chaozhou bahlela ngokusemthethweni ukuhlukaniswa kwe-fenghuang dāncóng, kwaqinisekiswa izinhlobo eziyishumi eziyinhloko zephunga. I-Guìhuā Xiāng yafakwa kulo mthetho kanye ne-Mì Lán Xiāng (蜜兰香), i-Huáng Zhī Xiāng (黄栀香), i-Yù Lán Xiāng (玉兰香), i-Zhī Lán Xiāng (芝兰香), i-Yè Lái Xiāng (夜来香), i-Ròuguì Xiāng (肉桂香), i-Xìngrén Xiāng (杏仁香), i-Yòu Huā Xiāng (柚花香) kanye ne-Jiāng Huā Xiāng (姜花香).

Igama: “Guìhuā” (桂花, guìhuā) yimbali ye-osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), esinye sezitshalo ezinuka kamnandi ezihlonishwa kakhulu esikweni lamaShayina. 桂 (guì)— “isihlahla sesinamoni”, “osmanthus”; 花 (huā)— “imbali”. “Xiāng” (香, xiāng)— “iphunga”. “Dāncóng” (单丛, dāncóng): 单 (dān)— “okukodwa”; 丛 (cóng)— “ihlathi, iqembu”. Igama eliphelele lisho “i-dāncóng enephunga lezimbali ze-osmanthus”. Ithiyi laqanjwa kanjalo ngoba uketshezi lwalo ngokwemvelo luveza iphunga elimnandi elinezinye izipayisi le-osmanthus eqhakazayo—ngaphandle kokufakwa kwephunga.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Guìhuā Xiāng Dāncóng inendawo ekhethekile phakathi kwamakilasi ayishumi ephunga: uma i-Mì Lán Xiāng iyona evame kakhulu futhi etholakala kalula, kanti i-Yā Shǐ Xiāng (鸭屎香, “umswani wedada”) iyona enesitayela, i-Guìhuā Xiāng ingenye emihle kakhulu futhi enobuciko. I-Osmanthus esikweni lamaShayina ihlobene kakhulu nekwindla, inyanga egcwele kanye nesizungu sobunkondlo: iphunga layo lingelinye “lamakha amane ahloniphekile” (四大香花, sì dà xiānghuā) kanye ne-orchid, iplamu kanye nelotus. Ithiyi eliveza leli phunga ngaphandle kwecezu lembali, lithathwa abaculi bamathiyi base-Chaozhou njengokubonakaliswa okuphakeme kakhulu komgomo othi “imvelo ingaphezu komsebenzi wezandla” (天然胜于人工). Esihefini sangempela sase-Chaozhou i-gōngfu chá (工夫茶, gōngfu chá), amathiyi e-fenghuang dāncóng—kuhlanganise ne-Guìhuā Xiāng—ayithiyi eliyisi esekelo eliphuzwa abavakashi; lesi sihefo sifakwe ohlwini lwezinto ezingezona ezibonakalayo zamagugu amasiko e-China.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo:

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, iqembu le-Fènghuáng Shuǐxiān (凤凰水仙, Fènghuáng Shuǐxiān, i-Huá Chá No.17, 华茶17号). I-Guìhuā Xiāng iwukukhethwa kwe-clone (无性株系, wúxìng zhūxì) kulesi sihloko sabantu esinhlobonhlobo. Ifomu lokuphila liwuhlobo oluyisiqingatha somuthi (小乔木型, xiǎo qiáomù xíng), inhlobo enamahlamvu amakhulu (大叶类, dàyè lèi), ivuthwa maphakathi nesikhathi (中生种, zhōngshēng zhǒng). Iqabunga liyi-elliptic, liphuzi-luhlaza okotshani, linokucwebezela okubonakalayo; ukugqashuka kwamazinyo kuyivelakancane futhi kuyabukhali. Ama-buds namahlumela amancane aphuzi ngokukhanyayo aluhlaza okotshani, uboya obufiphele buncane.
Ukuvuna: Uhlobo oluvuthwa maphakathi—ukuvuna kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezi-4–5 ngemva kwe-Qingming (清明, Qīngmíng— “Ukukhanya Okuhlanzekile”, ngokuvamile ngo-Ephreli 4–5), kanyekanye namanye ama-clones avuthwa maphakathi: i-Yòu Huā Xiāng (柚花香), i-Jiāng Huā Xiāng (姜花香), i-Xìngrén Xiāng (杏仁香). Isikhathi esihle sokuvuna—izinsuku ezinelanga, kusukela ngo-13:00 kuya ku-16:00, lapho ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kwantambama kudala izimo ezifanele zokubunakala okulandelayo.
Izinga lokuvuna: Lapho esiqongweni sehlumela kwakhiwa “i-bud ebambekile” (驻芽, zhùyá)—isibonakaliso sokuvuthwa. Kuvunwa amahlamvu ama-2–5 ngehlumela ngalinye (嫩对夹叶, nèn duìjiā yè). Kubaluleke kakhulu ukungavuni amahlamvu athambile kakhulu (ukuhwaphaza ngokweqile, ukungabi namandla komzimba) futhi kungavunyelwa ukuvuthwa ngokweqile (ubuqaba, ukulahleka kwephunga). Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla kuphela—ukuvunwa ngomshini kulimaza ukuhlanzeka kweqabunga futhi kuphazamisa ukuvutshelwa okulandelayo.
Izidingo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo: Ihlumela eliphelele, elingalimele elinamahlamvu akhule ngokulinganayo. Ama-dāncóng ahluke ngokuyisisekelo kwamanye ama-oolong ngendlela yokusebenza “ihlathi elilodwa—iphrofayili eyodwa”: isihlahla ngasinye (noma iqembu lama-clone) sivunwa futhi sicushungulwe ngokwahlukana ukuze kugcinwe isimo saso esiyingqayizivele. Ukuhlanganisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezivela ezihlahleni ezinamaphrofayili ahlukene akwamukelekile emikhiqizweni esezingeni le-dāncóng; lapho izinga lehliswa, ithiyi lidlulela esigabeni esithi “làngcài” (浪菜, làngcài) noma “shuǐxiān” (水仙, shuǐxiān).

4. Indawo Yezitshalo kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa:

Isifunda kanye nokuma komhlaba: Izintaba zase-Fenghuangshan—imithambeka ewumqansa, embozwe ihlathi elingaphansi kwe-subtropical, elinezingadi zamathiyi ezisakazeke phakathi kwamadwala nezihlahla. Izinga lokuhluma kwezitshalo endaweni yi-96.4%, izinga lamahlathi yi-85.1%. Indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke yi-Wudongshan (乌岽山, Wūdǒng shān), cishe amamitha ayi-1,498. Idolobhana i-Liziping, lapho kukhula khona isihlahla somama se-Guìhuā Xiāng, lisendaweni engenhla ye-Wudong.
Ubude bendawo yokutshalwa: 800–1,200 m ezintweni eziphakeme zekilasi eliyigugu. Uma indawo iphakeme, kulapho kuvela khona ngokucacile “isigqi sezintaba” (山韵, shānyùn)—lelo thoni elingacaci kahle, kodwa elaziwa ngokungenaphutha, elinamaminerali noju, elehlukanisa i-fènghuáng dāncóng yangempela emikhiqizweni yabalingisi basethafeni.
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esingaphansi kwe-subtropical monsoon ocean. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi cishe ngu-20°C, inani lemvula lonyaka cishe yi-1,800 mm. Endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwama-1,000 m—kuba nenkungu namafu njalo, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku, namazolo amaningi. Lezi zimo zibambezela ukukhula, okusiza ukunqwabelana kwezandulela zephunga nama-amino acid.
Umhlabathi: Ujulile, ukhishwa kahle amanzi, une-asidi (pH 4.5–5.5). E-Wudong kunomhlabathi ophuzi we-laterite oqukethe izinto eziphilayo eziningi nezinsalela zamaminerali. Kwezinye izindawo kutholakala “umhlabathi womswani wedada” oyisici (鸭屎土, yāshǐ tǔ)—i-clay ephuzi enezinto ezimhlophe zikashoki (usawoti wamaminerali), eyanikeza igama layo i-Yā Shǐ Xiāng edumile.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ama-fenghuang dāncóng acutshungulwa ngohlelo olukhethekile lwase-Guangdong, oluhlanganisa ukuvutshelwa okujulile kwengxenye nendlela yomuntu siqu esihlahleni ngasinye. Ubuchwepheshe be-Guìhuā Xiāng budinga ubumnene obukhethekile lapho kunyakaziswa (碰青, pèngqīng) futhi kulawulwa ukuvutshelwa—yilezi zigaba ezinquma ukuthi iphrofayili ye-osmanthus izovela yini eketshezini.

Ukuvuna / 采摘 — cǎizhāi: Ukuvunwa ngesandla kwamahlumela ane-bud ebambekile, ngesikhathi santambama sosuku olunelanga.
Ukubunisa elangeni / 晒青 — shàiqīng: Amahlamvu avuniwe andlalwa ngokwendlaleka okuncane ezihlahleni zikamoba bese evezwa ekukhanyeni kwantambama okuhlakazekile. Isikhathi—kusukela emizuzwini engama-20 kuya kwengama-40 kuye ngobukhulu belanga. Iqabunga lilahlekelwa umswakama wokuqala, umbala usuka kokuluhlaza okukhanyayo uya kokuluhlaza okundindala, iziqongo zamahlumela ziyajuluka. Akufanele kuvunyelwe ukoma ngokweqile noma ukusha—ikhwalithi yokubunisa inethonya ngqo ekuhlanzekeni kwephunga.
Ukubunisa emthunzini / 凉青 — liángqīng: Amahlamvu athuthelwa endaweni epholile enomthunzi ukuze kulingane izinga lokushisa kanye nokusabalalisa kabusha umswakama phakathi kwemithambo nepuleti leqabunga. Lesi esiteji “sokuvumelanisa okungenzi lutho,” esilungiselela izinto ezisetshenziswayo esigabeni esisebenzayo.
Ukwenza ithiyi / 做青 — zuòqīng (碰青 — pèngqīng + 静置 — jìngzhì): Isigaba esiyisihluthulelo nesiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. Esikweni sase-Guangdong kusetshenziswa indlela “yokushayisana” (碰青)—ukujikijela ngesandla nokunyakazisa amahlamvu ezimbizeni zikamoba noma ezihlahleni zikamoba, kushintshana nezikhathi zokuphumula (静置). Umthelela wokukhanda ubhidliza amaseli emaphethelweni eqabunga, kukhishwe i-polyphenol oxidase futhi kuqale i-oxidation, kodwa indawo ephakathi nepuleti leqabunga ihlala iluhlaza—ngakho-ke ifomula ethi “isisu esiluhlaza, umphetho obomvu” (青蒂绿腹红镶边, qīngdì lǜfù hóng xiāngbiān). Nge-Guìhuā Xiāng, umkhandi ulwela ukufeza leyo bhalansi emihle ye-oxidation lapho kuvela khona amanothi e-osmanthus—芳樟醇 (linalool) nama-oksidi ayo, β-紫罗兰酮 (β-ionone) kanye nokulandelela kwe-顺式茉莉酮 (cis-jasmone),—okuyizingxenye eziyisici sephunga le-osmanthus kanye naleli clone eliyingqayizivele lesihlahla setiyi. Inani lemijikelezo kanye nobude bayo kuyimfihlo yomkhandi ngamunye.
Ukumiswa / 杀青 — shāqīng: Ukucutshungulwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu e-wok noma esigubhini. Kumisa uku-oxidation kwe-enzyme futhi kuqinise iphrofayili yephunga esifinyelelwe.
Ukusonga / 揉捻 — róuniǎn: Ukusonga ngobude, okwenza imicu eqinile, eqondile, esindayo eyisici sama-dāncóng ase-Guangdong (条索, tiáosuǒ). Ngokungafani nama-oolong ase-Minnan (ama-granule) noma ase-Minbei (amaribhoni), isitayela sase-Guangdong siyimicu eqondile “njengezintambo”.
Ukuhlakazeka / 松团 — sōngtuán: Ukwehlukanisa kwesisindo esisongwayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushisa ngokweqile futhi kuqinisekiswe ukomiswa okulinganayo.
Ukomisa / 烘干 — hōnggān: Ukomiswa kokuqala ezihlahleni zikamoba phezu kwamalahle noma ku-dryer kagesi.
Ukuhlunga / 分拣 — fēnjiǎn: Ukususwa kwezinqawo ezimahhadlahhadla, amahlamvu aphuzi kanye nezicucu.
Ukugazingwa okuphindayo / 复焙 — fùbèi: Ukugazingwa kokugcina— “ukwenza ithiyi liphele” ezingeni elifanele lokuqedwa. Ukugazingwa okuncane kugcina ubusha bephunga lezimbali; ukugazingwa okujulile kwengeza amanothi oju, e-caramel futhi kwandisa ukuhlala isikhathi eside lapho kugcinwa. Nge-Guìhuā Xiāng, kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukugazingwa ngokulinganisela, okuvumela ukugcina “ukukhanya” okuyisici “nephunga elimnandi” le-osmanthus, ngaphandle kokukuvala ngamathoni wamalahle. Ngemva kokugazingwa, ithiyi likhuliswa izinsuku ezingaba ngu-15 ukuze “kuhlehle umlilo” (退火, tuìhuǒ) futhi kuhambisane nokunambitheka.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

Isimo samahlamvu omile: Imicu eqinile, eqondile, eminyene (条索紧卷, tiáosuǒ jǐnjuǎn), elinganayo futhi esindayo. Umbala— “isikhumba sombokwane” (鳝鱼皮色, shànyú pí sè)—yibrown ephuzi ene-olive ecwebezelayo futhi enokucwebezela okunamafutha, eguqukela kokubrown okumnyama (乌褐色, wūhè sè) lapho kugazingwa kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyaqapheleka amachashazi “abomvu okhokho” (朱砂红点, zhūshā hóng diǎn)—imikhondo yemiphetho eqabunga e-oxidized.
Iphunga lamahlamvu omile: Iphunga lezimbali ze-osmanthus (桂花, guìhuā) elihlanzekile, elibushelelezi, elaziwa ngokungenaphutha. Limnandi njengoju, linokunambitheka okuncane okunezipayisi kanye nethoni encane eyizithelo—kukhumbula izimbali zegolide ze-osmanthus, ezoma elangeni lwasekwindla. Umsila—ufudumele, “ufana nempuphu”, unethoni yebhilikosi elivuthiwe.
Iphunga loketshezi: Ekuchithekeni kokuqala—ithoni ye-osmanthus eqhakazile, “ehlanzekile njengepherfume”: ubumnandi begolide, ubumnene obufana noju, amathoni webhilikosi kanye nepheya elivuthiwe. Njengoba kwembuleka—izingqimba ezijulile: izipayisi zezimbali, inothi elincane le-sandalwood, i-vanilla engacacile. Ekuchithekeni kokugcina—ubumnandi obuhlanzekile obufana noju obunethoni engaphansi “yezintaba” enamaminerali.
Ukunambitheka: Unomzimba ophakathi nendawo, bushelelezi njengamafutha. Umuzwa wokuqala—ubumnandi obushelelayo “nokukhanya” kwezimbali. Isigaba esiphakathi—esicebile, esinamathoni oju, ibhilikosi elivuthwe kahle, izipayisi ezincane. Ubumnandi nokuhwaphaza kuncane futhi kuhlanganiswe ngobuhle. Ukunambitheka okuseleyo (回甘, huígān)—kuhlala isikhathi eside futhi kuhlanzekile, “nokugijima kwezintaba” okuyisici (山韵蜜味, shānyùn mì wèi): ithoni enamaminerali noju, ezwiwa ekujuleni kolwangathi. Izindebe nolimi kuhlala isikhathi eside kugcina iphunga elimnandi eliseleyo (唇舌留香, chúnshé liúxiāng).
Umbala woketshezi: O-orange-ophuzi kuya kokusagolide-amber (橙黄明亮, chénghuáng míngliàng), ohlanzekile futhi okhanyayo, onethoni efudumele yoju.
Indawo yetiyi (iqabunga elidwetshiwe): Ifomula yakudala ye-dāncóng: “isinya esiluhlaza, isisu esiluhlaza, umphetho obomvu” (青蒂绿腹红镶边, qīngdì lǜfù hóng xiāngbiān). Amahlamvu aphelele, athambile, anwebekayo, anendawo elinganayo eluhlaza okotshani-olive kanye nomphetho o-oxidized obomvu-brown emaphethelweni. Inqawe—iluhlaza okotshani ngokukhanyayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol: Ama-fenghuang dāncóng ahluke ngokuqukethwe okuphelele okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol—22.6–39.1% wesisindo esomile. Izingxenye eziyinhloko: ama-catechin (a-oxidized ingxenye), ama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, akha ubukhulu bomzimba kanye “nokuhwaphaza kwezintaba” okuyisici. Ukuqukethwe kwama-flavonoid—8.3–14.1%.
Ama-Amino Acid: Ukuqukethwe okuphelele—1.15–2.96% wesisindo esomile. I-L-theanine inikeza ubumnene bokunambitheka kanye nokulingana ne-caffeine. Izinto eziphakeme ezisetshenziswayo (e-Wudong) zihluke ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid ngenxa yokufiphazwa okungokwemvelo yinkungu.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine—2.3–5.3% wesisindo esomile (ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kuchazwa ukuhlukahluka kwama-clones nezimo zokutshalwa). I-Theobromine, i-theophylline—ngamanani amancane.
Amavithamini: Amavithamini B₁, B₂, C, E—ngamanani ajwayelekile kuma-oolong. Uvithamini C ubhujiswa ngokwengxenye lapho kugazingwa, kodwa ngokushiswa okulinganiselwe ingxenye ebonakalayo iyasinda.
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-fluoride, i-selenium. Iphrofayili yamaminerali incike kakhulu endaweni ethile; umhlabathi ophakeme wase-Wudong ucebile ngama-microelements.
Amafutha Abalulekile: Isici esiyisihluthulelo se-Guìhuā Xiāng. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-gas chromatography (GC-MS) kwembula ukudla okuphakeme kwe-linalool (芳樟醇, fāng zhāngnǎo) nama-oksidi ayo, i-cis-jasmone (顺式茉莉酮, shùnshì mòlì tóng), i-farnesene (法呢烯, fǎní xī) kanye nama-diterpenes amasha—iqoqo eliyisici sephrofayili yephunga le-osmanthus. Ukuqondana kwalezi zingxenye namakhemikhali ephunga lezimbali ze-Osmanthus fragrans (β-ionone, linalool, ama-oksidi e-linalool, cis-3-hexenol) kuchaza ukufana okumangalisayo kwamaphunga.
Izici eziyingqayizivele: I-extract enamanzi ye-fenghuang dāncóng ihluke ngenani eliphakeme ngokwedlulele—35.6–49.4% wesisindo esomile, okuchaza ukukwazi ukuphinda kudwetshwe kwayo kanye nobukhulu bomzimba woketshezi.

8. Izinto Eziwusizo:

Umthelela wokuvuselela onesimo esimnene: Ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-caffeine kuhlangene ne-L-theanine kunikeza amandla ngaphandle kovalo—isimo “se-dāncóng” esiyisici: ukugxila okucacile, amandla azolile.
Ukuvikela nge-antioxidant: Iqoqo le-polyphenol elicebile (ama-catechin, ama-theaflavin, ama-flavonoid)—abangabaqedi abanamandla bama-radicals akhululekile. Ukuqukethwe kwama-polyphenol kuma-dāncóng kungokunye okuphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwama-oolong.
Ukusekela ukugayeka kokudla: Ama-oolong avutshelwe ngokulinganiselwe ngokwesiko athathwa “njengobungani” nesisu. Esihefini sase-Chaozhou se-gōngfu chá, iphuzwa ngemva kokudla okuningi ukuze kusizakale ukugayeka kokudla.
Ukunciphisa izinga lama-lipid: Ama-polyphenol e-oolong angakwazi ukuvinya ukusebenza kwe-pancreatic lipase futhi anciphise ukumuncwa kwamafutha okudla—umthelela obonakala kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa njalo.
Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba: Ama-flavonoid nama-catechin anezinto zokulwa namagciwane kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Ukusekela impilo yesikhumba: Ama-antioxidant no-vitamin E banomthelela ekuvikeleni amaseli esikhumba ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative.
Ukuvikela ukubona nokunciphisa ukukhathala kwamehlo: Amavithamini eqembu B nama-antioxidant ethiyi asiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathala kwamehlo.
Umkhuba wokuzindla: Ama-fenghuang dāncóng, ngenxa yokuba yingxubevange yephunga lawo kanye nochungechunge olude lokuphinda kudwetshwe, akulungele ngokuphelele ukuphuza ithiyi ngokuqaphela—umkhuba owehlisa amazinga okucindezeleka futhi usize ukulawulwa kwemizwa.

9. Ukudwetshwa:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100°C. Ama-fenghuang dāncóng adinga amanzi ashisayo ukuze kwembulwe ngokuphelele amandla ephunga. Amanzi abilayo (100°C)—yizinga.
Inani lethiyi: 7–8 g nge-100–120 ml (i-Chaozhou gōngfu); 5 g nge-150 ml (i-gaiwan). Indlela yendabuko yase-Chaozhou ihilela ukufaka okukhulu—ithiyi ligcwalisa iketela nge-⅔–¾ yevolumu.
Izitsha: Inguqulo yakudala—iketela lobumba lase-Chaozhou (潮州壶, Cháozhōu hú) noma i-gaiwan ye-porcelain enogange oluncane (盖碗, gàiwǎn). Izinkomishi ezincane ezifana ne-thimble (若琛杯, Ruòchēn bēi)—yimfanelo edingekayo ye-Chaozhou gōngfu. I-gaiwan ye-porcelain inconywa ekuhlanganeni kokuqala: “ayibi” iphunga futhi ivumela ukuhlola ukuhlanzeka kwephrofayili yezimbali.
Inqubo:
1. Bilisa amanzi bese ufudumeza ngokukhululekile zonke izitsha—iketela, i-chahai kanye nezinkomishi.
2. Thela ithiyi, vala ngesembozo, nyakazisa kanye kabili bese uphefumulela iphunga elivela esembozweni—umuzwa wokuqala uvame ukuba ogqame kakhulu.
3. Ukuchitheka kokugeza: thela amanzi abilayo, uwachithe ngokushesha. Lokhu “kuvusa” iqabunga futhi kususa uthuli.
4. Ukuchitheka kokuqala: imizuzwana emi-5–10 (ngokufakwa okukhulu). Uketshezi kumele lusatshalaliswe ngokushesha ezinkomishini nge-chahai.
5. Ukuphinda kuchithwe: izikhathi eziyi-10–15 noma ngaphezulu, kwandiswe isikhathi ngemizuzwana emi-5 ngokuchitheka okulandelayo. I-Guìhuā Xiāng esezingeni eliphezulu evela esihlahleni esidala ingamelana nokuphinda kudwetshwe okungaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-15, futhi okukodwa ngalunye kunikeza ukuthambeka okusha—kusukela ekuqhakazeni okugqamile kwezimbali kuya ekusutheni okufana noju kuya ebumnandini obuhlanzekile obunamaminerali.
6. “Umthetho wase-Chaozhou”: izinkomishi ezintathu zokuqala—zinamandla kakhulu ngephunga, eziphakathi—ngokujula kokunambitheka, ezokugcina—ngokuhlanzeka kokunambitheka okuseleyo.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Isitsha: Amathini avaliwe ngomoya, izitsha zobumba zetiyi noma ukupakishwa kwe-vacuum okunochwepheshe. Esikweni sase-Chaozhou, kuvame ukusetshenziswa amathini e-tin (锡罐, xīguàn)—anikeza ukuvikela okuhle kakhulu emswakameni kanye namaphunga angaphandle.
Izimo: Indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama. Kuma-dāncóng anokugazingwa okuncane—kuvunyelwe ukugcinwa efrijini (0–5°C) ekupakisheni okuvaliwe ngomoya. Kuma-dāncóng anokugazingwa okuphakathi nokujulile, ifriji ayidingeki—kwanele izinga lokushisa legumbi (15–25°C) ngomswakama ozinzile.
Isikhathi nokukhululeka: I-Guìhuā Xiāng entsha ifaneleka ezinyangeni ezi-6–12 zokuqala. Kodwa izingxenye ezigazingwe kahle ziyakwazi ukukhululeka: ngemva konyaka ugcina, kuqedwe ubukhali “bomlilo”, kuvele ukunambitheka okujulile, “okuvuthiwe” okufana noju. Abanye abaqoqi bakhulisa amadāncóng iminyaka emi-3–5, ngezikhathi ezithile “bewafudumeza” ngokugazingwa kabusha okuncane.
Izitha zetiyi: Umswakama, amaphunga angaphandle (ama-dāncóng amunca amanzi ngokwedlulele futhi abamba konke), ilanga eliqondile, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi:

Isigaba sentengo: I-Guìhuā Xiāng ingeyesigaba esiphakathi nendawo nesesiphezulu sentengo se-fenghuang dāncóng. Ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo ngo-2003 ezihlahleni ezithile kwakungafinyelela kuma-yuan angama-9,600 ngekhilogremu. Izinto ezinquma intengo: iminyaka yesihlahla (izihlahla ezindala—老丛, lǎocóng—zibiza kakhulu), ubude bendawo yokutshalwa (i-Wudong—eyigugu; izintaba eziphansi—intengo ephansi), isizini yokuvuna (intwasahlobo—ibiza kakhulu), ukucutshungulwa komuntu ngamunye (i-dāncóng—ibiza kakhulu kune-làngcài noma i-shuǐxiān), ubungcweti bokugazinga.
Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Thenga kubathengisi base-Chaozhou noma e-Fenghuang ngekhonkco elisobala: isifunda → ubude bendawo → i-clone → umkhandi.
- Hlola isimo sangaphandle: i-Guìhuā Xiāng yangempela—imicu elinganayo, eminyene, ecwebezelayo “yombala wombokwane”; imahhadla, efiphele, enosayizi abahlukene—yizimpawu zebanga elehlisiwe.
- Hlola iphunga: ithoni ye-osmanthus engokwemvelo—ihlanzekile, ibushelelezi, ngaphandle kokuphoqelela; ukufakwa kwephunga kokuzenzisa—kuyabheda, “kufana nephunga lokuzenzisa”, kusheshe kunyamalale.
- Uketshezi: i-dāncóng yangempela—ikhanyayo, igolide-amber, inephunga eliqhubekayo ekuphindweni okuningi kokudwetshwa; umgunyathi—unokufiphala, iphunga linyamalala ngemva kokuphindwa okungu-2–3.
- Hlola ukunambitheka okuseleyo: “isigqi sezintaba” (山韵)—ithoni enamaminerali noju ekujuleni kolwangathi—yi-visa khadi ye-fenghuang yangempela; akunakukwazi ukuyikhiqiza ngokufakwa kwephunga.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

Isihlahla somama se-Guìhuā Xiāng sasinda emlilweni wehlathi obhubhisayo ka-1958—kuzo zonke izitshalo zendawo, kwasinda izithombo ezingama-54 kuphela, okwaba okhokho besimanje senani labantu. “Lo mkhawulo wofuzo” wenza isihlahla ngasinye se-Guìhuāxiāng (桂花香) sibe yinqolobane yegugu lofuzo oluyingqayizivele.
I-Fènghuáng Dāncóng—iwukuphela kwe-oolong lapho umgomo othi “isihlahla esisodwa—itheyi elilodwa” wenziwe waba ngumqondo ophelele. Umkhandi wamathiyi wazi isimo sesihlahla ngasinye endaweni futhi ucubungula izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngokubheka “isimo” sayo kusizini yamanje. Ukweqa okuncane endleleni yomuntu ngamunye kwehlisa ibanga lomkhiqizo.
Iphunga le-Guìhuā Xiāng likhiqiza ngokunembile kangaka iphunga le-osmanthus yangempela kangangokuthi ngisho nabanolwazi lwamathiyi ngezinye izikhathi basola ukuthi kufakwe iphunga lapho kunambithwa ngokungaboni. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-gas chromatography kuqinisekisile ukuthi izingxenye eziyinhloko zephunga (i-linalool nama-oksidi ayo, i-cis-jasmone, i-farnesene) kuleli thiyi ziyefana nalezo ezisemafutheni abalulekile ezimbali ze-Osmanthus fragrans.
Ngawo-2020, e-Fenghuangshan kwakunezinhlobo zemigqa ye-clone engaphezu kuka-80 ebhalisiwe (品系, pǐnxì) ye-dāncóng, kuzo izinhlobo eziyishumi eziyinhloko zephunga kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-25 ngomumo wamaqabunga. Kanti abalimi bamathiyi bayavuma: inani eliphelele lama-clones ayingqayizivele likhulu kangangokuthi ngisho nabaculi bendawo abakwazi ukuwabala wonke.
E-Chaozhou gōngfu chá kunomthetho othi “关公巡城” (Guāngōng xúnchéng— “uGuan Gong uzungeza inqaba”): ithiyi lisuka eketeleni lithelwa ngokunyakaza okuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izinkomishi ngokujikeleza, kuqinisekiswe ukugcwala okulinganayo koketshezi. Amaconsi okugcina— “韩信点兵” (Hánxìn diǎn bīng— “uHan Xin ubala amasosha”): asatshalaliswa ngekonsi ngalinye enkomeni ngayinye, ngoba amaconsi okugcina yiwona anephunga elimnandi kakhulu futhi agxile kakhulu.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-dāncóng:

I-Mì Lán Xiāng (蜜兰香, Mì Lán Xiāng): Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu nolwaziwa kalula. Iphunga le-orchid noju—livuleke kakhulu, “libanzi” futhi limnandi. I-Guìhuā Xiāng—ibamba kakhulu, “ifana nempuphu”, inokujula okunezipayisi nobuhle obucolekile, okuyisici se-osmanthus.
I-Huáng Zhī Xiāng (黄栀香, Huáng Zhī Xiāng): Iphunga le-gardenia (栀子花)—ligqamile, liphakeme, linokuhwaphaza okuncane. I-Guìhuā Xiāng imnene futhi “ifudumele”, inethoni yoju egqame kakhulu. I-Huáng Zhī Xiāng—ingenye yama-dāncóng “anomsindo omkhulu”; i-Guìhuā Xiāng—ingenye “ethule” kakhulu futhi ebunjiwe.
I-Yù Lán Xiāng (玉兰香, Yù Lán Xiāng): Iphunga le-magnolia—lihlanzekile, lisha, “ayimhlophe”. I-Guìhuā Xiāng—ifudumele futhi inezipayisi; i-Yù Lán Xiāng—ipholile futhi “ikhanyayo”. Zombili izinhlobo zihluke ngobuhle, kodwa i-Yù Lán—“yintwasahlobo”, kanti i-Guìhuā—“yikwindla”.
I-Ròuguì Xiāng (肉桂香, Ròuguì Xiāng): Iphunga le-cassia—linezipayisi, elifudumezayo, “elesipayisi”. Akumele kudidaniswe nezinhlobonhlobo zase-Wuyishan ezinegama elifanayo (武夷肉桂). I-Ròuguì Xiāng dāncóng— “imnyama” kakhulu futhi inokunambitheka; i-Guìhuā Xiāng—inezimbali futhi inoshukela.
I-Jiāng Huā Xiāng / Tōng Tiān Xiāng (姜花香 / 通天香, Jiānghuā Xiāng): Iphunga lembali yejinja—ligqamile, “elibukhali”, elinokushisa okuncane. “Iyona dāncóng enomsindo omkhulu” kunazo zonke. I-Guìhuā Xiāng—iyimpikiswano ephelele: ayinamsindo, imnene, iyasonga.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Guìhuā Xiāng Dāncóng—itheyi elingamemezi, kodwa elihlebayo. Ephungeni layo elingasho lutho, kodwa elihlanzeke ngokungenaphutha le-osmanthus—kukhona konke ukujula kwesiko lase-Fenghuang: isihlahla esineminyaka engamakhulu amathathu entabeni enenkungu i-Wudong, umkhandi owazi isimo sehlumela ngalinye, kanye nebhasikidi likamoba lapho iqabunga liveza kancane lokho imvelo ekuphakile. Ukuchitheka kokuqala kunuka umhlwa wegolide wasekwindla, okuphakathi—uju olufudumele namabhilikosi avuthiwe, kanti okokugcina—ubumnandi obuhlanzekile obunamaminerali betshe lezintaba. Kulabo abakhathele amathiyi “anomsindo” futhi befuna ubuhle obuthule, kodwa obujulile, i-Guìhuā Xiāng izonikeza lokho okudunyiswa ngalo i-osmanthus okuqanjwe ngayo: iphunga elingaziphoqeleli, kodwa uma selaziwa, alisoze saphinde salibaleka.