Ithiya Elinhle Lase-Dàtián

Ithiya Elinhle Lase-Dàtián iwuhlobo lwasezweni lonke lwaseShayina lomhlaba omkhulu lwe-“ithiya laseMpumalanga elibizwa ngobuhle” laseThayiwani (东方美人茶, Dōngfāng Měirén Chá), elitshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme zesifunda sase-Dàtián esifundazweni i-Fújiàn. Leli wulun olunomthamo omkhulu wokuvutshelwa okunzulu, olubonakala ngeqhaza eliwumqondo elihlotshisiwe elinemibala emihlanu kanye nethoni eqavile enephunga elinezinto eziyisithupha, okwakhiwe ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwesitshalo setiye nenambuzane i-cicada eluhlaza okotshani (小绿叶蝉, xiǎo lǜyè chán). I-Dàtián iyisisekelo esikhulu kunazo zonke eShayina yomhlaba omkhulu sokukhiqiza “ithiya elihle,” ihlinzeka ngaphezu kuka-70% womthamo kazwelonke.

1. Uhlukaniso kanye Nomdabu:

Uhlobo: I-wulun (青茶, qīngchá) — itiye elivutshelwe ngokwengxenye, elinamazinga aphezulu e-okisijeni angama-60–80%. Ngokwezinga lokuvutshelwa, i-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá ingasekugcineni okuphezulu phakathi kwama-wulun, isondela emathiyeni abomvu kodwa igcine ukungafezeki okujwayelekile kwama-wulun, okushiya indawo yokuthuthukiswa kokunambitheka okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Isigaba: Ama-wulun ase-Fújiàn; “ithiya elihle” (美人茶, měirén chá). Iphinde ibizwe nge-“Dōngfāng Měirén” (东方美人, Dōngfāng Měirén) ekhiqizwa endaweni yomhlaba omkhulu. Ingena ngaphansi kohlobo oluncane lwama-wulun “avutshelwe ngezinambuzane” (蝉茶, chánchá).
Umdabu: IShayina, isifundazwe i-Fújiàn (福建省, Fújiàn shěng), idolobha eliyisiyingi i-Sānmíng (三明市, Sānmíng shì), isifunda i-Dàtián (大田县, Dàtián xiàn). Inhliziyo yokukhiqiza igxile ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo: i-Píngshān (屏山乡, Píngshān xiāng), i-Shípái (石牌镇, Shípái zhèn) — ikakhulukazi idolobhana i-Lóngkēng (龙坑村, Lóngkēng cūn) — kanye nasezindaweni eziseduze nentaba i-Dàxiānfēng (大仙峰, Dàxiānfēng).
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: Cishe 25°29′–26°10′ N, 117°29′–118°03′ E (indawo yesifunda sase-Dàtián). Izingadi zetiye eziyinhloko zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingama-800–1200 m engxenyeni emaphakathi naseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Isifunda i-Dàtián sinomlando wetiye omude onamakhulu eminyaka. Ukubalulwa kokuqala kokutshalwa kwetiye endaweni kusukela ngesikhathi seSouth Song (南宋, Nán Sòng): ngo-1164 (unyaka wesibili wokubusa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi Lóngxīng, 隆兴), izindela zesigodlo i-Chóngshèngyán (崇圣岩) entabeni i-Dàxiānfēng zaqala ukutshala itiye. Ngesikhathi se-Yuán (元代), imbongi u-Guō Jūjìng (郭居敬, Guō Jūjìng) wasedolobhaneni i-Guāngpíng wabhala inkondlo ethi “I-Tea” (《茶》), eyaba umsebenzi wetiye omdala kakhulu osaphila wase-Dàtián. Ngo-1611, umlando wendawo othi “Dàtián xiànzhì” (《大田县志》) waqopha ukuhweba kwetiye okusebenzayo.

Kodwa umlando wanamuhla “wethiya elihle” e-Dàtián uqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990. Ngo-1998–1999, usomabhizinisi waseThayiwani u-Péng Bǎofǎ (彭宝法, Péng Bǎofǎ) kanye nomthengisi wetiye wase-Quánzhōu u-Lǐ Zhìzhōng (李志忠, Lǐ Zhìzhōng) basungula ibhizinisi lokuqala letiye laseThayiwani e-Píngshān — “i-Dàfāngguǎng” (大方广茶业). Baletha izinhlobo ezivela eThayiwani: i-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng (软枝乌龙), i-Jīn Xuān (金萱) kanye ne-Qīngxīn Dàmǎo (青心大冇), kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Dōngfāng Měirén — “ubuhle baseMpumalanga” baseThayiwani. Ngokuqasha indawo engama-2400 mu (≈ 160 ha), babeka isisekelo somkhakha wesikhathi esizayo. Ngo-2000, umlimi wetiye waseThayiwani u-Dèng Guóguāng (邓国光, Dèng Guóguāng) wasesifundeni i-Miáolì wajoyina. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, izingcweti zendawo zaguqula ubuchwepheshe baseThayiwani ukuba buhambisane nomhlaba wase-Fújiàn, zakha isitayela esizimele sesifunda.

Ngo-2021, i-Dàtián yathola isihloko esisemthethweni esithi “Izwe Lethiya Elihle LaseShayina” (中国美人茶之乡), futhi umthamo wokukhiqiza wafinyelela kumathani angu-4000 — okungaphezu kuka-70% wokukhiqizwa kukazwelonke “kwethiya elihle.” Ingqikithi yendawo yamapulazi etiye esifundeni ingama-100,000 mu (≈ 6670 ha), okuyi-70,000 mu ekulungele ukukhiqizwa kwe-měi rén chá. Umkhakha wetiye ubandakanya abantu ababalelwa ku-100,000 — ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu besifunda.
Igama: “Dàtián” (大田) yigama lesifunda, empeleni lisho “insimu enkulu”; “Měi Rén” (美人) — “umuhle”; “Chá” (茶) — “itiye.” Igama eliphelele lihunyushwa ngokuthi “Ithiya Lomuhle Lase-Dàtián.” Lokhu kubhekiswa ngqo kumfanekiso waseThayiwani — i-Dōngfāng Měirén Chá (东方美人茶), okuthiwa ngokwenganekwane yabizwa ngegama yiNdlovukazi yaseBrithani uVictoria, owayehlabeke umxhwele ngumbala wokumunywa kanye nobuhle beqabunga letiye. Abalimi betiye baseThayiwani baphinde bayibiza nge-Péngfēng Chá (膨风茶, “ithiya leqili”): ngokwesiko, umlimi, owayenesivini sakhe esahlushwa izinambuzane, wathengisa itiye “elishabalalisiweyo” ngentengo ephezulu ngokungalindelekile, futhi abantu bakubo bakuthatha ukulandisa kwakhe njengokuzikhukhumeza.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá isiphenduke uphawu lokubambisana kwetiye okuwela ulwandle phakathi kweThayiwani neShayina yomhlaba omkhulu. Unyaka nonyaka kuba noMkhosi Wokuvula Isizini Womuhle (大田美人茶开茶节) esifundeni; eNtabeni i-Dàxiānfēng kwakhiwe indawo yezokuvakasha enesihloko “Ithiya Elihle” (大仙峰·茶美人景区), kwathi e-Píngshān kwavulwa indawo yokuvakasha yezangqondo engu-“Měi Rén Chá” enamabhizinisi etiye angaphezu kuka-50 avela ezinhlangothini zombili zolwandle. Itiye lithunyelwa e-Malaysia, e-Singapore nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, okuwumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko etiye aseThayiwani nase-Fújiàn.

3. Incazelo Ngokwezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe:

Izinhlobo / Izitshalo ezihlanganisiwe: Amacultivar ayinhloko alethwe evela eThayiwani: i-Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng (软枝乌龙, Ruǎnzhī Wūlóng) — isikhindi sakudala saseThayiwani esinehlumela elithambile kanye nephunga elinamandla; i-Jīn Xuān (金萱, Jīn Xuān, i-TTES #12) — isikhindi esinaflagelomu eminyene kanye nethoni ejulile ephawuleka nobisi/ushukela; i-Qīngxīn Dàmǎo (青心大冇, Qīngxīn Dàmǎo) — isikhindi sakudala saseThayiwani se-“mpumalanga enhle,” esiphawuleka ngokuheha izinambuzane ezihlala emaqabungeni. Ukwengeza, kusetshenziswa i-Jīn Mǔdān (金牡丹, Jīn Mǔdān), i-Jīn Guānyīn (金观音, Jīn Guānyīn) kanye ne-Tiě Guānyīn (铁观音, Tiě Guānyīn). Zonke izinhlobo ziyingxenye ye-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Amaqabunga aphawuleka ngokuba namanzi, uboya obuningi kanye nekhono eliphezulu lokugcina umswakama, okuqinisekisa ukuthambeka ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa okude.
Ukuvuna: Isizini eyinhloko — ihlobo (uJuni — uAgasti), lapho umsebenzi we-cicada eluhlaza okotshani encane usesikhathini esiphezulu. Ukuvuna okunwetshwa kuvumelekile kusukela entwasahlobo enkulu (ukuphela kukaMeyi) kuze kube ikwindla (uMfumfu). Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla ngokuqinile.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlumela + 1–2 amaqabunga (一芽一、二叶, yī yá yī, èr yè). Ezingeni eliphezulu — ihlumela + 1 iqabunga elinezimpawu ezibonakalayo zokulunywa yi-cicada. Ngokwezinga lesifundazwe i-T/CSTEA 00027-2021, ifomethi “ihlumela + 2–3 amaqabunga” nayo ivumelekile ezigabeni eziyisisekelo.
Izidingo kwezinto ezingavuthiwe: Amahlumela kufanele abe aphelele, anezinga lokuvuthwa elifanayo, ngaphandle komonakalo wemishini kanye namaphunga angajwayelekile. Isidingo esiyinhloko — ukuba khona kwezimpawu zokulunywa yi-cicada eluhlaza okotshani encane: ukusabela kwe-enzyme emathe esinambuzane kuqala ukuhlanganiswa kwama-terpene alcohol, akha iphunga elinjengoju nezithelo. Lapho izinga lokulunywa liphezulu kakhudlwana, iphrofayili yetiye eliphekiwe icacile.

4. Indawo Yetshalo Kanye Nezici Zokulima:

Isifunda kanye nokuma komhlaba: Isifunda i-Dàtián sitholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi yesifundazwe i-Fújiàn, emithambekeni esentshonalanga yokhahlamba i-Dàiyúnshān (戴云山脉, Dàiyún shānmài). Indawo yakhiwe izintaba ngokwedlulele: amaphesenti angu-90 abe yizintaba (isisho sendawo: “izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye ziyizintaba, ingxenye yamanzi, ingxenye yamasimu” — 九山半水半田). Esifundeni kuneziqongo eziwu-175 ezingaphezu kuka-1000 m, isiqongo esiphakeme kakhulu siyi-Dàxiānfēng (大仙峰, 1553 m). Izingadi zetiye zithatha imithambeka enelanga enokuhamba kahle kwamanzi, ezungezwe amahlathi. Izinga lamahlathi endaweni lilinganiselwa ku-74%.
Ukuphakama okutshalwa kukho: 800–1200 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle (ngaphezu kuka-90% wamapulazi). Izingxenye ezikhethekile eziphakeme zisendaweni engaphezu kuka-1200 m, kuze kufike ezindaweni eziseduze nesiqongo se-Dàxiānfēng (cishe 1500 m).
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esisezindaweni eziphansi se-monsuni (中亚热带季风气候). Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi liyi-15.3–19.6°C; isilinganiso semvula sonyaka siyi-1400–1800 mm; isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-280–300. Isici esiyingqayizivele — ukufiphala kwesibhakabhaka okuhlala kuhlezi kanye nenkungu, isabelo sokukhanya okusakazekile sifinyelela ku-40%. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku udlula u-10°C, okuhamba kancane ukukhula kwamahlumela, kukhulise izinga lama-amino acid kanye nezinhlanganisela ezinamakha. Ihlobo lishisayo futhi linomswakama — izimo ezifanele umsebenzi we-小绿叶蝉 (i-Empoasca vitis), okulunywa kwayo kuyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwephrofayili yokunambitheka nephunga.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi enothile nge-selenium, ebomvu-nsundu ephuzi ephuzi (富硒红黄壤). Isilinganiso se-selenium esiphakathi nendawo — 0.76 mg/kg, okuqukethwe okuphilayo engxenyeni ≥ 1.5%. Inhlabathi inokhula (okujwayelekile ezindaweni zetiye), idonswa kahle amanzi, futhi inezinga eliphezulu le-humus. Ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo kuqinisekiswa ukuba kude nezindawo zezimboni. Izingadi zetiye ziphathwa ngemodeli “yokuhlanganyela kwetiye notshani” (茶草共生, chá cǎo gòngshēng): phakathi kwemigqa kugcinwa isembozo semvelo sotshani, esiyindawo yokuhlala yama-cicada futhi sikhiphe ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá buthathwa njengobunye obunzima kakhulu futhi obudinga umsebenzi omningi kunabo bonke ubuchwepheshe bama-wulun. Busezwe endleleni yokwenziwa kwe-Dōngfāng Měirén yaseThayiwani, kodwa bufaka izinguquko eziningana — ikakhulukazi isigaba esiyingqayizivele soku-“buyisela umswakama” (回润) kanye nendlela ehlanganisiwe yokuhlanganisa. Ukuvutshelwa kufinyelela ku-60–80%, okwenza leli tiye libe ngelinye lama-wulun ane-oksijeni ejulile kunazo zonke, kuyilapho ligcina ukuthamba nokungabi namakha amuncu.

Ukuvuna / 采摘 — cǎizhāi: Ukuvuna ngesandla kwamahlumela aphezulu “ihlumela + 1–2 amaqabunga”. Kukhethwa amahlumela anezimpawu ezibonakalayo zokulunywa yi-cicada. Amaqabunga avuniwe alethwa ngokushesha endaweni yokusebenzela, agweme ukushisa ngokweqile nokulimala kwemishini.
Ukubuna / 萎凋 — wěidiāo: Ukulahlekelwa komswakama kokuqala — amaqabunga anwetshwa ngendlela ezacile ezenzweni ezingaminyaminya, ngaphansi kwelanga noma ngaphakathi endlini. Amaqabunga alahlekelwa ubungqabavu, abe athambile, isigaba sokuqala sezinguquko ze-biochemical siqaliswa.
Ukupholisa / 凉青 — liángqīng: Amaqabunga abuniwe athuthelwa endaweni epholile ukuze izinga lokushisa lizinze futhi umswakama ulingane phakathi kwesiqu nepuleti leqabunga.
Ukunyakazisa nokungqungqa / 做青 (摇青 ←→ 凉青) — zuòqīng (yáoqīng ←→ liángqīng): Isigaba esiyinhloko, esinquma uhlobo lwe-wulun. Amaqabunga afakwa esilingini esineminwe esijikelezayo noma anakekelezelwa ngesandla, okulimaza imiphetho yeqabunga futhi kusheshise ukukhuphuka kwe-oksijeni. Bese ephinde anwetshwe ukuze apholiswe. Umjikelezo “wokunyakazisa — wokupholisa” uphindaphindwa izikhathi eziningi (imvamisa izikhathi ezi-4–6), isikhathi ngasinye kukhuliswa ukuqina. Ngalesi sigaba kwakhiwa iphunga elijulile lezimbali nezithelo.
Ukuvutshelwa / 发酵 — fājiào: Ukukhishwa kwe-oksijeni okujulile (60–80%). Amaqabunga agcinwa endaweni efudumele enomswakama, lapho ama-enzymes eguqula i-catechin ibe yi-theaflavin kanye ne-thearubigin. Iphrofayili enjengoju ne-muscats, eyakhiwe ukulunywa yi-cicada nokunyakazisa, ijulile futhi izinzile. Ingcweti ilawula umgudu ngesandla, ibheka umbala, iphunga kanye nokwakheka kweqabunga.
Ukumisa “ukubulawa kohlaza” / 杀青 — shāqīng: Ukushisisa ngezinga eliphezulu (imvamisa emgodini oshisayo noma emshinini wokumisa) kumisa izinqubo ze-enzyme futhi kuqinise iphrofayili yephunga esuke ifinyelelwe.
Ukubuyisela umswakama / 回润 — huírùn: Isigaba esiyingqayizivele kakhulu kubuchwepheshe base-Dàtián. Emva kokumiswa, amaqabunga anikezwa umswakama omncane (回潮), ukuze abuyisele ukuthamba kwawo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukwephuka ngesikhathi sokuqoqa okulandelayo futhi kuvumela ukwakheka kwesimo esicokeme, esihle setiye esiphekiwe. Le nqubo ithathwe kubuchwepheshe bama-wulun ase-Fújiàn futhi yenza isitayela sase-Dàtián sihluke kumfanekiso waseThayiwani.
Ukuqoqa / 揉捻 — róuniǎn: Indlela ehlanganisiwe: kusetshenziswa umshini wokuqoqa waseThayiwani (台式揉捻机) ngokuhlanganyela nobuchule “bokupakisha ngokushesha” okuvela ekukhiqizweni kwe-Tiě Guānyīn (铁观音速包机). Le ndlela ivumela ukwakheka kwesimo “esigoqiwe ngokwemvelo” (自然卷缩) esijwayelekile e-Dàtián, esiminyene futhi esihlobisa kakhulu kunokuqoqwa okukhululekile komfanekiso wokuqala waseThayiwani.
Ukomisa / 烘干 — hōnggān: Ukomisa kokugcina ngomoya oshisayo kuzinzisa umswakama ezingeni lokugcina (ngokuvamile ≤ 6%). Izinga lokushisa nobude besikhathi kukhethwa yingcweti ngayinye: ukomisa ngezinga eliphansi kugcina ubusha bezimbali noju, kanti okuphakeme kakhudlwana kwengeza izinciphiso ezifana ne-caramel namantongomane.
Ukuhlunga nokuqeda / 精制 — jīngzhì: Ukukhishwa kwezinto ezaphukile, iziqu namaqabunga angaheleli; kwakhiwa amaqoqo okudayiswa ngokwezigaba zekhwalithi.

6. Izici Zokuzizwa (Izimpawu Zolwazi Lwezinzwa):

Isimo seqabunga elomile sangaphandle: Isimo esigoqiwe ngokwemvelo (自然卷缩), esiminyene, esisontekile kancane, okukhumbula imiqulu emincane. Ikhadi lokuhambela — “imibala emihlanu” (五色, wǔ sè): omhlophe (umqolo omhlophe emaqabungeni), oluhlaza (izingxenye ezingenayo i-oksijeni ngokwanele), onsundu (izingxenye ezinomlinganiselo ophakathi we-oksijeni), obomvu (imiphetho egcwele i-oksijeni) kanye nophuzi (amathoni asemngceleni). Lapho ikhwalithi yetiye iphezulu, iphalethi enemibala emihlanu ibonakala ngokucacile. Amahlumela ambozwe uboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo (白毫, báiháo).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Iphrofayili enephunga “lezinto eziyisithupha” (六香, liù xiāng): isithelo (果香, guǒxiāng — kusuka ekucutshungulweni kwe-wulun), uju (蜜香, mìxiāng — kusuka ekulunyweni yi-cicada), izimbali (花香, huāxiāng — kusuka ohlelweni lokwenza uhlaza), ubumnandi (甜香, tiánxiāng — kusuka ezingeni eliphezulu lama-amino acid kanye nokuvutshelwa okujulile), ubusha obutsha (嫩香, nènxiāng — kusuka emahlumeleni athambile nasemaqabungeni amancane), kanye “nentaba” ecashile (幽香, yōuxiāng — kusuka endaweni ephakeme yeziwa). Iphunga liyahlala, linezingqimba, lingenalo ukuqina.
Iphunga lokumunywa: Iqoqo elikhanyayo lezimbali noju elinobumnandi obukhulayo besithelo kusuka ekuphuzweni nasekugcineni. Ekuchithekeni kokuqala, amanothi ezimbali ezintsha nezithelo ezivuthisiwe ayadla umkhakhai; phakathi nendawo — uju ne-muscat; ekugcineni — ubumnandi obumnene be-caramel namathoni enkuni. Iphunga “lihlanzekile” futhi “liyakhanya,” lingenazo izinciphiso ezinzima ezishisiwe (ngokwesitayela esejwayelekile).
Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile ngokwedlulele, kungenamakha amuncu nobukhali obugqamile — into engavamile kumawulun avutshelwe ngokujulile kangaka. Umzimba uphakathi nendawo, unesakhiwo esibushelelezi njengosilika (滑, huá). Amanothi ayinhloko: uju, ipentshisi elivuthiwe, amagilebhisi e-muscat, izithelo ezomisiwe. Ubumnandi buvela kusukela ekuphuzeni kokuqala futhi buyakhula emva kokunambitheka — “ukubuya kobumnandi” okubonakalayo (回甘, huígān). Ukunambitheka okulandelayo kuhlala isikhathi eside, kunokuzwa “ukukhiqizwa kwamathe” (生津, shēngjīn). Emiphongolweni ephezulu kunomsindo omncane we-orchid; itiye limelana nokuphuzwa ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-10 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umlingiswa walo.
Umbala wokumunywa: Okukhanyayo, okukhanyayo, kusuka ku-amber ogcwele kuya kokusawolintshi-osagolide (琥珀色/橙黄色). Ukubonakala okuphezulu kanye nokucwebezela okunamafutha kukhombisa ikhwalithi yokucubungula.
Iqabunga eliphansi (iqabunga eligoqiwe): Amaqabunga aphelele, avuleke kahle, athambile futhi anwebekayo. Imibala eyisihlanu ejwayelekile iyagcinwa: ingxenye emaphakathi — iluhlaza satshani-omnqumo, imiphetho — ibomvu-nsundu, amahlumela — anoboya obukhanyayo. Ukufana kombala kanye nokungabi khona kwamabhodlela ashisile kubonisa ikhono lokucubungula.

7. Isakhiwo Samakhemikhali:

Ama-Polyphenol: Okuqukethwe ngama-tea polyphenols e-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá kulinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa namatiye aluhlaza, njengoba ukuvutshelwa okujulile (60–80%) kuguqula ingxenye enkulu ye-catechin (EGCG, ECG) ibe yi-theaflavin ne-thearubigin. Yilokho okhiqizwayo oku-okisijeni okunikeza umbala we-amber wokumunywa kanye nokwakheka okuthambile, okunjengokwevelvethi. Ukulunywa yi-cicada kukhuthaza ukuqoqa kwezinhlanganisela ze-phenolic eqabungeni njengengxenye yokusabela kwesitshalo kokuzivikela.
Ama-Amino Acid: Izinga eliphezulu le-L-theanine (茶氨酸, cháānsuān) — kuwumphumela wemvelaphi yezindawo eziphakeme (ukufihlwa amafu nobusuku obupholile kuhamba kancane ukubola kwama-amino acid). I-L-theanine inesibopho sokuthamba, ubumnandi kanye nomthelela opholile wethiye. Imithombo ikhombisa izinga eliphezulu le-theanine njengenye yezinto ezibangela inothi “elibumnandi” (甜香).
Ama-Terpene Compounds: Ingxube eyingqayizivele yaleli tiye. Ukulunywa yi-cicada kuqalisa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-enzyme ancibilikayo emanzini (水解酶, shuǐjiě méi) eqabungeni, afaka umzekelo ekwakhiweni kwama-terpene alcohol (萜烯醇, tiēxī chún) — i-linalool, i-geraniol, i-nerol-oxide kanye ne-2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octadiene-2,6-diol. Yilezi zinhlanganisela ezakha iphunga eliyisici “lenjengoju ne-muscat,” elehlukanisa ama-wulun avutshelwe ngezinambuzane kuwo wonke amanye.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine (咖啡碱) — okuqukethwe kuphakathi nendawo, kuphansi kunasetiyeni eliluhlaza, okuchazwa ukuthi ukuvutshelwa okujulile nokubhidlika kwengxenye yama-alkaloid ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwesilinganiso esiphezulu. I-Theobromine ne-theophylline zikhonjisiwe ngamanani amancane.
Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C (incibilikiswa kancane ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, kodwa igcinwa ngamanani abalulekile ngenxa yemvelaphi yezindawo eziphakeme), amavithamini eqembu B (B1, B2, B6), i-vitamin E. Imithombo iphawula ikhono leli tiye lokusekela izinga le-vitamin C emzimbeni ngokusebenza ngokubambisana nama-polyphenol ane-antioxidant.
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-phosphorus. Okugqamile okuqukethwe yi-selenium (硒, xī): inhlabathi yase-Dàtián inothile ngale microelement (isilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo 0.76 mg/kg), okudlulela eqabungeni letiye. I-Selenium iyi-antioxidant enamandla, ehlanganyela emsebenzini we-glutathione peroxidase. Izinga eliphakeme le-selenium—lingenye yezinzuzo ezinokuncintisana “kwethiya elihle” lase-Dàtián uma kuqhathaniswa nokufana kwalo okuseThayiwani.
Amafutha Abalulekileyo: Isakhiwo esinothile sephunga: i-linalool kanye nama-oxide ayo (amanothi ezimbali), i-geraniol (amathoni e-rose), i-nerol (amathoni aphakathi nesithelo esinama-citrus noju), i-methyl salicylate (umusi we-balsamic), i-indole (umthunzi othambile unjengojasmine ngamanani amancane). Okuqukethwe okuhlangene kwezinhlanganisela ezishintshayo kuphakeme kunakwiningi lamawulun avutshelwe ngenxenye anemazinga aphakathi e-oksijeni, okuchazwa yisenzo esiyinsithu: ukulunywa yi-cicada + ukunyakazisa isikhathi eside + ukuvutshelwa okujulile.

8. Izakhiwo Ezizuzisayo:

Ukuvuselela okumnene ngaphandle kwesiyaluyalu esingaphezulu: Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine elinganiselwe nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-L-theanine nikeza amandla amnene, angaguquki kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokugxila ngaphandle kovalo nokushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo. Ilungele umsebenzi nokufunda.
Ukuvikela nge-Antioxidant: Inhlanganisela yama-polyphenol, i-theaflavin ne-selenium yandisa umsebenzi we-superoxide dismutase (SOD) ne-glutathione peroxidase, yehlise ama-radical akhululekile futhi ibambezele ukuguga kwamaseli.
Ukusekela uhlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: I-Theaflavin nama-polyphenol asiza ekwehliseni izinga “lomkhuhlane omubi” (LDL) kanye nokugcina ukunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi. I-pharmacology yendabuko yaseChina ibeka leli tiye emikhiqizweni enomthelela “wokwehlisa amafutha kanye nomfutho wegazi” (降脂降压).
Umthelela omuhle ekugayeni kokudla: Itiye linezakhiwo ezifudumeza kancane (性平偏温, xìng píng piān wēn), okuwenza unethezekele esiswini kunamatiye aluhlaza. Ama-polyphenol avutshiwe akhuthaza ama-enzymes okugaya ukudla, ngaphandle kokucasula ulwelwe lwamathumbu.
Isimo sesikhumba kanye nomthelela wokulwa nokuguga: Inhlanganisela ye-selenium, ama-polyphenol kanye namavithamini C no-E isekela ukuvuselelwa kwamaseli esikhumba kanye nokuvikela ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative. Ngokwesiko lamaShayina, leli tiye linomlando othi “ithiya lobuhle” (美容养颜).
Ukusekela umzimba usebenzisa amandla: Ama-polyphenol etiye asiza ekuvuseleleni ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha emzimbeni — akhulisa umsebenzi we-enzyme i-lipase, ebandakanyeka ekuhlukaniseni amafutha. Umthelela uyahluka kumuntu ngamunye futhi usebenza kuhlelo lokudla olunomsoco.
Ukukhipha ubuthi nokulinganisela kwamaminerali: Isakhiwo esinothile samaminerali (i-selenium, i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese) sisiza ekugcineni ukulingana kwe-electrolyte kanye nokuvuselela imisebenzi yokukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni.
Ukuphumula nokwehlisa ukucindezeleka: Izinga eliphezulu le-L-theanine likhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamaza e-alpha ebuchosheni, okudala isimo sokugxila esikhululekile. Ukuphuza itiye ngendlela ye-gongfu kukhulisa lo mthelela ngomkhuba wokuzindla.

9. Ukuphuza:

Amazinga okushisa amanzi: 90–95°C. Ezingeni le-90°C, amanothi oju nezimbali avela kakhudlwana; kuma-95°C — umzimba wokumunywa uminyene, amanothi ezithelo ezomisiwe ne-caramel abonakala kakhudlwana. Ekuchithekeni kokuqala kunconywa ukuqala nge-90°C bese kukhuphuka kancane kwezilandelayo.
Inani letiye: 5 g nge-100–125 ml (indlela ye-gongfu, 功夫泡) noma 2.5–3 g ngama-200–250 ml (indlela yokuphuza yaseYurophu).
Imiphongolo: I-gàiwǎn emhlophe yobumba (盖碗, gàiwǎn) — iyindlela ekahle kakhulu: iqokomisa ukuhlanzeka nokuhlangana okuningi kwephunga, ivumela ukuhlolwa kombala wokumunywa. Kuvumelekile ukusebenzisa imbiza yensimbi (宜兴紫砂壶) yevolumu encane (100–130 ml) — ubumba bukwengeza ukuthamba nokujula emzimbeni wokumunywa. Ukuhlola iphunga kusetshenziswa inkomishi yephunga (闻香杯, wénxiāng bēi). Izinkomishi zokuphuza — ubumba obumncane.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa i-gàiwǎn nezinkomishi ngamanzi abilayo, ukhiphe amanzi.
2. Faka itiye, vala ngesembozo, unyakazise kancane — hlola iphunga leqabunga elomile elifudumele.
3. Ukugeza (uma kudingeka): thela amanzi angu-90°C, ukhiphe emva kwemizuzwana emi-3–5. Nge-měi rén chá esezingeni eliphezulu, ukugeza kungadedelwa.
4. Ukuchithwa kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-20–30 nge-90°C.
5. Thela ukumunywa ku-cháhǎi (公道杯, gōngdào bēi), bese kungena ezinkomishini.
6. Ukuphinda kuchithwe: izikhathi eziwu-10–15 noma ngaphezulu. Kusukela kwesesibili kuye kweyesine — imizuzwana engu-15–20; ngale kokuqhubeka kwandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-10–15 ngakho konke ukuchithwa. Itiye ligcina umlingiswa walo ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-10+.

Ezinye izindlela: I-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá isebenza kahle kakhulu ekufakweni emanzini abandayo (冷泡, lěng pào): 3–4 g ngama-500 ml amanzi abandayo, amahora angu-6–8 efrijini. Ukumunywa okubandayo kunombala o-amber ocwebezelayo kanye nobumnandi obugqamile benjengoju (umphumela “wokufiphalisa okubandayo” — 冷后浑 — uthathwa njengophawu lwekhwalithi ephezulu). Iphinde ibe yisisekelo esihle kakhulu samakhektela: ukungeza amaconsi ambalwa ebrandi kudala isiphuzo ngesitayela se-“sparkling wulun”; ngobisi — ukunambitheka kwemvelo okufana noju nokhilimu.

Izincomo zokuphuza: Amazinga okushisa okuphuza alungile — 60–70°C, lapho iphunga elinjengoju nezithelo livela ngokugcwele kakhulu. Akunconywa ukuphuza esiswini esingenalutho; ngaphansi kwesisu esizwelayo, kungenzeka ukwengeza ucezu lwejinja ngesikhathi sokuphuza itiye.

10. Ukugcinwa:

I-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá, ngenxa yokuvutshelwa kwayo okujulile (60–80%), inokuzinza okukhulu ngesikhathi sokugcinwa uma kuqhathaniswa namatiye aluhlaza nawamawulun avutshelwe kancane.

Isiqukethi: Ukupakishwa kwangaphakathi okungabonisi ukukhanya — isikhwama esingenamoya esenziwe nge-foil yepolyethylene, ikani lensimbi noma umphongolo wobumba onesembozo esivala ngokuqinile. Ukuvulwa ngakunye kwephekhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokugcinwa — kunconywa ukuhlukanisa ngezabelo.
Izimo: Indawo eyomile, epholile, emnyama. Izinga lokushisa elifanele 15–25°C, umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-60%. Ifriji ayidingeki (ngokuhlukile emathiyeni aluhlaza), kodwa ayiphikiswa uma kugcinwa isikhathi eside iphekhe elingavuliwe.
Izitha zethiye: Umswakama, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, amaphunga angaphandle (itiye likwazi ukufunxa amakha). Kufanele kugcinwe kude nezinongo, ikhofi, iziqholo.
Isikhathi sokugcinwa: Ephepheni elivalekile — iminyaka emi-2–3 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwekhwalithi. Ezinye izingcweti zisebenzisa ukuguga kwesikhathi esifushane (1–2 iminyaka), zithi amanothi oju ne-caramel ayajula ngesikhathi esinjalo.

11. Intengo Kanye Nemikhuba Yobuqili:

Izinga lentengo: Eliphakathi nendawo — phezulu. Intengo iyahluka kuye ngezinga lokulunywa yi-cicada, ukuphakama okutshalwa kukho, isizini yokuvuna, ikhono lokucubungula kanye nesigaba ngokuhambisana ne-T/CSTEA 00027-2021. Ngokwalo mhlahlandlela, imikhiqizo ihlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: “Yǎ Měi Rén” (雅美人, “Umuhle Onobuhle”), “Guì Měi Rén” (贵美人, “Umuhle Oyigugu”) kanye “noMěi Rén” (美人, “Umuhle”), esigabeni sokugcina sihlukaniswa amagreyidi amane (okhethekile, owokuqala, owesibili, owesithathu). Amaqoqo aphezulu “enkosi yetiye” (茶王级) angafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingu-renminbi ngejin (500 g), kanti izigaba ezithengwayo eziningi zithengeka kakhudlwana.
Ungakugwema kanjani ukuthengwa kwemikhuba yobuqili:
- Thenga kubathengisi abakwazi ukufakazela umdabu osuka esifundeni i-Dàtián (isikhombi sendawo esivikelwe “大田美人茶”).
- Hlaziya “imibala emihlanu” yeqabunga elomile: i-Dàtián Měi Rén eyiqiniso kufanele ibonise ukushintshana okucacile kwemibala emhlophe, eluhlaza, ensundu, ebomvu nephuzi. Umbala omnyama ofanayo — uphawu lwetiye elishiswe ngokweqile noma elingelona iqiniso.
- Hlola iphunga: iphrofayili yemvelo enjengoju nezithelo ngaphandle kwamakha ekhemikhali noma amanothi ahlabayo okungekona okwemvelo. Iphunga kufanele lihlale lihlanzekile, kodwa licwebile.
- Hlaziya ukumunywa: itiye eliyiqiniso linikeza ukumunywa okusobala kwe-amber, okuthambile ekunambithekeni, ngaphandle kwamakha amuncu noma ubukhali obubambekayo. Ukumunywa okungenasibindi noma amakha amuncu ahlabayo — kuyizimpawu ezixwayisayo.
- Qaphela ngezintengo eziphansi ngokweqile: uma kubhekwa ukuvuna ngesandla, ukuncika esicini semvelo (i-cicada) kanye nokucubungula okudinga umsebenzi omningi, izindleko eziphansi ze-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá ziphakeme kunama-wulun ajwayelekile.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

“Umuntu wenza ingxenye, isinambuzane esinye” (人做一半，虫做一半) — isisho esidumile mayelana nethiya elihle. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwe-cicada eluhlaza okotshani encane, iphrofayili ejwayelekile enjengoju ne-muscat ayikwazi ukwenziwa nganoma iyiphi inqubo yobuchwepheshe. Empeleni, i-cicada ingu-“mbhali ohambisana naye” ophelele wethiye.
Imibala emihlanu, amakha ayisithupha (五颜六香, wǔ yán liù xiāng) — isiqubulo esisemthethweni se-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá. Imibala emihlanu yeqabunga elomile (白、青、褐、红、黄) kanye nezinhlobo eziyisithupha zephunga (果香、蜜香、花香、甜香、嫩香、幽香) seziphenduke uphawu lokuhweba kanye nomkhiqizo wezokuvakasha wesifunda.
Kusukela “ethiyeni leqili” kuya kwithiya i-diplomatiki. Igama lesidlaliso lase Thayiwani “Péngfēng Chá” (膨风茶, “ithiya leqili/lomkhumbi”) libhekisa engxenyeni yenganekwane yekhulu le-19: umlimi, owayethengise itiye “elilimele” nge-cicada ngentengo ephezulu, wahlekwa abomakhelwane njengomqambi wamanga. Ngemuva kwenkulungwane neminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu, “ithiya leqili” liphenduke isisekelo sokubambisana phakathi kwezindawo eziwela ulwandle: ngo-2024, isihloko esithi “Měi Rén Chá” sethulwa eMhlanganweni Wesishiyagalolunye WaseTaiwan (海峡论坛) njengophawu lwamasiko etiye afanayo ezinhlangothini zombili zolwandle.
Umphumela “wokufiphalisa okubandayo” (冷后浑, lěng hòu hún): lapho iphola, ukumunywa kwe-Dàtián měi rén chá esezingeni elifanele kufiphazeka kancane — lokhu kuwuphawu lokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-theaflavin nama-polyphenol, okuthi lapho izinga lokushisa lihla, akha izakhiwo ezihlangene ne-caffeine. Umphumela ofanayo ubalulekile emathiyeni abomvu asezingeni eliphezulu. Ezinye izingcweti zisebenzisa lesi silinganiso njengenkomba yekhwalithi.
Itiye elilodwa — izikhathi ezintathu zonyaka. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-měi rén chá e-Dàtián, ihlobo laliyisizini “efile” kubalimi betiye: entwasahlobo benza itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu, ekwindla — i-Tiě Guānyīn. Ubuchwepheshe “bethiya elihle,” obudinga umsebenzi osezingeni lesikhathi samahlobo e-cicada, baguqula izinyanga ezishisayo zaba isikhathi esikhiqiza kakhulu, kwashintsha ngokuphelele umnotho wesifunda.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amawulun ohlobo “Měi Rén”:

I-Dōngfāng Měirén yaseThayiwani (台湾东方美人茶, Táiwān Dōngfāng Měirén Chá): Imodeli eqondile yethiye lase-Dàtián. Ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ezifundeni i-Xīnzhú (新竹) ne-Miáolì (苗栗). Emfanekisweni wokuqala waseThayiwani, ngokuvamile, isimo saso sikhululeke kakhudlwana (ngaphandle kwesigaba “sokubuyisela umswakama” kanye nokuqoqwa okuhlangene), sinoboya obumhlophe obugqamile. Ekunambithekeni, uhlobo lwaseThayiwani ngokuvamile lubonisa iphrofayili “enomoya” futhi ecolekileyo yoju, kanti ilethiya lase-Dàtián — linomzimba ominyene, ubumnandi obugqamile kanye nenothi yamaminerali eyengeziwe evela enhlabathini enothile nge-selenium. Ukuvutshelwa kukho kokubili kuphakeme (60–80%).
I-Bái Háo Wūlóng (白毫乌龙, Báiháo Wūlóng): Ngokuyisisekelo, elinye igama le-Dōngfāng Měirén yaseThayiwani, eligcizelela uboya obumhlophe obuningi emaqabungeni. Ngokwesiko lase-Dàtián, igama elithi “bái háo wūlóng” lisetshenziswa kancane, kukhethwa igama elithi “měi rén chá.”
I-Guìfēi Wūlóng (贵妃乌龙, Guìfēi Wūlóng, “I-Wulun Yomdlovukazi Obekezelayo”): I-wulun yaseThayiwani, nayo isebenzisa ukulunywa yi-cicada, kodwa inezilinganiso ezimaphakathi zokuvutshelwa (30–50%) nokuqoqwa okuyindilinga. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá, i-Guìfēi ilula emzimbeni, igqamile ngamanothi ezimbali futhi ayijulile kakhulu kubumnandi obunjengoju. Isimo seqabunga — siyindilinga, kanti ilethiya lase-Dàtián — lisontekile ngobude.
I-Mì Xiāng Hóng Chá (蜜香红茶, Mì Xiāng Hóngchá, “Ithiya Lobomvu Obunjengoju”): Ithiya elibomvu laseThayiwani, nalo elenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezilunywe yi-cicada. Livutshelwa ngokuphelele (ngokuhlukile kumazinga angama-60–80% e-měi rén chá), okunikeza iphrofayili “ebomvu” ngokwengeziwe — egcwele, emnandi, enamanothi kashokoledi, kodwa ngaphandle kokungafezeki okujwayelekile kwe-wulun kanye nokunambitheka okulandelayo kwe-huígān, okuyisici sethiya lase-Dàtián.
I-Fènghuáng Dāncóng Mì Lán Xiāng (凤凰单丛蜜兰香, Fènghuáng Dāncóng Mì Lán Xiāng): I-wulun yaseGuangdong enephunga elinjengoju ne-orchid. Naphezu kwezincazelo ezifanayo (“uju,” “izimbali”), iphrofayili yakhiwa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele — ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwe-cicada, kuphela ngesikhindi nobuchwepheshe. I-Dāncóng ivame ukuba namaminerali amaningi futhi “ibukhali” ekunambithekeni, “inamathambo” agqamile (骨感), kanti i-Dàtián Měi Rén — iyindilinga, ithambile futhi imnandi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá iyisibonelo esikhanyayo sendlela isiko letiye, elethwa liwela i-Taiwan Strait, elathola ngayo umlingiswa walo emhlabathini omusha. Indawo ephakeme yaseFújiàn enothile nge-selenium, ukusebenzisana kwesitshalo setiye ne-cicada eluhlaza okotshani, kanye nobuchwepheshe obunobuciko obunesigaba esiyingqayizivele “sokubuyisela umswakama” kwakha itiye elithambile elimangalisayo kanye nokujula kwephunga — ngaphandle kwamakha amuncu, nobumnandi obushelelayo benjengoju nokunambitheka okulandelayo okuvela ngezikhathi eziyishumi zokuphuza.

Leli tiye lifanele umthandi onolwazi lwama-wulun, ofuna isitayela sesifunda esisha, kanye nalowo osanda kuqala ukujwayela amatiye avutshelwe ngokwengxenye: umlingiswa walo onobungane, ophanayo awudingi ukulungiselela okukhethekile, kanti ukuphindaphindeka kwephunga — lelo qoqo “lamakha ayisithupha” — kungakuthakazela kusukela ekumunyweni kokuqala. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqonda i-Dàtián Měi Rén Chá — ukuyinikeza izikhathi eziyishumi zokuphuza bese ulandelela ukuthi uju luyeka kanjani indawo ezimbalini, izimbali — ezithelweni, izithelo — kubumnandi obumnene be-caramel benkungu yasezintabeni.