Enshi Yulu

I-Enshi Yulu iyona kuphela yetiye eliluhlaza elisele eShayina elenziwe ngendlela yokushisa ngesitimu 蒸青 (zhēngqīng) — itiye eliluhlaza elikhishwe ngesitimu. Leli tiye liwukumela okuphilayo kobuchwepheshe basendulo, obuchazwa nguLu Yu (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) encwadini yakhe ethi “Umthetho Wetiye” (《茶经》, «Chá Jīng»): «蒸之、焙之» — “futhisa ngesitimu, yomise emlilweni”. Ukukhishwa kwe-Enshi Yulu kuhlanganisa ngokuqhubekayo ukukhiqizwa kwetiye lesimanjemanje namasiko esikhathi sikaTang, futhi kuyigugu lesizwe elingabonakali leShayina.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingabilile). Indlela yokuhlanganisa — ngesitimu (蒸青, zhēngqīng), ngokuhlukile kwiningi lamatiye aluhlaza aseShayina, lapho kusetshenziswa ukuqotha ebhodweni (炒青, chǎoqīng).
• Isigaba: Amatiye Ahlonishwayo aseShayina. Ngo-1965, yafakwa ohlwini lwama- “Ten Great Teas of China” (中国十大名茶). Ngo-2014, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bafakwa embhalweni weSizwe Wamagugu Angabonakali e-People’s Republic of China. Kusukela ngo-2007, kuvikelwe uphawu lwendawo (地理标志产品保护).
• Umsuka: ISikhungo saseShayina, Isifundazwe saseHubei (湖北, Húběi), Idolobha lase-Enshi (恩施市, Ēnshī Shì), i-Enshi-Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (恩施土家族苗族自治州, Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu). Izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza yilokishi i-Bajiao (芭蕉侗族乡, Bājiāo Dòngzú Xiāng) enesikhungo e-Huanglianxi (黄连溪, Huángliánxī) kanye nomkhawulo osempumalanga we-Enshi — intaba i-Wufengshan (五峰山, Wǔfēng Shān).
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 30°16′ N, 109°28′ E.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando:

Isifunda sase-Enshi singesinye sezikhungo zasendulo zokulima itiye eShayina. Ngokwemibhalo yomlando, ukulima itiye kukhona lapha cishe iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu — ngesikhathi seWestern Zhou kukhulunywa ‘ngomnikelo wetiye ngesikhathi sika-Wu Wang ephikisana ne-Shang’ (武王伐纣, 巴人献茶). Incwadi ethi “Guangya” (《广雅》, «Guǎng Yǎ») yesikhathi seZintathu Zombuso ithi ezweni eliphakathi kwezintaba zase-Ba kanye ne-Jing kwase kwenziwa amakhekhe etiye. Ngesikhathi sikaTang (618–907), “i-Shizhou Fangcha” yendawo (施州方茶) — ugaxekile omise okwesikwele ovela e-Shizhou — wawuthengiswa kabanzi e-Jiangling naseXiangyang.

Umsuka oqondile we-Enshi Yulu wavela ngesikhathi se-Qing, ngesikhathi sokubusa koMlawuli u-Kangxi (1662–1722). Ngokwe-“Tea Canon of China” (《中国茶经》, «Zhōngguó Chá Jīng»), endaweni yase-Bajiao, endaweni yase-Huanglianxi, umthengisi wetiye othile onesibongo u-Lan (蓝/兰) wakha isitofu esikhethekile sokufutha ngesitimu. Umkhiqizo wakhe — itiye elisiqinile, eliqondile, eliluhlaza ngokugqamile elinoboya obusiliva-elimhlophe — waziwa nge-Jade Green (玉绿, Yùlǜ) — “I-jade eluhlaza”. Ngaleso sikhathi safakwa ohlwini lwamatiye angaphezu kwamashumi amane alukhuni ohlwini lwetiye ama-Qing, kanye ne-Xi Hu Longjing, i-Wuyi Yancha kanye ne-Huangshan Maofeng.

Ngo-1936, umphathi wezindaba zetiye we-Hubei Provincial “Minsheng” Company (湖北省民生公司, Húběi Shěng Mínshēng Gōngsī) u-Yang Runzhi (杨润之, Yáng Rùnzhī) wafika e-Enshi futhi wathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe: esikhundleni sokuthosa okwakudala ebhodweni wasebenzisa ukufaka ngesitimu, wahlakulela indlela yokwakha izinaliti ezincane. Itiye eliwumphumela lalihlukile ngombala wayo ogqamile ohlaza ngokutshani, uboya obumhlophe-siliva kanye nephunga elimangalisayo. Njengoba uboya babubonakala ngokukhethekile (格外显露, géwài xiǎnlù), itiye lashintshwa lisuswa ku-”Yulü” (玉绿) lasiwa ku-”Yulu” (玉露) — “Ama-Jade Dew”. Ngokolunye uhlobo, u-Yang Runzhi, ongowokuzalwa e-Hunan, ngenxa yomehluko wolimi, wawabiza amagama athi “lü” (绿) njenge “lu” (露), futhi lokhu kubiza kwagcina.

Kusukela ngo-1945, i-Enshi Yulu yaqala ukuthunyelwa e-Japan. Ngo-1973, itiye lavezwa embukisweni wase-Guangzhou futhi lathengiswa phesheya. Ngo-1995, ingcweti yetiye edumile yase-Japan, uprofesa e-Kagawa University u-Shimizu Yasuo (清水康夫) wavakashela e-Enshi futhi washiya umbhalo othi “恩施玉露、温古知新” — “I-Enshi Yulu — ukwazi okusha ngokutadisha okudala”, okubonisa inhlonipho endaweni ayibheka njengendawo yomsuka we-gyokuro yase-Japan (玉露, gyokuro).

Ngawo-1980, ukukhiqizwa kwehla, futhi ubuchwepheshe bacishe balahleka. Ukuvuselelwa kwaqala ngo-2005, lapho inkampani i-”Runbang” (润邦, Rùnbāng) ibuyisela ukukhiqizwa kwezandla futhi yahlakulela umugqa ozenzakalelayo. Ngo-2007, itiye lathola isimo somkhiqizo okuvikelwe indawo yokukhiqiza. Ngo-2014, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bafakwa eNcwadini YeZwe Yamagugu Angabonakali e-People’s Republic of China, kwathi ngo-2016, uhlelo lwamasiko e-Enshi Yulu lwangena ohlwini lokuqala lwamagugu oMhlaba angabalulekile ezolimo (GIAHS).

Ngo-Ephreli 2018, i-Enshi Yulu yakhethwa njengetiye lomcimbi wombuso “I-East Lake Tea Ceremony” (东湖茶叙, Dōnghú Cháxù) e-Wuhan, okwaduma ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni jikelele.

• Igama:

  • “Enshi” (恩施) — igama ledolobha nesifunda lapho kukhiqizwa khona itiye.
  • “Yu” (玉) — i-jade, uphawu lobumsulwa, ubukhosi nobugugu kusiko lamaShayina. Kubonisa umbala ohlaza okotshani weqabunga elomile.
  • “Lu” (露) — amazolo. Kubonisa ubusha, ubumsulwa bokucwiliswa, kanye noboya obumhlophe-siliva obumboza izinhlayiya zetiye njengamaconsi amazolo asekuseni.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Enshi Yulu ithatha indawo eyingqayizivele emlandweni wokufuya itiye eShayina njengokuphela kommeleli osele wesiko lasendulo le-zhengqing (蒸青) — ukukhishwa kwetiye eliluhlaza ngesitimu. Yilo kanye ubuchwepheshe obabolekwa yiJapan ngesikhathi sikaTang futhi baba yisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-sencha ne-gyokuro. I-Enshi Yulu iwuhlobo oluthile ‘lwe-fossil ephilayo’ (活化石, huó huàshí) ye-zhengqing (蒸青) yaseShayina, ibhuloho phakathi kwekhono lasendulo letiye kanye nesimanje. Inikezwe isihloko esithi “Elinamlando wokuqala leTiye zesifundazwe sase-Hubei” (湖北第一历史名茶, 2008). Umlungi wezandla wesiko — u-Yang Shengwei (杨胜伟, Yáng Shèngwěi), uqashelwa njengendlalifa kazwelonke wefa elingabonakali.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nemikhiqizo Eluhlaza:

• I-Hybrid / I-cultivar: I-cultivar esetshenziswa kakhulu yesiko i-Tai Zi Cha (苔子茶, Tái zǐ chá), exhumene ne-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Lolu luhlobo lwesihlahla esinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi, olujwayelane kahle nezimo zezintaba zase-Enshi, olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid futhi lukwazi ukumelana namakhaza. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yowe-1990s, izinhlobo ezingabonakali (okwandiswa ngobuhlakani) ziyaqaliswa, ezinjenge-Elongjing (鄂龙井), E Cha 1 hao (鄂茶1号), Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白) nezinye, kodwa izinga elibekelwe lidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezifanelekile ukukhiqiza i-Enshi Yulu futhi ezikhula ngaphakathi kwe-autonomous prefecture.
• Ukuqoqa: Ukuqoqa kwentwasahlobo — kusukela maphakathi noMashi kuze kube yisikhathi sika-Guyu (谷雨, Gǔyǔ, “Imvula yoKudla”, cishe ngomhla zingama-20 kuMbasa). Isikhathi esisebenzayo sokuqoqa cishe izinsuku ezingama-30. Ukuqoqa kwenziwa ngesikhathi sezulu elicacile.
• ISilinganiso esijwayelekile sokuqoqa: Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme — ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè), ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile — ihlumela elilodwa namaqabunga amabili aqala ukuvuleka (一芽二叶初展, yī yá èr yè chū zhǎn). Kudingeka ukufana ngosayizi kanye ngezinga lokuvuthwa: izinodi zifushane, amaqabunga ahlangene, ihlumela lide kuneqabunga, umbala wamaqabunga uluhlaza ogcwele.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Amaqabunga kumele aphelele, athambile, amasha. Ahlumela awonakele, awabunile noma angafani ngosayizi awakulona.

4. I-Terroir Nezinto Ezikhethekile Zokulima:

• Isifunda: I-Enshi itholakala phakathi nhlangothi yezintaba i-Wulingshan (武陵山, Wǔlíng Shān), empumalanga ye-Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Eduze kwe-30th parallel — indawo eyaziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukile zezinto eziphilayo. I-Enshi inesiqu esingekho emthethweni esithi “iNhliyoni ye-Selenium yoMhlaba” (世界硒都, Shìjiè Xī Dū) ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-selenium emhlabathini wendawo.
• Ukuphakama lapho ikhula khona: Izinsimu eziyinhloko zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-600–1200 ngaphezu kolwandle; ukuphakama okuphakathi nendawo — cishe amamitha angama-600.
• Umhlabathi: Kakhulukazi ama-sandy loam kanye nenhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤, huáng zōng rǎng). Ungqimba olujulile lwe-organic, oluqukethe inala yama-organic, pH 4.5–6.5. Isici esiyingqayizivele — ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-selenium, okwenza ukuthi le nhlanganisela encane ihlangane eqabungeni letiye.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo nesinamandla sezulu sasentabeni. Ubusika obubandayo (izinga lokushisa eliphansi ngoJanuwari alikho ngaphansi kuka +5°C), ihlobo elingashisi ngokweqile (izinga lokushisa eliphansi ngoJulayi lingaphezudlwana kuka +27°C). Izinga lokushisa lonyaka okungenani lingaphezulu kuka +16°C. Imvula yonyaka — cishe ama-1400 mm. Umswakama ophezulu. Amahora elanga — angaphezu kuka-1200 ngonyaka. Isikhathi esingenasizungu — cishe izinsuku ezingama-276. Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo (≥10°C) lokuhlanganisa akukho ngaphansi kuka-5000°C. Kuvame ukuba nenkungu, ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa, okwenza umthunzi wemvelo.
• Izici ezikhethekile: Isimo sezulu esifudumele nesinamandla esinamafu amaningi nokukhanya okusakazekile kusiza ukuhlanganisa ama-amino acid, i-chlorophyll nezinye izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen eqabungeni, okunquma umbala ogqamile ohlaza okotshani, iphunga elisha kanye nokunambitheka okumtoti kwe-Enshi Yulu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Enshi Yulu iyi-蒸青针形绿茶 (zhēngqīng zhēnxíng lǜchá), okungukuthi itiye eliluhlaza elimise okweneedle elinezitimu. Ubuchwepheshe bayo buhlanganisa indlela yasendulo yokufutha ngesitimu, eyazuzwa njengefa kusukela esikhathini sika-Tang, ngamasu ayingqayizivele okubumba ngesandla, athuthukiswa ngekhulu le-18 kuya kwele-20. Izingcweti zendabuko zinezinhlaka eziyisishiyagalolunye zokunyakaza eziyisisekelo: «蒸、扇、抖、铲、整、搂、端、搓、扎» (zhēng, shān, dǒu, chǎn, zhěng, lōu, duān, cuō, zā) — “ukufutha ngesitimu, ukuphephetha, ukunyakazisa, ukushangula, ukuhlanganisa, ukushangula, ukusekela, ukusonga, ukuhlanganisa”.

• Ukuqoqa (采摘, cǎi zhāi): Ukuqoqa ngesandla ekuseni ngesikhathi sezulu elicacile. Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme — ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa, elifanayo ngosayizi.

• Ukunabisa (摊放, tān fàng): Okusha okuvuniwe kunabiseka ungqimba oluncane endaweni epholile ukuze kumunyiswe okwesikhashana, kususwe umswakama ongaphezulu eqabungeni.

• Ukufutha ngesitimu / Ukuhlanganisa ngesitimu (蒸青, zhēngqīng): Isigaba esiyisihluthulelo nesiyingqayizivele. Amaqabunga asetjenzwa ngesitimu esishisayo ezingeni lokushisa elingaba ngu-100–105°C imizuzwana engama-40–50. Isitimu singasebenzi kahle ama-enzyme e-oxidative (polyphenol oxidase), sinqamule i-oxidation. Ngokuhlukile kokuqotha ebhodweni (杀青, shāqīng), ukufutha ngesitimu kulondoloza kakhulu i-chlorophyll, ama-amino acid namavithamini, kunikeze okuyisici “izinto ezintathu eziluhlaza” (三绿, sān lǜ): iqabunga eliluhlaza elomile, ukucwiliswa okuluhlaza, isitsha setiye esiluhlaza.

• Ukuphephetha nokupholisa (扇凉, shān liáng): Ngokushesha ngemva kokufutha ngesitimu, amaqabunga afuthelwa ngomoya (ngomphephetha noma ngomshini wokuphephetha) ukuze kususwe umswakama ongaphezulu futhi kuvinjelwe ukushisa ngokweqile.

• Ukuqala ukuthosa — “Chan tou mao huo” (铲头毛火, chǎn tóu máo huǒ): Amaqabunga afakwa esitofini esikhethekile esishisayo (焙炉, bèi lú) futhi ashuswe ngokushangula ngezandla ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi, kunciphise umswakama cishe ku-55–60%.

• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Amaqabunga ashayiwe ayasongwa, anikezwe isimo sokuqala futhi kucekelwe phansi isakhiwo samangqamuzana ukuze kukhishwe ijusi. Ukusonga kufanele kube ngobunono ukuze kungalimazi amaqabunga athambile.

• Ukuqeda ukuthosa — “Chan er mao huo” (铲二毛火, chǎn èr máo huǒ): Ukufudumala okuphindaphindiwe esitofini ezingeni lokushisa elingaba ngu-80°C, ukunciphisa umswakama kuze kube cishe u-30–35%.

• Ukubumba nokupolisa — “Zhengxing shangguang” (整形上光, zhěngxíng shàngguāng): Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu nesinzima, esithatha cishe imizuzu engama-80. Ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:

  • Ukusonga okukhululekile (悬手搓条, xuánshǒu cuō tiáo): Ingcweti ithatha ingxenye yetiye (0.8–1.0 kg), iyigcine isindlululwa phakathi kwezandla futhi iyiguquguqule ngokuqhubekayo isiya ohlangothini olulodwa — isandla sokudla siye phambili, isandla sobunxele siye emuva — ezingeni lokushisa lesitofu elingama-70–80°C. Izinhlayiya zetiye ziyelula kancane zibe imicu eqondile. Ukunyakaza kwezingcweti ezima ngazimbili eduze kwesitofu kufana namasu e-tai chi — “izandla ezifiphazayo” (云手, yúnshǒu).
  • Ukupolisa esitofini (炉盘搓茶): Lapho izinhlayiya zetiye sezinesimo eseluliwe futhi zigcina cishe u-30% womswakama, bese kusetshenziswa amasu amane okugcina: 搂 (lōu) — ukuqoqa, 搓 (cuō) — ukusonga, 端 (duān) — ukusekela, 扎 (zā) — ukuhlanganisa. Lokhu kunyakaza kufana namasu e-tai chi “Ukugoqa kabusha intambo emuva” (倒卷肱, dào juǎn gōng) kanye “Ihhashi lasendle lixubha umhlwenga” (野马分鬃, yěmǎ fēn zōng). Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlayiya zetiye ziba nezinaliti ezincane, eziqondile, ezicwebezelayo, ezifana nezinaliti zikaphayini.

• Ukomisa / Ukushisa (烘焙, hōngbèi): Ukomisa okokugcina ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kususe umswakama oyinsalela kuze kufinyelele ku-4–6% ojwayelekile.

• Ukukhetha (拣选, jiǎnxuǎn): Ukuhlunga ngesandla — ukususa izinhlayiya zetiye eziphukile, ezingekho emthethweni, nokuqinisekisa ukufana komkhiqizo ophelile.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izinaliti ezincane, eziqondile, ezisongwe ngokuqinile ubude obungaba ngu-1.5–2 cm, ezifana nezinaliti zikaphayini. Ingaphezulu libushelelezi, licwebezele. Umbala — uluhlaza okotshani ocwebezelayo kunoboya obusiliva-elimhlophe (白毫, báiháo), obumboza izinhlayiya zetiye njengesithwathwa.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Lisha, lihlanzekile, linamathoni agqamile ohlaza lwasentwasahlobo, anokunambitheka okuncane kwezimbali kanye nenothi eliyisici letiye le-zhengqing (蒸青) lasolwandle (海苔香, hǎitái xiāng).
• Iphunga lokucwiliswa: Lihlanzekile, lisha, liphakeme futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (清香持久, qīngxiāng chíjiǔ). Kunamathoni agqamile otshani basentwasahlobo, amadlelo amasha anoshukela omnandi kanye nenothi elincane le-nori.
• Ukunambitheka: Kugqamile, okusha, okushukela okukhanyayo (甘醇, gānchún) kanye nenothi le-umami (鲜, xiān). Umzimba — omaphakathi, othambile, osobela. Ukunambitheka emuva — okuhlanzekile, okuhlala isikhathi eside, okunamaminerali kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi (回甘, huígān). Okubabayo nokunanyazelayo akukho neze.
• Umbala wokucwiliswa: Okucacile, okugqamile, okuluhlaza okotshani okuncane noma i-emerald elula (嫩绿明亮, nènlǜ míngliàng), okukhumbuza iJade ewuketshezi.
• Isitsha setiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Amaqabunga namahlumela amancane, aphelele, anwebekayo anombala ogqamile ohlaza okotshani (嫩匀明亮, nèn yún míngliàng), anezici “ezintathu eziluhlaza” — isitsha seqabunga esiluhlaza. Lapho kufakwa engilazini yekristalu, izinhlayiya zetiye ziqala “zisina” ngobuhle emanzini, bese zehlela phansi ngokushelela, zivuleke njengamahlumela aphilayo.

Isici esiyinhloko se-organoleptic ye-Enshi Yulu sichazwa ngefomula ethi «三绿一鲜» (sān lǜ yī xiān) — “okuluhlaza okuthathu, okusha okukodwa”: iqabunga eliluhlaza elomile, ukucwiliswa okuluhlaza, isitsha setiye esiluhlaza kanye nokunambitheka okusha, okunempilo.

7. Isakhiwo Samakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe okuphezulu, ikakhulu i-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) — i-antioxidant enamandla. Ukuhlanganisa ngesitimu kugcina ama-catechin kakhulu kunokuthosa.
• Ama-Amino acid: Okuqukethwe okubalulekile kwe-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸), okulethela ukunambitheka okumnandi, inothi yama-umami kanye nomphumela omncane wokuphumula. Isimo sezulu esinentabeni esinenkungu kanye nokufiphala okwemvelo okuncane kusiza ekuhlanganiseni okuphezulu kwama-amino acid.
• Ama-alkaloid: I-Caffeine (咖啡因, kāfēiyīn) — okuqukethwe okuphakathi nendawo, okunikeza umphumela omncane wokuvuselela umzimba, othenjisiwe ukuba khona kwe-L-theanine. Kukhona futhi i-theobromine ne-theophylline.
• I-Selenium (硒, xī): Isici esiyingqayizivele se-Enshi Yulu. Okuqukethwe yi-selenium etiyeni elomile — cishe 3.47 mg/kg (ngokwemininingwane ye-China Tea Research Institute e-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences). Ekucwiliseni — 0.01–0.52 mg/kg, okuhambelana nezinga le-”fuxicha” (富硒茶, “itiye elicebiswe nge-selenium”): 0.3–5.0 ppm. Okuqukethwe yi-selenium eqabungeni elisha — 0.03–4.1 mg/kg.
• I-Chlorophyll: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu ngenxa yokuhlanganisa ngesitimu, okugcina kakhulu kunokuthosa, kuqinisekise umbala ogqamile ohlaza okotshani wetiye nokucwiliswa.
• Amavithamini: Kunothile ngamavithamini C, E, B₁, B₂, i-carotene. Uvithamini C ulondolozwa kahle kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ngesitimu.
• Amaminerali: Ngaphandle kwe-selenium, iqukethe i-zinc, i-manganese, i-potassium, i-fluoride, i-magnesium.
• Amafutha abalulekile: Ayimbangela yephunga elisha, elihlanzekile. Ukuhlanganisa ngesitimu kugcina iphunga “eliluhlaza”, elifana notshani kanye nolwandle uma liqhathaniswa namatiye aluhlaza athosiwe.

8. Izimfanelo Eziwusizo:

• Ukuvikela i-Antioxidant: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-catechin (ikakhulu i-EGCG) ne-selenium kunikeza ukuvikelwa okunamandla kwamangqamuzana ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative kanye nama-radical mahhala.
• Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba: I-Selenium iyisakhi esiyisihluthulelo sokusebenza ngendlela efanele kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Ukuphuza njalo i-Enshi Yulu kusiza ekwenaneni kwayo emzimbeni.
• Ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi yokuqonda: Ukusebenzisana kwe-L-theanine ne-caffeine kwandisa ukugxila, kuthuthukise ukucaca kwengqondo, ngaphandle kokudala ukuvuka ngokweqile — i-theanine yenza kube lula umphumela wokuvuselela we-caffeine.
• Ukusekela isimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ama-polyphenol etiye eliluhlaza asiza ukuthuthukisa ukuqhama kwemithambo yegazi futhi ajwayele ukushintshaniswa kwe-lipid.
• Ukudambisa ubuthi kanye nokugaywa kokudla: Kusiza ekukhipheni ubuthi, kusekele inqubo yokugaywa evamile.
• Ukwenza kube lula ukugayeka kokudla: Ukuphuza ngokulinganisela emva kokudla kusiza ukugayeka kokudla.
• Ukuvikela emisebeni ye-UV: Ama-catechin novithamini C asiza ekuvikeleni isikhumba emiphumeleni eyingcuphe ye-UV.
• Ukukhululeka: I-L-theanine ivuselela ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi e-alpha ebuchosheni, okunomphumela wokuzola, ogxilile.

9. Ukufaka Itiye:

• Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 80–85°C. Amanzi ashisayo kakhulu angawasha amaqabunga athambile futhi anikeze ukucwiliswa okubabayo.
• Inani letiye: 3–5 g kumamililitha angama-150–200 wamanzi.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi noma umkhawu (ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu — kuvumela ukubuka “ukusina kwezinhlayiya zetiye”), i-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) eyenziwe ngobumba, umtshina wobumba. Akunconywa ukusebenzisa izitsha zobumba (izitsha ze-yixing), ngoba zimunca iphunga elithambile letiye le-zhengqing (蒸青).
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha ngamanzi abilayo, bese uyawathulula.
  2. Faka itiye elomile.
  3. Ukuhlamba akudingeki — i-Enshi Yulu yanele ukuthamba futhi ihlanzekile, futhi ukuchithwa kokuqala sekuqukethe izinto eziwusizo kakade.
  4. Thela amanzi anezinga lokushisa elingama-80–85°C ngomsele oyindilinga othambile. Lapho ufaka engilazini, ungasebenzisa indlela “yokuthela okuphakathi” (中投法, zhōng tóu fǎ): qala uthele amanzi ingxenye yesithathu, ufake itiye, ulinde imizuzwana engama-30, bese uqedisela.
  5. Ukufaka okokuqala — ukugxilisa imizuzwana engama-45–60.
  6. Ukufaka okulandelayo — andisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engama-15–20.
  7. Itiye likwazi ukumelana ne-3–5 yokufaka okusezingeni.

10. Ukugcina:

I-Enshi Yulu, njengetiye eliluhlaza le-zhengqing (蒸青), izwela kakhulu emiphumeleni yezinto zangaphandle — ukukhanya, umswakama, ukushisa kanye namaphunga angajwayelekile. Izitha zetiye: izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (ukusheshisa i-oxidation), umswakama (udala isikhunta), ukukhanya (kubhubhisa i-chlorophyll nama-catechin), umoya-mpilo kanye namaphunga angajwayelekile (itiye likwamukela amaphunga ngenkuthalo). Kunconywa ukugcina ezitsheni ezingangeni moya, ezingabonakaliyo (ama-vacuum foil bags, amakani kasawoti) esiqandisini ezingeni lokushisa elingu-0–5°C. Ngokuvaleka okuvikelekile, isikhathi sokugcina — sibe ngu-12–18 izinyanga. Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi — udle phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-2–3.

11. Intengo Nokungamampunge:

Izindleko ze-Enshi Yulu zincike ezintweni eziningi: isikhathi sokuqoqa (ngaphambi kuka-Qingming — ngiyigugu kakhulu, emva kwalokho — kuze kufike e-Guyu), izinga, idumela lomkhiqizi, uhlobo lokukhiqiza (isandla noma umshini). I-Enshi Yulu ekhiqizwe ngesandla ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo esezingeni eliphezulu ingabiza ama-yuan asuka ku-1000 kuye ku-5000 ngamagremu angama-500 (izintengo ngaphakathi kweShayina). Ukukhiqiza ngomshini kunciphisa izindleko kakhulu. Emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, intengo yokudayiswa kwe-Enshi Yulu esezingeni — isuka kuma-USD 30 kuya kwangama-80 ngamagremu ayi-100. Uphawu lwe-“Enshi Yulu” lulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili namakhulu amabili ezigidi zama-yuan (2018).

• Uzogwema kanjani ukungamampunge:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe, abakhethekile, abanelungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu lwendawo yokukhiqiza «恩施玉露».
  • Hlaziya ukubukeka: i-Enshi Yulu yangempela iyizinaliti ezincane, eziqondile, ezicwebezelayo ezinombala oluhlaza okotshani kukaphayini onoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo. Ukungalingani, ukuhlehla, izinhlayiya zetiye ezingahambelani — uphawu lokungamampunge.
  • Hlola iphunga: iphunga eliyisici, elihlanzekile, elisha elinethoni yasolwandle. Ukungabikho kobusha “obuluhlaza” noma ukuba khona kobumuncu, amaphunga amunyuve thenga kutshela ngezinga eliphansi.
  • Hlola ukucwiliswa: kumele kucace, kube nombala ogqamile ohlaza okotshani omnene nokushukela okugqamile nokusha. Ukungcola, ukucwila okuphuzi noma ukunambitheka okubabayo — uphawu lokungamampunge noma itiye elidala.
  • Intengo ephansi kakhulu iyisizathu sokusola: i-Enshi Yulu yangempela ingenakubiza kancane.

12. Izinto Ezithakazelisayo:

• I-Enshi Yulu iyona kuphela yetiye eliluhlaza eShayina, kusengenalo ubuchwepheshe basendulo bokuhlanganisa ngesitimu (蒸青), okwakuqhelele ngezikhathi zikaTang noSong, kodwa kwaxoshwa ukuqotha ebhodweni ngemva kwezinguquko zika-Zhu Yuanzhang ngesikhathi sikaMing. I-sencha ne-gyokuro yaseJapan — yizindlalifa eziqondile zalo buchwepheshe obufanayo.
• Isifunda sase-Enshi sinesiqhingi esilinganiselwe kakhulu se-selenium emhlabeni, ngalokho sathola isiqu esithi “Inhlokodolobha YoMhlaba Ye-Selenium” (世界硒都). Lokhu kwenza i-Enshi Yulu ibe iwona kuphela yetiye elikhulu elidume kakhulu eShayina, elingokwemvelo “fuse” (富硒) — licebiswe nge-selenium.
• Ukunyakaza kwezingcweti lapho kubumbwa itiye kuyashelela futhi kuyasigqi kangangokuba kuqhathaniswa namasu e-tai chi chuan: “izandla ezifiphazayo” (云手), “ukugoqa kabusha intambo emuva” (倒卷肱), “ihhashi lasendle lixubha umhlwenga” (野马分鬃).
• Ngo-2018, i-Enshi Yulu kanye netiye i-Lichuan Hong (利川红, Lìchuān Hóng) bakhethwa ngokuthi «一红一绿» — “okubomvu okukodwa, okuluhlaza okukodwa” — zomcimbi wetiye kahulumeni e-East Lake e-Wuhan, okwathi ngemva kwalokho womabili amatiye aba izimpawu zesifundazwe sase-Hubei.
• Uprofesa waseJapan u-Shimizu Yasuo, ngemva kokuvakashela e-Enshi ngo-1995, wabiza isifunda ngokuthi indawo yomsuka yesiko letiye laseJapan le-zhengqing (蒸青) futhi washiya umbhalo othi «恩施玉露、温古知新» — “I-Enshi Yulu — ukwazi okusha ngokutadisha okudala”.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza:

• I-Sencha (煎茶, Sencha), Japan: “Isihlobo” esiseduze kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe — nakho kungu-zhengqing (蒸青) itiye eliluhlaza. Kodwa i-sencha yaseJapan, ngokuvamile ifuthwa ngesitimu okujulile (fukamushi), inesimo esiyisicaba noma esisongeke kancane kanye nokunambitheka okuphawuleka kakhulu kwe-umami. I-Enshi Yulu inesimo esiyizingqayizivele sezinaliti, iphunga elithambile kanye nokunambitheka kwaminerali emuva, okubangelwa i-selenium.
• I-Gyokuro (玉露, Gyokuro), Japan: Naphezu kokuqondana kwezinhlamvu «玉露» egameni, ubuchwepheshe buhluka kakhulu. I-Gyokuro ifiphazwa isikhathi eside (izinsuku ezingama-20+), okushintsha kakhulu isakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali (i-theanine inyuka kakhulu, ama-catechin ehlile). I-Enshi Yulu ayifiphazwa ngenhloso — ubuthongo bayo bubangelwa inkungu yasentabeni yemvelo.
• I-Xi Hu Longjing (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): I-Longjing — itiye eli-炒青 (ukuhlanganisa ngokuthosa), inesimo esiyisicaba, iphunga lamantongomane kanye nokushukela kwe-castnut okuphawulekayo. I-Enshi Yulu ihluke ngesimo sayo sezinaliti, iphunga lotshani kanye nolwandle kanye nephrofayili yokunambitheka okuhlaza, “okuluhlaza” ngokwengeziwe.
• I-Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰, Huángshān Máo Fēng): Nayo iyitiye eliluhlaza elithambile lasentwasahlobo elivela esifundeni sezintaba, kodwa iyi-烘青 (ukuhlanganisa ngokufudumala), enephunga lezimbali kanye ne-orchid elengeziwe. I-Enshi Yulu inesimo “olwandlel”, esisha.
• I-Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露) uma iqhathaniswa namatiye aseViyetnam e-zhengqing (蒸青): IViyetnam nayo ikhiqiza amatiye aluhlaza e-zhengqing (蒸青), kodwa wona, ngokuvamile, anokubumbeka okungaphelele, uboya obungaphelele futhi awanaphrofayili ye-selenium eyingqayizivele.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Enshi Yulu ayilona nje itiye eliluhlaza, kodwa ibhuloho eliphilayo phakathi kwesiko lasendulo letiye kanye nesimanjemanje. Izinaliti zayo eziyigugu ezi-emerald, ezizalwa izandla zezingcweti, ezinokunyakaza kwazo okungafani namasu e-tai chi chuan, zigcina ubuchwepheshe obuneminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ukunambitheka okusha, okuhlanzekile okunenothi le-umami kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi kwaminerali emuva, ukucwiliswa okuqhakazile kwe-jade kanye nengcebo eyingqayizivele ye-selenium kwenza i-Enshi Yulu ibe itiye eliyisipesheli ngempela — eliyisikhumbuzo somlando ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye nesiphuzo esiphilayo, esivuselelayo. Leli tiye lizonikeza injabulo kulabo abazisa ubumsulwa bokunambitheka, ubuhle beqabunga letiye kanye nokuthintana nomlando wangempela — nakulabo abafuna esiphuzweni setiye izinzuzo zempilo.