fú lái qīng

I-Fu Lai Qing (fú lái qīng, 浮来青), eyaziwa nangokuthi ‘i-Yimeng eluhlaza’ (yí méng lǜ, 沂蒙绿) — itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho elivela esifundeni sase-Ju County (莒县) eduze kwase-Linyi (临沂), omunye wabamele isikole sase-Shandong, esakhula ngohlelo ‘lokuthutha itiye lisuka eningizimu liyiswa enyakatho’.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: itiye eliluhlaza (lǜ chá, 绿茶), elingavutshelwanga.
• Isigaba: itiye elinegama lasentwasahlobo (míng yōu, 名优) — umkhiqizo weqembu elikhwalithi yasentwasahlobo, elikhethwa emahlumela amancane.
• Imvelaphi: i-Ju County (莒县) eduze kwase-Linyi (临沂), izwe elinezintaba i-Yimengshan (沂蒙山) eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Shandong. Itiye liqanjwe ngegama lentaba i-Fulaishan (浮来山) eduze nesikhungo sesifunda i-Ju County — igama lokuqala livela lapha, ‘fú lái’, kanti ‘qīng’ (青, ‘luhlaza, okwesimaragidi’) likhomba isigaba setiye nombala womunyu walo.
• Isifunda: i-Jiangbei (江北, ‘enyakatho yoMfula i-Yangtze’) — umngcele osenyakatho kakhulu wokulinywa kwetiye laseShayina.
• I-Cultivar/Izinhlobo: amasimu atshaliwe ayizingxubevange (yǐn zhǒng qún, 引种群) — isizinda esixubile sezinhlobo zaseningizimu, ezikhethwe ngenxa yokumelana nesithwathwa. Kunembe kakhudlwana ukukhuluma ‘ngenani elixubile elilethwe ngaphandle’, hhayi ngenhlobo eyodwa ebhalwe ngokomthetho; ukwakheka okuqondile kwezinhlobo emasimini ase-Ju kuyahlukahluka endaweni ngayinye.
• Umndeni wesifunda: i-Fu Lai Qing isohlwini olulodwa namanye amabili aziwa kakhulu — i-Rizhao eluhlaza (日照绿茶) ne-Laoshan eluhlaza (崂山绿茶), ihlanganyela nabo uzalo olufanayo lwasenyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando we-Fu Lai Qing mfushane uma kuqhathaniswa newetiye laseShayina futhi awuhlukaniseki nomlando wonke wokulinywa kwetiye lase-Shandong. Ngaphambi komkhankaso ‘wokuthutha itiye lisiwa enyakatho’ lezi zindawo zazithathwa njengezingafanele ukulinywa kwetiye — kubanda kakhulu.

• ‘Ukuthutha itiye lisiwa enyakatho’: i-Fu Lai Qing itiye lemvelaphi yokulethwa ngaphandle (yǐn zhǒng, 引种), hhayi elasendulo. Izihlahla zalo aziphumi ezindaweni zasendle zendawo, kodwa ezinhlotsheni zaseningizimu ezalethwa e-Shandong ngaphansi komkhankaso kahulumeni ‘nán chá běi yǐn’ (南茶北引, ‘ukuthutha itiye laseningizimu lisiya enyakatho’), owaqala maphakathi nawo-1960s. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho itiye eliluhlaza laqala ukumila khona e-Rizhao, e-Qingdao (Laoshan) nasezindaweni zase-Yimeng.
• Ukusungulwa kwesifunda: impumelelo yokulethwa ngaphandle kwawo-1960s yenza i-Shandong yashintsha yaba isifunda esizimele setiye eliluhlaza esisuka esifundazweni ‘esingenatiye’, kanti i-Yimengshan, i-Rizhao ne-Laoshan zaba izindawo zakhona ezintathu eziyinsika. Isifunda i-Ju County esinentaba i-Fulaishan saba isikhungo sase-Yimeng salo msebenzi omusha.
• Ubunikazi: kubunikazi bendawo, ukuxhumana okuqondile ‘kwezintaba i-Yimeng + itiye lasenyakatho’ kubalulekile. I-Fu Lai Qing ibonwa njengophawu lwesifunda, oluveza umlingiswa wase-Shandong — ukukhuthazela, ukuminyana, ukunambitheka okuqondile — ngokuphikisana nobuhle baseningizimu.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Isimo sezulu esibandayo senza isitshalo sikhulise iqabunga eliminyene, eliwugqinsi. Iqabunga eliwugqinsi lasenyakatho likwazi ukugcina ukusonteka kahle, futhi ukuminyana kwalo okuyikona okunikeza amandla esifunda ekumelaneni nokuphuzwa kaningi.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

• Indawo: indawo yokuzalwa ye-Fu Lai Qing izwe elinezintaba i-Yimengshan (沂蒙山) eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Shandong, ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwedolobha i-Linyi. Lokhu akuseyona indawo ekudala kunetiye yaseningizimu, kodwa umngcele osenyakatho kakhulu wokulinywa kwetiye laseShayina — isifunda i-Jiangbei (江北, ‘enyakatho yoMfula i-Yangtze’).
• Isimo sezulu: izwekazi ngendlela ephawulekayo ukudlula i-Zhejiang noma i-Hunan — ubusika obude obubandayo, intwasahlobo eseza emva kwesikhathi, umehluko omkhulu emazingeni okushisa emini nasebusuku.
• Ukuvuna: iqabunga lokuqala lapha likhiwa ngemuva kwesikhathi kunasezifundazweni eziseningizimu, eduze nesikhathi se-gǔ yǔ (谷雨, ‘izimvula zokusanhlamvu’), hhayi kusenesikhathi míng qián.
• Umthelela wamakhaza kwikhwalithi: amakhaza asebenza ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akhawulela isivuno futhi enze isitshalo sikhulise iqabunga eliminyene, eliwugqinsi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwanda kancane koshukela nama-amino acid endaweni epholile kwakha lowo kunambitheka ocebile, ‘ogqinsi’, amatiye ase-Shandong aluhlaza adume ngawo ewonke.
• Ukuqhathanisa nomakhelwane: i-Yimengshan inezintaba futhi iyizwekazi, i-Laoshan ingasogwini lolwandle futhi inephunga lolwandle, i-Rizhao iyaziwa kakhulu futhi inokunambitheka okugcwele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

• Ukulungisa okuluhlaza: i-Fu Lai Qing itiye eliluhlaza (lǜ chá, 绿茶), okusho ukuthi alivutshelwanga. Isinyathelo esibalulekile — ukulungisa okuluhlaza (shā qīng, 杀青), lapho ama-enzyme enziwa angasebenzi futhi kuqiniswe umbala oluhlaza nephunga elisha ngezinga eliphezulu lokushisa.
• Ukuma kweqabunga: ngokuma kweqabunga eliphelele, i-Fu Lai Qing iwela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezihlobene — esontekile (juǎn qū, 卷曲) kanye nobhande-umucu (tiáo xíng, 条形). Esimweni sokuqala, iqabunga liyasontekwa libe ‘ophephela’ abaminyene nezihlwitha ngemuva kokulungiswa okuluhlaza; kwesesibili, lakhiwa laba amaflegela amade, aqondile uma kuqhathaniswa. Womabili amaphrofayili ajwayelekile esikoleni sase-Shandong futhi asihlukanisa, ngokwesibonelo, ngesitayela esiyisicaba esifana ne-Longjing.

6. Izici Zezinzwa:

Iphrofayili ye-Fu Lai Qing izuza ifa lomlingiswa osonke ‘wenyakatho’ wamatiye aluhlaza ase-Shandong: iminyene, igcwele, inomzimba womunyu ogqamile. Isici esijwayelekile sesifunda yithoni ecijile ye-cran (板栗香) ehlangene nenothi elisha ‘likaphizi’ (豌豆鲜) — yile nhlanganisela eyenza amatiye ase-Yimeng ne-Rizhao aziwe futhi iwahlukanise namaphrofayili alula, anemibala-utshani aseningizimu. Iqabunga eliwugqinsi likhipha ukunambitheka kancane kancane futhi likwazi ukumelana nokuphuzwa okuningana.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izinkombandlela ezingokoqobo zokwenza itiye eliluhlaza lalolu hlobo:

• Amanzi: ngaphansi kokuphuzisayo, cishe ku-80 – 85 °C, ukuze ‘ungashisi’ iqabunga elincane futhi ungangakhiphi ukubaba okweqile.
• Izitsha: ingilazi esobala noma i-gaiwan; ingilazi ilunge ngoba ikuvumela ukuthi ubuke ukuvuleka kweqabunga elisontekile.
• Isilinganiso: ukufaka okusesilinganisweni, umunyu wokuqala mfushane, alandelayo made kancane.
• Ukuphuzwa kabusha: ngenxa yokuminyana kweqabunga, i-Fu Lai Qing imelana nokuphuzwa okuningana, iveze kancane kancane indawo ye-cran kanye nophizi.

11. Intengo kanye Nezomgunyathi:

• Indawo emakethe: i-Fu Lai Qing ithatha indawo ephakathi nendawo eqinile — itiye lesifunda eliqinile, elaziwayo, ngaphandle kokufuna ukufinyelela ezingeni lentengo eliphezulu, okuyinto egcinwe e-Shandong ngamaqembu aphambili asentwasahlobo e-Rizhao ne-Laoshan.
• Imvelaphi, hhayi ubudala: itiye elethwe ngaphandle (nán chá běi yǐn), hhayi insalela yendawo yasendulo yetiye. Noma yiziphi izimangalo ‘zezingadi zetiye zasendulo’ lapha kufanele zithathwe ngokungabaza.
• Iphrofayili yasenyakatho: funa ukunambitheka okuminyene, okugcwele okunethoni ye-cran nokusha kophizi, amandla okuphuzwa izikhathi eziningana — lokhu uphawu lwetiye eliluhlaza lase-Shandong elikhwalithi.
• Ukuma kweqabunga: izihlwitha ezisontekile noma amaflegela emigqa kuyizici; iqabunga eliyisicaba, elifana ne-Longjing alijwayelekile kulesi sitayela.
• Isizini: i-Fu Lai Qing yeqiniso elinegama — umkhiqizo wasentwasahlobo; ngenxa yokuqala kwesikhathi sokukhula sekwephuzile enyakatho, amaqembu angcono kakhulu avuthwa ngemuva kwesikhathi kunamatiye aseningizimu e-míng qián.
• Umndeni wesifunda: i-Fu Lai Qing kunengqondo ukuyiqhathanisa namatiye aluhlaza ase-Rizhao nase-Laoshan — indawo efanayo yasenyakatho, kodwa izimo ezincane ezihlukile. Ukuqonda lomehluko kusiza ukuthi ungaqhathanisi izimpawu futhi wazise ngempela umlingiswa wenkomishi yase-Yimeng.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo:

• Amazinga: i-Fu Lai Qing ilandela imithetho ejwayelekile esebenza etiyeni eliluhlaza e-People’s Republic of China, futhi ihlolwa ngokwemingcele efanayo yezinzwa njengamanye amatiye aluhlaza: ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile, umbala nokukhanya komunyu, iphunga, ukunambitheka kanye nesimo seqabunga elibilisiwe. Ayikho inombolo yezinga ehlukile, exhunywe ngokuqondile ne-Fu Lai Qing emthonjeni oqinisekisiwe, ngakho-ke amakhodi athile awanikezwa ngamabomu: kumatiye aluhlaza ase-Shandong ewonke, kusebenza uhlelo lwezidingo zesifunda nezikazwelonke zetiye eliluhlaza, futhi umehluko phakathi kwe-Fu Lai Qing, i-Rizhao kanye ne-Laoshan ikakhulukazi umehluko wendawo kanye nemvelaphi yezitshalo, hhayi amakhadi obuchwepheshe ahlukile.