gāncǎo piàn

Ama-slice e-licorice (甘草片, gāncǎo piàn) yizimpande ze-licorice ezomisiwe, ezisikwe zaba ngamaplastikí amancane futhi zifakwe emanzini ashisayo ukuze kwenziwe ukumnandi okuthambile nokwehlukile. Ake sicacise into eyinhloko: lokhu akulona itiye ngomqondo wezitshalo—umkhiqizo awunawo ama-leaf noma amathuphane esihlahla setiye (Camellia sinensis), futhi isiphuzo ngokwaso ngohlelo lwamaShayina luhlukaniswa ngaphansi “kwamatiye athathela indawo,” okungukuthi ama-herbal infusions (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Izinto ezingavuthiwe ziyizimpande ne-rhizomes yezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezihlobene zohlobo lwe-licorice (Glycyrrhiza), ngokuyinhloko i-Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Izifunda eziyinhloko zokuvuna nokutshala zisenyakatho eyomile nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe—i-Inner Mongolia, i-Xinjiang, i-Gansu, ne-Ningxia. Ekhaya, i-licorice yaziswa ngobumnandi bayo bemvelo nokuthamba okumbozayo: iphekwa yodwa, ifakwa kuma-herbal blends naseziphuzweni ezipholile, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuphekeni nasembonini yokudla.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: i-infusion yemvelo evela empandeni; indawo yetiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá)
• Umndeni: imidumba (Fabaceae, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Leguminosae)
• Uhlobo: i-licorice (Glycyrrhiza)
• Izinhlobo eziwumthombo: i-licorice yase-Ural (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), i-licorice ebushelelezi (Glycyrrhiza glabra), i-licorice evuvukile (Glycyrrhiza inflata)
• Igama lesiShayina lezinto ezingavuthiwe: 甘草 (gāncǎo)—ngokwezwi nezwi “utshani obumnandi”

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa lo mkhiqizo netiye langempela. Awekho ama-Camellia sinensis kuma-slice e-licorice, futhi igama elithi “itiye” lisetshenziswa lapha kuphela ngomqondo wansuku zonke—njengegama lesiphuzo esishisayo se-infusion. Ohlelweni lwamaShayina, iziphuzo ezinjalo zidlula njenge-代用茶 (dàiyòng chá), “itiye elithathela indawo,” noma kalula njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zezitshalo ze-infusion. Lolu wuhlobo oluzimele olunomlando walo kanye nesiko lokuphisa, hhayi ukulingisa noma indawo yeqabunga letiye.

I-Pharmacopoeia ye-People’s Republic of China (中国药典, Zhōngguó Yàodiǎn) yezinto ezingavuthiwe zokwelapha i-甘草 yamukela izinhlobo ezintathu zezitshalo—i-Glycyrrhiza uralensis, i-Glycyrrhiza inflata, ne-Glycyrrhiza glabra. Ukuze zisetshenziswe ekudleni nasekhaya, i-licorice yase-Ural ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu njengoba isabalele enyakatho yeChina.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Ubude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa: iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili yesiko elibhaliwe
• Ukuphawulwa kokuqala: i-licorice ivela emibhalweni yasendulo yamaShayina yezitshalo, okuhlanganisa ne-”Shennong’s Classic of Herbal Medicine” (神农本草经, Shénnóng Běncǎo Jīng)
• Isidlaliso esihloniphekile: 国老 (guólǎo), “isithakazelo” phakathi kwezitshalo

I-licorice ingesinye sezitshalo ezihlonishwa kakhulu nezisetshenziswa njalo esikweni lamaShayina. Ngenxa yekhono layo lokuthambisa nokuvumelanisa ukunambitheka kanye nokusebenza kwezinye izithako ze-blend, kudala yayibizwa ngokuthi 国老 (guólǎo)—lesi sidlaliso sithiwa saqanjwa udokotela nesazi u-Tao Hongjing (陶弘景, Táo Hóngjǐng) wenkathi yama-Southern Dynasties. Ezindleleni zokupheka zakudala, i-licorice yayifakwa ukuze kuvumelaniswe ukwakheka (调和诸药, tiáohé zhū yào), futhi ngenxa yalokho yafakwa engxenyeni enkulu yezindlela zokupheka zendabuko.

Ngaphandle komkhuba wekhemisi, impande emnandi sekuyisikhathi eside ikhona ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: iyahlafunwa, iyaphiswa, ibekwe kuma-decotions ukuze kuqedwe ukoma lapho kushisa, isetshenziswe njenge-sweetener yemvelo. Ukusuka lapha kwaqala ukushintshela kufomethi “yetiye”—i-infusion elula emnandi eyayiphuzwa umgwaqo, ensimini, nasekhaya.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

• Indlela yokuphila: isitshalo esihlala isikhathi eside esinezimpande eziqinile
• Ingxenye esetshenziswayo: impande ne-rhizome
• Umumo wokusikwa: ama-slice aphambene (noma athe xaxa) noma awehle—igama elithi 甘草片 livela lapha
• Uphawu lwekhwalithi ekuqhekekeni: iphethini ye-radial, “inhliziyo-chrysanthemum” (菊花心, júhuā xīn)

I-licorice yakha uhlelo lwezimpande olujulile, olungena amamitha amaningana, okuyivumela ukuba iphile ezindaweni ezomile nasemihlanganweni eyomile. Ukuze kutholakale izinto ezingavuthiwe, izimpande nama-rhizomes awugqinsi ayambiwaphu, ahlanzwe ezimpandeni ezincane ezisemaceleni, omiswe, futhi asikwe aphambane. Ukusikwa okuphambene yikhona okuveza “ama-coin” ayindilinga anesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele.

• Amagxolo (uqweqwe olungaphandle): kusuka kokubomvu nsundu kuya kokumpunga nsundu, anemimba emide
• Izicubu zangaphakathi: ziphuzi ngokukhanyayo, zinesakhiwo esinophawuda (粉性, fěnxìng)
• Iphethini yokusikwa: indandatho ye-cambial ebonakalayo kanye nemisebe ye-radial

Kukhona umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezingavuthiwe “ezingamagxolo” nezahlanjululwe (去皮, qùpí). Esikweni lekhemisi, i-licorice “eluhlaza” (生甘草, shēng gāncǎo) nayo iyehlukaniswa naleyo ephathwe ngoluju (炙甘草, zhì gāncǎo); kwi-infusion-”yetiye” ama-slice aluhlaza yiwona avame ukusetshenziswa.

4. Indawo kanye Nezimpawu Zokukhula:

• Indawo e-PRC: i-Inner Mongolia (内蒙古, Nèiménggǔ), i-Xinjiang (新疆, Xīnjiāng), i-Gansu (甘肃, Gānsù), i-Ningxia (宁夏, Níngxià)
• Uhlobo lwendawo: amathafa omile, imihlanganiso eyomile, inhlabathi enosawoti nenesihlabathi
• Isifunda esidumile: i-licorice yase-Ordos (鄂尔多斯, È’ěrduōsī), ikakhulukazi i-Hanggin Banner (杭锦旗, Hángjǐn Qí)

I-licorice imelana nesomiso nosawoti, ivumelana nenhlabathi empofu enesihlabathi nenosawoti omncane, engafanele izitshalo eziningi. Kukholakala ukuthi isimo sezulu sasezwenikazi esishintshashintshayo esinehlobo elishisayo elomile kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa nsuku zonke kusiza ekukhuliseni izinto ezimnandi nezinuka kamnandi empandeni. Ngokomlando, i-licorice yase-Ordos yayiswa kakhulu—leyo eyaziwa ngokuthi 梁外甘草 (liángwài gāncǎo).

I-licorice yasendle e-China ivikelwe: ifakwe ohlwini lwezitshalo zasendle ezivikelwe, futhi ukuvunwa kwayo kulawulwa futhi kudinga izimvume—ukuvuna okungalawuleki okunzulu akuvumelekile ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwama-steppe. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezingavuthiwe eziningi zivela emasimini, lapho impande itshalwa khona iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuvuna.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukuvuna: ikakhulukazi ekwindla, lapho inani eliphakeme lezinto ezigciniwe lisempandeni
• Ukucubungula kokuqala: ukuhlanzwa emhlabathini nasezimpandeni ezincane, ukususwa kwamagxolo uma kudingeka
• Ukomiswa: ukomiswa komoya nelanga kuze kube sesimweni esomile ngokuzinzile
• Ukusikwa: ama-slice aphambene, ukuhlelwa ngokobukhulu nobubanzi

Ngemva kokumbiwa, izimpande ziyagezwa, zinqunywe, zihlukaniswe zibe yizicucu uma kudingeka, bese zomiswa. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezomile zisikwa zibe ama-slice—okomphakathi wansuku zonke, ngokuvamile azacile ukuze akhulule ubumnandi kalula. Umkhiqizo ophelile uyahlelwa: ama-slice agqinsi, alinganayo, anokusikwa okuphuzi okugqamile abaluleke kakhulu.

Kukhona nokugazingwa koluju (炙甘草, zhì gāncǎo)—impande ifakwa uluju bese iyashiswa; umkhiqizo onjalo umnandi futhi uthambe kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kusebenzela ikhemisi, hhayi izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-infusion yansuku zonke. Ngokuhlukile, ake sikhulume ngomkhuba ongathembekile wokufaka intuthu yesulfure ukuze kutholakale ukubukeka “okungcono”—okuningi ngalokhu esigabeni sokuphamba.

6. Izimpawu Zokunambitheka Nephunga:

• Umbala wezinto ezingavuthiwe: ngaphandle nsundu ngombala omnyama, ekusikeni—kusuka kokuphuzi ngokukhanyayo kuya kokuphuzi okugcwele
• Iphunga: elibuthakathaka, elikhula ngobumnandi, eliyingqayizivele
• Ukunambitheka kwe-infusion: kumnandi ngokusobala, okumbozayo, nokunambitheka kwemvelo okulula okusemva
• Umzimba we-infusion: uthambile, unomuzwa wobumnandi “obujulile”

I-infusion ephelile iphuzi ngokukhanyayo, icwebile. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ubumnandi obugcwele bemvelo obuhlala isikhathi eside emlonyeni. Ngokungafani noshukela, lobu bumnandi buzwakala “bujulile” futhi bunjenge-liquorice kancane. Uma i-infused isikhathi eside noma ngamanzi ashisayo, kungase kuvele ukubabayo okuncane kanye nophawu oluhlanganisayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ingxenye eyinhloko emnandi: i-glycyrrhizin (i-glycyrrhizic acid)—i-triterpenoid saponin
• Ama-flavonoid: i-liquiritin, i-isoliquiritin, i-liquiritigenin, nezakhi ezihlobene
• Izinto eziqondene nohlobo: i-glabridin (ejwayeleke kakhulu ku-Glycyrrhiza glabra), i-licochalcones (ikakhulukazi ku-Glycyrrhiza inflata)
• Okunye: ama-polysaccharides, ama-coumarins, izingxenye zezinto ezibalulekile

I-glycyrrhizin yiyona ebangela ubumnandi obuphawulekayo: inamandla aphindwe amashumi kunoshukela. Uma i-hydrolyzwa, ikhipha i-glycyrrhetinic acid. Ama-flavonoid nama-chalcones anikeza umbala, izici zokunambitheka, futhi zisalokhu ziyisihloko sesasasa lesayensi. Ukwakheka kuncike kakhulu ohlotsheni, indawo lapho kukhule khona, ubudala bempande, nendlela yokucubungula.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo:

• Njengoba kuvame ukucatshangwa esikweni laseShang Cina: i-licorice ixhunyaniswa nemibono “yokususa ukushisa nokukhipha ubuthi” (清热解毒, qīngrè jiědú) kanye “nokuthambisa amaphaphu, ukunciphisa ukukhwehlela” (润肺止咳, rùnfèi zhǐké)
• Lokho okufundwa yisayensi: i-glycyrrhizin, i-glycyrrhetinic acid, nama-flavonoid e-licorice ayahlolwa ukuze kutholakale i-antioxidant, i-anti-inflammatory, neminye imisebenzi

Kubalulekile ukushiwo: ama-slice e-licorice awumkhiqizo wokudla kanye ne-infusion yekhaya, hhayi umuthi. Imibono yendabuko enikeziwe ichaza umongo wesiko wokusetshenziswa, hhayi imiphumela yokwelapha eqinisekisiwe; izithembiso zezempilo ezivela kubathengisi zingaphandle kwesihloko se-encyclopedia futhi akufanele zithathwe njengesincomo sezokwelapha.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-licorice inezexwayiso ezaziwayo jikelele, okufanele zichazwe ngokungathathi hlangothi. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwenani elikhulu le-glycyrrhizin kungaphazamisa ibhalansi yamanzi nosawoti—ukugcinwa kwe-sodium namanzi, ukwehla kwe-potassium, ukukhuphuka komfutho wegazi; ezincwadini, lokhu kuchazwa “njenge-pseudoaldosteronism.” Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo uvame ukusetshenziswa ngokulinganisela. Ukucophelela okuhlukile kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhulelwa, umfutho ophezulu wegazi, izifo zezinso nenhliziyo, kanye nokusebenzisa ngesikhathi esisodwa imithi ethile. Izinhlaka zokudla zamazwe omhlaba zigcizelela ukulinganisela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-glycyrrhizin nsuku zonke. Imithamo eqondile nezinhlelo kungumbuzo kochwepheshe, hhayi kwi-encyclopedia.

9. Ukuphisa:

• Inani: cishe amagremu angu-3–5 ama-slice (ama-plastikí ambalwa) kumamililitha angu-250–300 amanzi
• Amanzi: ashisayo, acishe afane namanzi abilayo, cishe ngo-95–100 °C
• Isitsha: i-teapot, i-gaiwan, inkomishi elula ye-thermal noma i-thermos
• Isikhathi: imizuzu engu-5–10 ye-infusion yokuqala
• Inani lezikhathi zokuthela: 2–4, inqobo nje uma ubumnandi busekhona

Ama-slice e-licorice akhipha ubumnandi kahle emanzini ashisayo. Ngenxa yobumnandi obuphezulu, impande ivame ukuphiswa ingeyodwa, kodwa “njenge-sweetener” ye-herbal blend—ne-chrysanthemum, i-mint, i-goji berries, nokunye. I-infusion iphuzwa ishisayo noma ipholile: lapho kushisa, i-infusion ye-licorice ebandayo iyapholisa futhi iqeda ukoma kahle. Ukubilisa isikhathi eside kwenza ukunambitheka kube nzima, kodwa kungase kwengeze ukubabayo, ngakho-ke ukufaka amanzi ane-infusion kwanele ngesiphuzo esithambile.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izimo: indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama
• Isiqukathi: ukupakishwa okuvalwe ngokuqinile noma umfutha, kude nephunga langaphandle
• Izitha zezinto ezingavuthiwe: umswakama, ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, amaphunga ahambayo, ukushisa kwasekhishini
• Izimpawu zokonakala: umswakama, iphunga lesikhunta, ukulahlekelwa ubumnandi

Ama-slice e-licorice omile ahlala isikhathi eside uma egcinwe kahle. Into esemqoka ukuwagcina kude nomswakama: izinto ezingavuthiwe ezimanzi zikhuntubeleka kalula. Njengezinto eziningi zezitshalo ezomile, i-licorice igcinwa esitsheni esivaliwe, kude ne-spices nakho konke okunephunga, ngoba impande enezimbotshana imunca amaphunga kalula.

11. Intengo kanye Nokuphamba:

• Isiqondiso sentengo yabatshali: izinga lenani cishe ngu-56 ¥/kg ngama-slice ajwayelekile okudla; amabanga aphambili abiza kakhulu, izinto ezingavuthiwe ezisezingeni eliphansi zishibhile
• Izimpawu zezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinhle: ukusikwa okuphuzi okunophawuda, iphethini ye-radial ecacile (菊花心, júhuā xīn), ubumnandi obugqamile, iphunga eliyingqayizivele
• Okungena esikhundleni: impande “esevele isebenzile” ngemva kokukhishwa komkhakha we-glycyrrhizin, ingxenye ye-woody empandeni, ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo namabanga

Intengo incike kakhulu ebangeni, ububanzi bama-slice, uhlobo lwe-licorice, nesifunda. Izinga lenani elichaziwe kufanele liqondwe njengesiqondiso sezinto ezingavuthiwe ezijwayelekile zomkhakha, hhayi njengesithembiso senani lokudayisa. I-slice yangempela esezingeni ekusikeni iyaphuzi, “inophawuda,” inephethini yemisebe efana nenkanyezi; ekunambithekeni—imnandi ngokuhlanzekile nangamandla.

Ingcuphe eyinhloko lapho uthenga izinto ezingavuthiwe ubumnandi obuvele bukhishwe ngenxa yezinjongo zomkhakha: ama-slice anjalo abukeka efana, kodwa awamnandi kakhulu. Okufanele kukuholele ukungabaza ukubukeka okungalungile “okukhanyisiwe” okungalungile kanye nephunga elimuncu elihlasimulayo—lokhu kungaba umkhondo wokufakwa intuthu yesulfure. Ama-slice amnyama, abolile, anengxenye enkulu yamagxolo nenani elincane lezicubu eziphuzi nakho kubonisa ikhwalithi ephansi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Incazelo yegama lesiLatini: igama lohlobo i-Glycyrrhiza lakhiwa ngamagama esiGreki athi “okumnandi” kanye “nempande,” okungukuthi ngokwezwi nezwi “impande emnandi”; kusuka lapha kwaqhamuka igama laseYurophu elithi “liquorice.”
• “Isithakazelo Sezitshalo”: isidlaliso esithi 国老 (guólǎo) sigcizelela indima ye-licorice “njengomvumelanisi” wokwakheka kwe-blend.
• Isithako esikuyo yonke indawo: i-licorice iyingxenye enkulu kakhulu yezindlela zokupheka zakudala zamaShayina—ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo wokuvumelanisa.
• Hhayi i-infusion kuphela: impande emnandi isetshenziswa njenge-sweetener yemvelo ne-flavour—kuma-lollipops, ama-sauces, izidlo ezifakwe emanzini anosawoti (卤味, lǔwèi), kanye nokudla okumnandi.
• Ubumnandi obungenashukela: ingxenye eyinhloko emnandi i-glycyrrhizin, hhayi ushukela, ngakho-ke ukunambitheka kwaqashelwa njengokunambitheka “kwe-liquorice,” hhayi “okushukela.”

Ukuphetha:

Ama-slice e-licorice ayisibonelo esihle sokuthi izinto ezingavuthiwe ezijwayelekile zesiko lokudla nokwelapha zibe isiphuzo sasekhaya esizimele. Ngokusemthethweni, lokhu 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá), “itiye elithathela indawo,” hhayi itiye elivela ku-Camellia sinensis, kodwa ngemva kwalo kunomlando wawo wamakhulu eminyaka—kusuka emasimini ase-steppe ase-Inner Mongolia nase-Xinjiang kuya ku-infusion elula emnandi esesitsheni se-thermos. Inani lomkhiqizo lisemndenini wemvelo, ukuthamba, kanye nokusebenza ezindaweni eziningi: lilingana ngokufanayo lulodwa, noma njengesisekelo se-herbal blend.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukuhlonipha isiko akuhoxiseli umbono ongaguquki: i-licorice ingumkhiqizo wokudla, hhayi umuthi, futhi ubumnandi bayo buhlinzekwa yi-glycyrrhizin esebenzayo ngokwebhayoloji, edinga ukulinganisela. Indlela enengqondo ukuthenga izinto ezingavuthiwe eziphuzi ezisikwe ngobuqotho ezinokusikwa “okuyi-chrysanthemum” okucacile, ukugcina zomile, nokuphisa ngokulinganiselayo, kuyekwa imibuzo yezokwelapha kochwepheshe.

the teas described here are available from teamotea