Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá

Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá iyitiyi eliluhlaza eliyingqayizivele elivela esifundeni saseFènggāng esifundazweni saseGuìzhōu, uphawu lwalo oluhlukile okuwukuceba ngemvelo ngemithi emincane i-zinc ne-selenium. Lesi isifunda okuwukuphela kwaso eShayina lapho inhlabathi iqukethe kokubili lezi zici ngezinga eliphezulu, okwenza leli tiye libe ngeqemba lokuphuza nje kuphela kodwa libe wuhlobo lomkhiqizo osebenzayo. Ngaphansi kohlobo oluyisambulela oluthi “Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá” kukhiqizwa amatiye aluhlaza (扁形 — ayizicaba, 卷曲形 — asontiwe, 颗粒形 — ayigiligili) kanjalo namatiye abomvu (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá), kodwa umugqa wamatiye aluhlaza uhlala uwumgogodla futhi owaziwa kakhulu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (eliyivithi, 绿茶, lǜchá). Ngaphansi kwalolu hlobo olufanayo kuye kukhiqizwe netiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), kodwa isigaba esiyisisekelo nesisondele kakhulu itiye eliluhlaza.

• Isigaba: Itiye lesifunda elinokuvikelwa kwendawo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn). Lingenye “Yamatiye Ayishumi Adumile ase-Guìzhōu” (贵州十大名茶). Kusukela ngo-2020 lifakwe ohlwini lokuqala lwamalungelo endawo avunyelwe ngaphansi kweSivumelwano phakathi kwe-China ne-EU (《中欧地理标志协定》).

• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Guìzhōu (贵州, Guìzhōu), umasipala we-Zūnyì (遵义市, Zūnyì shì), isifunda sase-Fènggāng (凤冈县, Fènggāng xiàn). Indawo evikelwe yendabuko ihlanganisa izilokazana eziyishumi nambili zalesi sifunda: Yǒng’ān (永安), Xīnjiàn (新建), Tǔxī (土溪), Suíyáng (绥阳), Huāpíng (花坪), Lóngquán (龙泉), Yǒnghé (永和), Fèngyán (蜂岩), Jìnhuà (进化), Yáochuān (琊川), Hébà (何坝), Shíjìng (石径) — indawo eyi-1569,5 km².

• Amakhodi eJiyografiki: 27°32′–28°21′ N, 107°31′–107°56′ E. Isikhungo sokuphatha salesi sifunda cishe silinganiselwa ku-27,95° N, 107,72° E.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Umlando wetiye wase-Fènggāng usuka kudala kakhulu. Ngisho nangesikhathi se-Hàn (汉代) emibhalweni ethi 《史记》 ne《汉书》 kuyabikwa ukuthi inxusa lase-Hàn u-Táng Méng (唐蒙, Táng Méng), lapho libheke embusweni wase-Yèláng (夜郎, Yèláng), lathola itiye phakathi kwemikhiqizo yendawo. Indawo ye-Fènggāng yanamuhla ngaleso sikhathi yayisosentshonalanga osenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe lase-Yèláng. Ngesikhathi seMpumalanga Jìn (东晋) u-Cháng Qú (常璩, Cháng Qú) ku-《华阳国志》 wabhala: “IPíngyí ikhiqiza itiye noju” (平夷产茶蜜) — isifunda sase-Píngyí sasihlanganisa nezindawo zanamuhla zase-Fènggāng. Ngesikhathi se-Táng (唐代) u-Lù Yǔ (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) encwadini ye-《茶经》 waphawula: “Itiye likhula e-Qiánzhōng — e-Sīzhōu, Bózhōu, Fèizhōu, Yízhōu … lapho litholakala, linambitheka kamnandi kakhulu” (茶之出，黔中生思州、播州、费州、夷州……往往得之，其味极佳). Ngokocwaningo lomlando, isifunda sase-Yízhōu (夷州) sasitholakala endaweni eyilokazana lase-Suíyáng lanamuhla esifundeni sase-Fènggāng, kanti isifunda sase-Suíyáng sasitholakala endaweni ye-Yǒng’ān yanamuhla. Ngesikhathi se-Sòng (宋代) i-《太平寰宇记》 yabhala itiye phakathi kwemikhiqizo eyinhloko yase-Yízhōu.

Kodwa kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Qīng amasimu eteyi e-Fènggāng ayehlala engawombuso, kanti phakathi kwabantu itiye lalilinyelwa ingcosana. Ngo-1949 kwakungekho amasimu eteyi aqhubekayo esifundeni — kwakunezihlahla eziyinsakavukela nezihlahla zasendle kuphela. Ukuthuthukiswa okuhlelekile komkhakha kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-50, lapho uhulumeni ehlela ukwakhiwa kwamafemu eteyi ayi-17. Ngo-1976 indawo yamasimu yayifinyelele ku-43 800 mu, kodwa ngenxa yobunzima bezomnotho kanye nenqubomgomo ethi “okusanhlamvu kuqala” ngo-1982 yehla yaya ku-12 873 mu. Ukuvuselelwa kwafika ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-80: ngo-1987 kwasungulwa inkampani yetiye yesifunda, kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ze-Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá) kanye nezinhlobo ezingenalutshwala. Unyaka ka-1993 waba yinguquko, lapho ngosizo lukaProfesa Liú Héfā (刘和发) wase-Anhui Agricultural University kwatholakala izinga eliyingqayizivele le-zinc ne-selenium enhlabathini yendawo nasemacembeni etiye, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo ka-“锌硒茶”. Ngo-2002 isifunda sathatha isinqumo sokusungula ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu komkhakha wetiye ngemodeli ethi “ukufuywa kwezilwane — i-bio gas — itiye” (畜—沼—茶), kwaqala ukutshalwa kwamasimu asezingeni eliphezulu e-Yǒng’ān.

• Izinsuku Eziyinhloko:

  • 1993 — ukutholwa kokuceba kwetiye nge-zinc ne-selenium; ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo.
  • 2002 — ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamasimu etiye.
  • 2006 — ukunikezwa kwesimo somkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe (国家地理标志保护产品) yi-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ye-China.
  • 2011 — ukubhaliswa kwendawo njengophawu lokuhweba oluqinisekisiwe.
  • 2015 — indondo yegolide embukisweni womhlaba we-“Expo-2015” eMilan esigabeni esithi “Amakhulu Amatiye Adumile Eshayina”.
  • 2017 — ukufakwa emgundini wombukiso we-China National Tea Museum (中国茶叶博物馆).
  • 2020 — ukufakwa ohlwini lokuqala lweSivumelwano Phakathi Kwe-China Neyurobhu mayelana nokuqashelwa ngokuhlanganyela kwamalungelo endawo.
  • 2025 — inani lomkhiqizo lifinyelele ku-74,19 wezinkulungwane zezigidi zama-yuan; i-Fènggāng yathola isimo se-“Nhlokodolobha YaseShayina Ye-Zinc Ne-Selenium” (中国锌硒之都).

• Igama: Fènggāng (凤冈) — igama lesifunda, ngokomqondo lithi “Igquma Le-Phoenix”: 凤 (fèng) — “iphoenix”, 冈 (gāng) — “igquma, indawo ephakeme”; lisuselwa egameni lendawo elithi “Fèngmíng Gāogāng” (凤鸣高冈) — “Iphoenix ihlabelela egqumeni eliphakeme”. Xīn (锌, xīn) — “i-zinc”. Xī (硒, xī) — “i-selenium”. Chá (茶, chá) — “itiye”. Ngakho-ke, igama eliphelele ngokomqondo lisho “Itiye Le-Zinc Ne-Selenium Lase-Fènggāng” futhi likhomba ngqo uphawu oluphambili lomkhiqizo — okuwukuba khona ngokwemvelo kwalezi zinto ezimbili eziyimithi emincane.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isiko letiye lase-Fènggāng lihlanganiswe ngokujulile nempilo yansuku zonke yesifunda: izindawana ezingaphezu kuka-50 zinamagama ahlobene netiye, emikhosini yomshado kusalandelwa isiko le-“three teas” (三道茶), futhi minyaka yonke ngosuku lweshumi nesishiyagalolunye lwenyanga yesibili ngokwekhalenda lenyanga (农历二月十九) kubanjwa Umkhosi Wokuhlonipha Itiye (祭茶大典), osekugujwa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka engaphezu kuka-20. Ukupheka kwetiye — ikakhulukazi isobho letiye elinamafutha (油茶汤, yóuchá tāng), elithandwa abantu bama-Tǔjiā (土家族) nama-Gēlǎo (仡佬族) — kufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifundazweni sase-Guìzhōu. Umqondo othi “IMpumalanga Nge-Lóngjǐng, INtshonalanga Nge-Fènggāng” (东有龙井·西有凤冈) ube yisiqubulo sokumaketha esigcizelela isifiso salesi sifunda. Indawo yezokuvakasha kazwelonke yezinga le-4A “Inhliziyo Yolwandle Lwetiye” (茶海之心, “Inhliziyo Yolwandle Lwetiye”) e-Yǒng’ān iholela izinkulungwane zezivakashi minyaka yonke, kanti imodeli ethi “itiye + ezokuvakasha” (茶旅一体化) yamukelwa njengeyisibonelo ezingeni likazwelonke.

3. Ukuchazwa Kwezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

• Izinhlobo zezitshalo: Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze.

• Izinhlobo / Izithombo: Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezitshaliwe yi-Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá) kanye nohlobo lwe-Qiánméi (黔湄系列, Qiánméi xìliè), kanye ne-Lóngjǐng (龙井), Míngshān (名山) nezinye izitshalo zendawo. Uhlobo lwe-Fúdǐng Dà Bái Chá luveza ihlamvu elikhulu, elimbozwe uboya futhi linokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid; imigqa ye-Qiánméi ijwayelane nezimo zendawo futhi inamandla okumelana namakhaza. Ubuningi bokutshala — izihlahla ezi-4500–5000 nge-mu (cishe izihlahla ezi-67 500–75 000 ngehektha), isikimu esiyimiqede emibili: imigede eyi-1,5 m, ibanga phakathi kwemigqa liyi-0,45–0,50 m, phakathi kwezihlahla liyi-0,30–0,35 m, izithombo ezi-2 esikhaleni ngasinye.

• Ukuvuna: Isikhathi sokuqala sokuvuna — kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ekupheleni kukaMeyi (itiye lasentwasahlobo, 春茶). Itiye lasehlobo nelasekwindla (夏茶, 秋茶) nalo liyavunwa — kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSepthemba — ikakhulukazi lamaqoqo okuthekelisa. Isikhathi sokuvuna sisonke sihlanganisa izinyanga eziya kwayi-9 ngonyaka.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Izinga elikhethekile (特级) — ihlamvu elilodwa lezimbali kanye neqabunga elilodwa elisuke liqala ukuvuleka (一芽一叶初展), ubude behlamvu bu-2,5–3,0 cm. Izinga lokuqala (一级) — ihlamvu lezimbali elilodwa namacembe amabili (一芽二叶), ubude bu-3,0–3,5 cm. Izinga lesibili (二级) — ihlamvu lezimbali elilodwa namacembe amathathu (一芽三叶), ubude bu-3,5 cm. Kwezinye izinhlobo (扁形茶 — itiye eliyisicaba elifana ne-quèshé) kuvunyelwe ukuqoqa amacembe ezimbali kuphela (独芽, dúyá).

• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Amacembe kufanele abe athambile, alingane ngobukhulu futhi ahlanzekile, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokonakala yizilokazane. Indlela yokuvuna — “ephakamisayo” (提采, tícǎi) kanye “ne-dlulisayo” (弹采, táncǎi), eqinisekisa ukungapheleli kwehlamvu lezimbali neqabunga ngaphandle kokulimala kwemishini. Izinto ezisanda kuvunwa ziyiswa ngokushesha efektri ukuze kugwemwe ukushisa ngokweqile.

4. Indawo (Terroir) Nezici Zokulinywa:

• Ukwakheka komhlaba nejografi: Isifunda sase-Fènggāng sitholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Guìzhōu, ngaphansi kwezintaba zase-Dàlóu (大娄山, Dàlóu Shān) osebeni olusenyakatho lomfula i-Wūjiāng (乌江, Wūjiāng). Ukwakheka komhlaba — indawo evamile ene-karst enezintaba eziphakeme namagquma anezigodi nezihosha eziningi. Ubude besifunda ngaphezu kogu lolwandle — 720 m, amanani aphakeme afinyelela ku-1200 m.

• Ubude lapho kukhula khona: 600–1200 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Amasimu amakhulu etiye agxile ebangeni eliphakeme lama-700–1000 m.

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esifudumele esiswakeme se-monsoon esiphakathi (中亚热带湿润季风气候). Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 15,2 °C, eliphakeme ngokuphelele — 37,8 °C, eliphansi ngokuphelele — -7,4 °C. Isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — izinsuku ezi-257–302. Isilinganiso somvula sonyaka — 1257 mm. Isilinganiso sonyaka sokukhanya kwelanga — cishe amahora ayi-1139 (寡日照, “ilanga elincane”), okuyisici esivelele sendawo ye-Guìzhōu: ukukhanya kwelanga okuphansi kukhuthaza ukukhula kancane kwamacembe kanye nokuqokelelana kwama-amino acid. Ifomula ye-terroir eyamukelwa ochwepheshe bendawo: “ububanzi obuphansi, ububanzi obuphakeme, ilanga elincane” (低纬度、高海拔、寡日照).

• Inhlabathi: Kukhona inhlabathi ephuzi (黄壤, huáng rǎng) nenhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu yezintaba, enomsebenzi we-acidi, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo (>1% engxenyeni elinywayo). Isici esibaluleke kakhulu: inhlabathi yesifunda itholakala endaweni enokuphazamiseka kwemvelo, ecebile nge-zinc (isilinganiso se-Zn enhlabathini si-95,3 mg/kg) ne-selenium (Se — 2,5 mg/kg). Ukujula kwephrofayili yomhlabathi ofanele itiye — okungenani ama-80 cm.

• Ukwehluka kwesimo sezulu: Ukuhlanganiswa kwamahlathi ezindaweni zetiye kufinyelela ku-80–90%. Amasimu ahlelwe ngokwemodeli ethi “ihlathi phakathi kwetiye, itiye phakathi kwehlathi” (林中有茶、茶中有林、林茶相间): phakathi kwemigqa yezihlahla zetiye kukhona izihlahla ezitshaliwe — i-camphor laurel (香樟), i-osmanthus (桂花), i-maple (红枫), i-cherry nezinye, okudala ukunikezwa komthunzi okuhlukahlukene nokusekela ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Umkhathi ovamile nokuba manzi okuphezulu kuyizici ezejwayelekile ezindaweni zetiye ezisezintabeni zase-Guìzhōu.

• Izindlela zokulima: Isifunda sisebenzisa isu “lezindinganiso ezimbili ezingokomvelo” (双有机): ukwenqaba ngokuphelele kwe-glyphosate, izikhuthaza zokukhula kanye nomquba owakhiwe. Kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuvikela izilokazane ngokusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo nezomzimba: izicupho, izilwane ezidla ezinye, nokutshalwa kotshani (以草抑草). Ngaphezu kwama-60 000 mu amasimu agunyazwe njengawemvelo, kanti amanye angaphezu kwe-100 000 mu ahambisana nezindinganiso ze-EU. Lonke itiye lihlolelwa izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ngamapharamitha angama-463, kufaka phakathi izindinganiso ze-European Union.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe buhloselwe ukulondoloza ngokuphelele isimo esiluhlaza kwehlamvu, ukwakheka kwephunga elimsulwa le-kasteni (栗香, lìxiāng) kanye nokuqinisekisa uketshezi olukhanyayo nolucwebezayo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lomkhiqizo wokugcina (oyisicaba, osontiwe, oyigiligili) izigaba zokugcina zokubumba ziyahluka, kodwa ukulandelana okuyisisekelo kuyafana.

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla kusebenzisa izindlela ze-“tícǎi” ne-“táncǎi” kuqinisekisa ukungapheleli kwehlamvu. Amahlamvu amasha alethwa efektri phakathi kuka-2–3 amahora.

• Ukusakaza / ukwethamisa (摊放 — tānfàng): Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisakazwa ngobukhulu obuncane (1–4 cm) emabhaketini ombamboo endaweni ehlanzekile nenomoya. Isikhathi — amahora ama-4–6. Inhloso — ukwehlisa umswakama kusukela ku-~75% kuye ku-66–68%, ukuthambisa kancane ihlamvu kanye nokubonakala kwemisindo yokuqala yephunga elimsulwa. Isici sokulungela: amacembe asethambile kancane, umbala usufiphele waba luhlaza okotshani, kuzwakala iphunga elimsulwa.

• Ukuqinisa / “ukubulala uhlaza” (杀青 — shāqīng): Kwenziwa kusigubhu esijikelezayo (滚筒杀青). Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenza ukuthi ama-enzyme e-oxidize (i-polyphenol oxidase) angasebenzi, kuqiniswe isimo esiluhlaza kwehlamvu futhi kubekwe isisekelo sephunga le-kasteni. Umswakama osele ngemuva kokuqiniswa — 60–64%. Isici: ihlamvu lithambile, umbala — luhlaza okotshani, iphunga — limsulwa, ngaphandle komsindo “oluhlaza” onjengotshani.

• Ukusonta (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ingcindezi ikhula ngokwendlela ethi “elula — eqinile — elula” (轻—重—轻). Ukwehlukaniswa kwezindonga zamangqamuzana kukhulula ijusi, elisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ebusweni behlamvu, kuhlinzeka ukugcwala kokukhishwa uma kuhlanzwa futhi kwakhe ukusonta okuphawulekayo.

• Ukubumba (做形 — zuòxíng): Lesi sigaba sinquma uhlobo lokuhweba lwetiye. Ngetiye eliyisicaba (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá) — njenge-cuìpiàn (翠片) noma i-翠芽 (cuìyá) — ihlamvu licindezelwa futhi licwengisiswe libe yisimo esicaba. Ngetiye elisontiwe (卷曲形茶, juǎnqū xíng chá) — njenge-máofēng (毛峰) noma 毛尖 (máojiān) — kubunjwa ukusonta okuqinile. Ngetiye eliyigiligili (颗粒形茶, kēlì xíng chá) — njenge-zhūchá (珠茶) — ihlamvu lisonjwa libe yibhola eliminyene.

• Ukumisa nokuqinisa iphunga (烘干/提香 — hōnggān/tíxiāng): Inqubo enezigaba ezimbili. Ukumiswa kokuqala (烘坯) ku-~120 °C kwehlisa umswakama uye ku-~30%. Ukumiswa kokugcina “nokuphakamisa iphunga” (提香) kwenziwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi kuze kube umswakama wokugcina u-4–6%. Ukulungela kunqunywa ngokuzwa: lapho kugcobhwa, amacembe etiye ayabhobolika abe yimpuphu.

• Ukuhlunga nokukhetha (精选 — jīngxuǎn): Ukususwa kwezingcezu eziphukile, uthuli, amacembe etiye amnyama. Ukulinganisa iqoqo ngombala nobukhulu.

6. Izimpawu Zokuhlola Ngokuzwa:

• Ukubukeka kwehlamvu elomile: Kwehluka ngokohlobo lwetiye. Itiye eliyisicaba (翠芽/翠片): amacembe etiye abushelelezi, acwebile, umbala — uluhlaza okwe-jade noma uluhlaza bompunji. Osontiwe (毛峰/毛尖): ukusonta okuqinile, okuqinile okunoboya obubushelelezi obubonakalayo emacembeni ezimbali, umbala — umpunga-oluhlaza okotshani ngokucwebezela kwamafutha (色泽灰绿油润). Okuyigiligili (珠茶): amabhola amnyama-oluhlaza okotshani. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo kubalulekile ukungapheleli kwehlamvu kanye nokufana kweqoqo.

• Iphunga lehlamvu elomile: Izimpawu ezigqamile ze-kasteni (栗香高长, “iphunga le-kasteni, eliphakeme nelengekayo”), ezishintshela emisindweni ehlanzekile yezitshalo kanye nezimbali ezilula. Etiyeni eliyigiligili ithoni ye-kasteni iqinile futhi igcwele.

• Iphunga loketshezi: Iphunga le-kasteni eliphakeme nelihlala njalo (栗香高长沁脾 — “elingena ekujuleni”), elengezwe imisindo eluhlaza emisha, ubumnandi obulula bamantongomane abhakwa kanye nomsila wezimbali omncane. Iphunga lihlala emavesini amaningi.

• Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele kodwa kungenakho ubunzima — ifomula ethi “浓而不苦、青而不涩、鲜而不淡、醇厚回甜” ichaza kahle iphrofayili: igcwele kodwa ayibabi; ihlanzekile kodwa ayihlabi; igqamile kodwa ayinamanzi; igcwele ngokugcwele nobumnandi obubuyayo. Ubumnandi obuphawulekayo nobusha (鲜爽, xiānshǔang) kubangelwa ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid.

• Umbala woketshezi: Oluhlaza-bompunji, ogqamile nokhanyayo (汤色黄绿锃亮), onokucwebezela okubonakalayo. Ezinhlotsheni ezisontiwe uketshezi luhlaza okotshani ngokujulile.

• Izinsalela zetiye (ihlamvu elihlanziwe): Eziluhlaza okotshani, ezinyinyekayo, eziyindilinga (叶底嫩绿耐泡). Amacembe enzeka ngokuphelele, abonisa ukungapheleli kwehlamvu lezimbali neqabunga. Uhlaza “oluphilayo” oluphawulekayo luqinisekisa ukuqiniswa okufanele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-polyphenol (茶多酚): 18–22% (aphansi kancane kunamanye amatiye aluhlaza avela ezifundazweni eziseningizimu kakhulu, okubangelwa ukukhanya okuphansi kanye nobubanzi bokukhula). Ama-catechin ayinhloko — i-EGCG, i-EGC, i-ECG — ahlinzeka ngemisebenzi yokulwa ne-oxidants kanye nokuhlangana okulingene.

• Ama-amino acid: Ukuqukethwe okuphelele — okungenani 3,1%, ingxenye enkulu yalokhu i-L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá ānjīsuān) — 2,0–2,8 g/100 g. Kuye kwabonakala ne-glutamic acid (0,2–0,3 g/100 g), i-asparagine (0,5–1,0 g/100 g), i-arginine (0,2–0,3 g/100 g), ne-tyrosine (0,05–0,1 g/100 g). Sekukonke kutholakale ama-amino acid ayi-17 abalulekile emzimbeni womuntu. Ukuphakama kwesilinganiso sama-amino acid kuma-polyphenol kunikeza ubumnandi obugqamile nokushukumeza (鲜爽) ngaphandle kwenhlungu eyeqile.

• Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine (咖啡碱) — 5,0–7,0%, okuhlinzeka ngomphumela wokuvuselela olinganiselayo. I-theobromine ne-theophylline zikhona ngezinga elincane.

• Imithi emincane — isici esiyinhloko:

  • I-Zinc (锌, Zn): 40–100 mg/kg (ngokwesikhungo sase-Guìzhōu sokuhlaziya izinto ezibonakalayo nezakhiwo — 55,4–103,2 mg/kg). I-zinc ingena ehlamvini kuphela ngokumunywa ngokwemvelo enhlabathini.
  • I-Selenium (硒, Se): 0,05–4,0 mg/kg (ngokwemininingwane ethile — 0,25–3,50 mg/kg; emaqoqweni athile — 1,38–2,03 mg/kg). I-selenium nayo inemvelaphi yemvelo — akukho zithasiselo noma izindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziswayo.

• Izinto ezikhipheka emanzini (水浸出物): Okungenani 36,0%.

• Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C (i-ascorbic acid), amavithamini e-B (B₁, B₂), i-Vitamin E.

• Amaminerali (ngaphandle kwe-Zn ne-Se): I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus, i-manganese, i-fluoride.

• Amafutha e-esensi: Izingxenye ezibangela iphunga le-kasteni zihlanganisa ama-pyrazine kanye nezinye eziphuma ku-furan, ezakheka esigabeni sokuqinisa nokomisa kokugcina.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Ukuvikela ama-antioxidant: Ama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) anqanda ama-radicale amahhala futhi ehlisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative yamangqamuzana. I-selenium ithuthukisa lo mphumela, njengoba iyikofektha ye-glutathione peroxidase — enye yama-enzyme ama-antioxidant abalulekile emzimbeni.

• Ukusekela amasosha omzimba: I-zinc idlala indima enkulu ekusebenzeni kwesimiso somzimba sokulwa nezifo — kusukela ekukhuleni kwama-T-lymphocyte kuya ekwakhiweni kwama-antibody. Ukuphuza itiye eliqukethe i-zinc ngokwemvelo kuhlinzeka ngomlinganiso wamasosha omzimba.

• Ukuvuselela ngokunambitha nokusekela ingqondo: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza amandla “ambalwa” ngaphandle kokunyuswa okukhulu: i-caffeine ivuselela, kanti i-theanine ihlinzeka ngokuhlala uxhamamile nokuhlaziya.

• Ukuvikela indlala yegilo: I-selenium ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamahomoni e-thyroid (iyingxenye ye-deiodinases). Ukuphuza ngokwanele kubalulekile emsebenzini ojwayelekile wendlela yenhliziyo.

• Ukusekela isimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ama-polyphenol etiye eliluhlaza asiza ekulondolozeni ukunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi nasekulinganiseni izinga lecholesterol. I-selenium ngaphezu kwalokho ivikela i-endothelium yemithambo kusuka ekulimaleni yi-oxidative.

• Impilo yesikhumba nezicubu ezihlanganisayo: I-zinc ibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwe-collagen nasekupholeni kwezicubu; izici zokulwa ne-oxidant zama-catechin zehlisa ukuguga kwesikhumba ngenxa yelanga.

• Ukusekela ukugayeka kokudla: Ukuqukethwe okulinganiselwe kwama-polyphenol kushukumisa ukunyakaza kwezitho zokugaya ukudla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwejusi yesisu, ngaphandle kokudala ukucasuka okukhulu kolwelwesi lwangaphakathi.

• Ukugcizelela okubalulekile: Ubuthakathaka bomzimba kuyihlukile; abantu abanemizwa ethambile noma izifo zesistimu yokugaya ukudla bayalulekwa ukuba baphuze itiye ngemuva kokudla nangamanani alinganiselayo.

9. Ukuphuza:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–85 °C. Ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezithambile zezinga elikhethekile (独芽, 一芽一叶) — 75–80 °C; ngehlamvu elivuthiwe lezinga lesibili — kuze kube ngu-85 °C.

• Ubuningi betiye: Amagrem amathathu ku-150 ml (indlela ye-gàiwǎn / ama-infusions); 5–7 g ku-200–250 ml (indlela yokufaka engilazini).

• Izitsha: I-gàiwǎn yobumba (盖碗, gàiwǎn) — ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu ukuze kuvezwe iphunga le-kasteni nokulawula ukukhishwa. Ingilazi (玻璃杯, bōlí bēi) — ivumela ukubuka “umdanso” wamacembe asuke evuleka, okumangalisayo ikakhulukazi etiyeni eliyisicaba. Iketela lobumba — lamavolumu amakhudlwana.

• Inqubo:

  1. Fudumeza izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo bese ukhipha.
  2. Thela itiye ku-gàiwǎn eshisiwe (noma engilazini), kuqhuqhuzelwe kancane, uphefumule iphunga lehlamvu elomile elifudunyeziwe.
  3. Ukucwiliswa kokuqala: thela amanzi ekulingeni elifanele, ulinde imizuzwana eyi-15–20, ukhiphe. Lesi isigaba “sokuvusa” sokuhlanza ihlamvu nokwembula iphunga. Ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu abanye ochwepheshe bayasiyeka lesi sigaba ukuze bangalahlekelwa imisindo yokuqala.
  4. Ukucwiliswa kwesibili: thela, ulinde imizuzwana engama-20–30, uthele ezinkomishini.
  5. Ukucwiliswa okulandelayo: yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana emi-5–10 ngakho konke ukucwiliswa.
  6. Inani lokucwiliswa: 4–7 (kuya ngohlobo nezinga; itiye eliminyene okuyigiligili likwazi ukumelana nokucwiliswa kuze kube yi-7).

  Uma kufakwa engilazini: thela ama-200 ml amanzi angu-80 °C, ulinde imizuzu eyi-1,5–2,5. Kuyavunyelwa ukuthelela amanzi izikhathi ezi-2–3.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Izinga lokushisa: Okuhle kakhulu — 0–5 °C (esiqandisini). Kuyavunyelwa — kuze kube ngu-10 °C. Uma kugcinwa esiqandisini ukupakishwa kufanele kube okuvalekile ngokuphelele ukuze kugwemeke ukumunca iphunga elingelona elawo kanye nokujiya kwamanzi.

• Izitsha: Izikhwama ze-aluminium ezingenalutho (indlela ephumelela kakhulu), amakani ensimbi anezivalo ezivala kahle, iziqukathi zobumba. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yokupakisha kufanele ibe ngeyokuthi kungangeni ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze kuvikelwe ekushisweni yi-ultraviolet.

• Izitha zetiye: Ukukhanya, umswakama, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, amaphunga angavumelani, i-oxygen. Uma kungavalekile kahle iphunga le-kasteni liyahlakazeka ngokushesha, ihlamvu liphushuke, uketshezi lulahlekelwa ukukhanya.

• Isikhathi esihle sokunambitha: Izinyanga eziyisi-6–12 kusukela ngosuku lokukhiqiza. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-12 itiye lihlala liphephile, kodwa lilahlekelwa ubusha nobunzima bephunga. Itiye eliluhlaza alenzelwe ukuguga.

11. Intengo Nokukopela:

• Isigaba samanani: Ububanzi obubanzi. Itiye elinyinyekile eliningi (珠茶) netiye elisontiwe lasehlobo-elasekwindla — isigaba esingabizi, esenzelwe ukuthekelisa. Itiye eliyisicaba lasentwasahlobo esezingeni elikhethekile (翠芽, 雀舌) — isigaba esisezingeni eliphezulu. Intengo inqunywa yisikhathi sonyaka (isivuno sakuqala entwasahlobo sibiza kakhulu), uhlobo lokubumba, izinga lezinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nesimo somkhiqizi. Inani lomkhiqizo we-“Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá” ngo-2025 lilinganiselwa kuma-74,19 wezinkulungwane zezigidi zama-yuan, kodwa inani lokugcina lamaqoqo athile lihlala lifinyeleleka — ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo ibekwa njengetiye elisezingeni eliphezulu lansuku zonke.

• Ungagwema kanjani ukukopela:

  • Thenga emabhizinisini avunyelwe yiNhlangano Yetiye Yesifunda sase-Fènggāng (凤冈县茶叶协会) — okufanele kuvele ekupakisheni uphawu lwendawo kanye ne-QR-code yohlelo lokulandelela.
  • Hlola ukubukeka: itiye langempela libonakala ngokufana kwamacembe, umbala oluhlaza okotshani noma umpunga-oluhlaza okotshani ngokucwebezela kwamafutha, ngaphandle kwezingxube eziphuzi noma ezinsundu.
  • Hlola iphunga: iphunga le-kasteni langempela — lijulile, futhi lihlala, ngaphandle kwesimemo esiqinile sokuzenzisa “sokuthosiwe”. Amakopi apholishiwe ahlinzeka ngephunga eliyisicaba elinyamalala ngokushesha.
  • Hlola uketshezi: olukhanyayo, oluhlaza-bompunji ngokucwebezela. Uketshezi olunamafu noma oluphuzi-mnyama lukhombisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezindala noma ezishintshiwe.
  • Qaphela uma intengo iphansi ngokusolisayo: uma itiye eliyisicaba lasentwasahlobo “esisezingeni elikhethekile” lithengiswa ngentengo yomkhiqizo omningi wasehlobo — ngokunokwenzeka, kungukushintshwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezivela kwenye indawo.

12. Izinto Ezithakaselayo:

• IFènggāng iyindawo okuwukuphela kwayo emhlabeni lapho inhlabathi iqukethe ngokwemvelo kokubili i-zinc ne-selenium ezingeni elanele ukunothisa amacembe etiye. Lesi simo ngo-1996 saqoshwa ochwepheshe base-Guìzhōu Tea Research Institute, basibiza ngokuthi “okungavamile emhlabeni, okuwukuphela kwayo eShayina” (世界少有、中国唯一).

• EFènggāng kukhona okunye kokuqina kakhulu eShayina ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yetiye: amakhamera angama-239 okubuka emasimini, amakhamera angaphezu kuka-150 emafektri, izindawo ezihlala njalo eziyi-14 zokuhlola itiye ezimakethe, izinhlelo ezingu-11 zokulandelela — kusukela esihlahleni kuye enkomishini. Itiye lihlolelwa amapharamitha angama-463, lihambisane nezindinganiso ze-European Union.

• Ububanzi bamasimu etiye esifundeni — ama-500 000 mu (cishe amahektha angama-33 300), okuthi ngesibalo sabantu abangaba ngu-400 000 kwenza ukulingana okuthi “i-mu eyodwa yetiye kumuntu ngamunye” (人均一亩茶). Umkhakha wetiye unikeza umsebenzi kubantu abangaphezu kwama-200 000.

• Imodeli ethi “ihlathi phakathi kwetiye” (林茶相间) — akusona nje isithombe sokumaketha: phakathi kwemigqa yetiye kukhona izihlahla ezitshaliwe ezingezomnotho nezokuhlobisa (i-osmanthus, i-camphor laurel, i-sakura, i-apricot), ezakha indawo ehlukahlukene, ephinde isebenze njengendawo yokuhlala yezinambuzane ezizingelayo, izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane zetiye.

• Ngo-2025 iFènggāng yathola isihloko esihloniphekile esithi “Inhloko-dolobha YaseShayina Ye-Zinc Ne-Selenium” (中国锌硒之都), kanti ipaki kazwelonke ye-“Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá” yagunyazwa ngokusemthethweni njengeNdawo Yokubonisa Kazwelonke Yokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Endawo (国家地理标志保护示范区).

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza:

• Guìzhōu Lǜchá (贵州绿茶, Guìzhōu Lǜchá): Umkhiqizo oyisambulela ohlanganisa amatiye aluhlaza avela kuso sonke isifundazwe. I-Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá ingenye yabameleli bayo abaphambili, ehluke ngemithi emincane. Amanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Guìzhōu (i-Dūyún Máojiān, i-Méitán Cuìyá) angaba ngcono ngobuhle bephunga, kodwa awanakho ukuqukethwe okugqamile kwe-zinc ne-selenium.

• Ēnshī Yùlù (恩施玉露, Ēnshī Yùlù): Itiye eliluhlaza eliqukethe i-selenium elivela esifundazweni sase-Húběi. Umehluko omkhulu — i-Ēnshī Yùlù ikhiqizwa ngendlela yokubhunyela (蒸青, zhēngqīng), okunikeza iphrofayili yokunambitha okwengeziwe “okwase-Japan” okuqinile nge-umami, kanti i-Fènggāng iyitiye eli-oqotsoliwe eli-classic (炒青/烘青) elinephunga le-kasteni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Fènggāng iqukethe kokubili i-zinc ne-selenium, kanti i-Ēnshī iqukethe ikakhulukazi i-selenium.

• Xīhú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Isibonelo setiye eliyisicaba eliluhlaza. Uhlobo oluyisicaba lwe-Fènggāng (翠芽) ngokuma luyifana ne-Lóngjǐng, kodwa luhluke ngephunga elincishisiwe “lebhontshisi”, izithonjana eziqavile ze-kasteni kanye, nembala, nokwakheka kwemithi emincane. I-Lóngjǐng — ubuhle obuyindilinga; i-Fènggāng — ukusebenza nempilo.

• Xìnyáng Máojiān (信阳毛尖, Xìnyáng Máojiān): Itiye eliluhlaza elisontayo elidume kakhulu elivela esifundazweni sase-Hénán. Ngokuma, uhlobo olusontiwe lwe-Fènggāng (毛尖) lisondele ku-Xìnyáng Máojiān, nokho olokugcina luhlukile ngephunga elincane “njenge-lily of the valley” nomzimba omnene, kanti i-Fènggāng — iqinile, “inenyama” futhi inobumnandi obubuyayo obugqamile.

• Ānjí Bái Chá (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Itiye eliluhlaza elinokuqukethwe okuphakeme ngokungavamile kwama-amino acid (kuze kube ngu-6–8%). I-Fènggāng iyancipha ngokuqukethwe okuphelele kwama-amino acid, kodwa ikuhlanganisa nalokho ngephrofayili yemithi emincane eyingqayizivele (Zn + Se), engekho e-Ānjí.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Fènggāng Xīn Xī Chá ingelinye lalawo matiye angavamile lapho indawo iba ngeqembu lokumaketha nje kuphela, kodwa iba yisici esibalulekile kumnyombo wawo kanye. Inhlabathi yamandulo ye-karst yase-Guìzhōu, eyayilokhu iqoqa i-zinc ne-selenium izigidi zeminyaka, yanikeza leli tiye okuthile okungekho obuchwepheshe obukwazi ukukukhiqiza: ukunothisa okuyingqayizivele, okuphephile nokungenelwa ngokwemvelo ngemithi emincane. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Fènggāng ayilona “itiye lezempilo”, elinganaki ukunambitheka. Iphunga layo le-kasteni — liphakeme futhi lihlala, ukunambitheka — kugcwele, kodwa kuyindilinga, kanti uketshezi oluhlaza-bompunji olugqamile lujabulisa iso ngokukhanya nokucwebezela. Leli yitiye elihle kakhulu lansuku zonke kulabo abakwazisa etiyeni eliluhlaza hhayi nje ubusha nobumsulwa, kodwa nokujula okuthulile — kanye nesengezo esiyimithi emincane ebalulekile, eyanikwa yiwo umhlaba ngokwawo.