IBolo Hongcha

IBolo Hongcha iyitiyela elibomvu elikhiqizwa esifundeni saseBolo esifundazweni saseGuangdong, lapho kuhlangana khona izintaba ezidumile iLuofushan neXiangtoushan. Leli wuhlobo olubomvu lwe “Baitang Shān Chá” (柏塘山茶) edumile — enye yamatiye asemagqumeni amaningi aseNingizimu yeChina anamahlamvu amancane, umlando wawo olandelela emuva ngeminyaka engaphezu kuka-1 700.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa Nokudabuka:

• Uhlobo: Itiyela elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — elibiliswe ngokuphelele (elixutshwe nomoya-mpilo).
• Isigaba: Amatiye abomvu aseGuangdong; itiyela elibomvu lesifunda elisuselwe kuhlobo lwasentabeni olunamahlamvu amancane (小叶种山茶, xiǎoyè zhǒng shānchá). Umkhiqizo uhlobene nohlelo lwendawo oluvikelwe ngokomthetho “Baitang Shān Chá” (柏塘山茶), olwathola isikhundla somkhiqizo onesivikelo se-GI (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn) mhla zizi-4 kuZibandlela 2015.
• Indabuko: IChina, isifundazwe saseGuangdong (广东省, Guǎngdōng Shěng), umasipala wedolobha iHuizhou (惠州市, Huìzhōu Shì), isifunda saseBolo (博罗县, Bóluó Xiàn). Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza idolobhana laseBaitang (柏塘镇, Bǎitáng Zhèn), idolobhana elikhulu kunawo wonke lamatiye eHuizhou. Izindawo zesibili amadolobhana asemithambekeni eseningizimu yezintaba iLuofushan (罗浮山, Luófú Shān) nasentshonalanga yeXiangtoushan (象头山, Xiàngtóu Shān).
• Izixhumanisi zokuma: ≈ 23.4° N, 114.1° E (idolobhana laseBaitang).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwezamasiko:

• Umlando: IBolo — ngelinye lamadolobha amane amadala kakhulu aseGuangdong, elasungulwa ngo-214 BCE ngesikhathi sika-Qin Shi Huang. Isiko letiyela kule ndawo lilandelela kusukela enkathini yeJin (晋, 265–420): umhlali wedwa ongumDaoist uDan Daokai (单道开, Shàn Dàokāi), owayezivocavoca entabeni iLuofushan, “wayephuza itiyela eliwuketshezi olulodwa noma amabili ngezikhathi ezithile” — okungenye yezibonakaliso zakudala kakhulu eziphathelene nokuphuzwa kwetiye eLingnan.

  Ngenkathi yeTang (唐, 618–907), uLi Ao (李翱, Lǐ Áo) encwadini yakhe ethi “Jie Huo” (《解惑》) wachaza umhlali wedwa uWang Yeren (王野人), owakhe “indlu yotshani nengadi yetiyela” emithambekeni yeLuofushan — okuwubufakazi bokuba namasimu amakhulu etiye ekhulwini le-9. Ngenkathi yeSong (宋, 960–1279), itiyela laseLuofushan lalibalwa phakathi kwamatiye ahlonishwayo, kanti uSu Dongpo (苏东坡, Sū Dōngpō) ngesikhathi sokudingiselwa kwakhe eHuizhou wahlabelela ngezingadi zetiyela zendawo.

  I “Guangdong Tongzhi” (《广东通志》, “Incazelo Ephelele YaseGuangdong”) yaqopha: “Itiye: okuvela eLuofu — kuhle” (茶，罗浮产者佳). Itiyela laseLuofushan (罗浮山茶) lalingenye “yamatiye amane amakhulu aseLingnan” (岭南四大名茶).

  Njengoba indawo yayithuthuka, ukutshalwa kwetiye kwagxila edolobhaneni laseBaitang — okuyisigodi esizungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu, phakathi kwezintaba iLuofushan neXiangtoushan. Abalimi bathuthela izihlahla zamatiye asendle anamahlamvu amancane emithambekeni ezizindeni zabo, kancane kancane kwakheka uhlobo lwendawo oluhlukile — iBaitang Xiaoye Zhong (柏塘小叶种, Bǎitáng Xiǎoyè Zhǒng). Ngo-2010, iGuangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences yathola eBaitang itiyela elinamahlamvu amancane elinama-purple buds (小叶种紫芽茶, xiǎoyè zhǒng zǐ yá chá), laqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwalo okuyingqayizivele njengengcebo yofuzo — elalike lashiwo nguLu Yu (陆羽) ku “Chajing” (《茶经》): “Itiye: nsomi — liphezulu, oluhlaza — okulandelayo” (茶，紫者上，绿者次).

  Ngokomlando, iBaitang Shān Chá yayiyitiyela eliluhlaza ikakhulukazi. Ukukhiqizwa kwetiye elibomvu kusetshenziswa lezi zinto zokuluhlaza ezinamahlamvu amancane kuyinto entsha uma kuqhathaniswa, ekhule ngenkuthalo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-2010. Ngo-2015, i “Baitang Shān Chá” yathola isikhundla sikazwelonke njengomkhiqizo onesivikelo sendawo ethile, kwathi ngo-2019 — isitifiketi esithi “Umkhiqizo Wezolimo Omusha Kazwelonke Odumile, Okhethekile, Ohamba phambili” (全国名特优新农产品). Ngo-2023, indawo yamasimu etiye eBaitang yayidlule ama-mu angu-30 000 (≈ 2 000 ha), kwathi umkhiqizo wonyaka wafinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisi-6; itiyela elibomvu lathatha indawo ebonakalayo ekuhlukeni kwemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eHong Kong naseMacau.

• Igama: “Bo” (博) no “Lo” (罗) kuyizingxenye zegama lendawo lasendulo, elisuka enkathini ye-Qin. Ngokwenganekwane, intaba entantayo iPenglai (蓬莱, Pénglái) yawela ulwandle yahlangana nentaba iLuofushan — okuvela khona isizinda segama ngokwenganekwane. “Hong Cha” (红茶) — “itiyela elibomvu”. Ngakho-ke, iBolo Hongcha — “itiyela elibomvu elivela [esifundazweni] saseBolo”.

• Ukubaluleka Kwezamasiko: IBolo Hongcha iyingxenye engenakuhlukaniswa yesiko letiyela lamaDaoist laseLuofushan (罗浮道茶, Luófú Dào Chá). Intaba iLuofushan — ingenye “yezindlu eziyishumi ezinkulu zamaDaoist” (十大洞天), kanti isiko letiyela lapha alihlukaniseki nokuzivocavoca kobuDaoist “kokunakekela impilo” (养生, yǎngshēng). IBaitang minyaka yonke iba nemikhosi yesiko letiyela (柏塘山茶文化节) enemicimbi yetiyela, imincintiswano “ye-douchá” (斗茶, dòu chá) nezifundo zobungcweti. Ngo-2023–2024, idolobhana laseBaitang lamukela izivakashi ezingaphezu kuka-60 000 ngonyaka, okuwubufakazi bendima ekhulayo yokuvakasha okuhlobene netiyela. IBaitang ineziqu ezithi “Elinye Lamadolobhana Etiye Ayishumi aseGuangdong” (广东十大茶乡) kanye “Nedolobhana Lesizwe Eliyisibonelo Lomkhiqizo Oyedwa” (全国一村一品示范村镇).

3. Incazelo Yezezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: IBaitang Xiaoye Zhong (柏塘小叶种) — uhlobo lwasentabeni olunamahlamvu amancane lwe Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, olwakheka ngokuhamba kwamakhulu eminyaka ngokuzijwayeza kwetiye lasendle elisuka ezintabeni eziseduze. Isihlahla asisikhulu ngobude, iqabunga lilincane, licijile, liyi-elliptic-lanceolate, ubude baso buyi-3–10 cm, linoboya obubonakalayo emahlumeleni amancane. Imizwa yemithambo icacile. Ukuqhakaza kwenzeka kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuZibandlela. Amanye amapulazi atshala netiyela elinamahlamvu amancane elinama-purple buds (紫芽茶, zǐ yá chá), eliqukethe izinga eliphezulu lama-anthocyanins. EBaitang kusekhona izihlahla zamatiye ezindala ezingaphezu kuka-130, phakathi kwazo ezingaba ngu-30 ezineminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu kanye nesihlahla esisodwa esineminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amabili.

• Ukuvunwa: Izikhathi eziyinhloko zokuvuna: ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo ngemva kwe-Spring Equinox (春分茶, Chūnfēn Chá) — amaqembu angcono kakhulu; ukuvuna ngemva kwe-Qingming (清明茶); ukuvuna kwasehlobo nokwasekwindla. Okunye okuphawulekayo iqembu lasebusika elithi “Xue Pian” (雪片, Xuě Piàn, “amakhekheba eqhwa”) — itiyela elivunwa ngesikhathi se-Minor ne-Major Snow (小雪–大雪), lapho amahlumela embalwa futhi iqabunga libaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi kwezikhathi eziyinhloko kuvunwa “i-Hehua Cha” (禾花茶) — “itiyela lokuqhakaza kwerayisi”, eliqondana nesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwesitshalo serayisi esitshalwa sekwedlule isikhathi.

• Izinga lokuvuna: Amaqabunga amabili nehlumela elilodwa (两叶一芯, liǎng yè yī xīn) — yizinga lela yetiyela laseBaitang. Emabangeni aphezulu abomvu — ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngezandla kuphela: ukuvuna kwasekuseni kucutshungulwa emini, okwasemini kuhlanzwa kusihlwa, okuqinisekisa ukusha kwempahla eluhlaza.

• Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Amahlumela aphelele, angenakonakala anezimpaphe ezincane ezimhlophe ezibonakalayo ehlumeleni. Iqabunga kufanele libe lisha, linwebeke, lingabi nezimpawu zokulimala kwemishini kanye nezilokazane. Amazinga emvelo aseBaitang asho ukusetshenziswa okuncane kakhulu kwamakhemikhali ezolimo — amapulazi amaningi asebenzisa umquba wemvelo kuphela.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala:

• Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: 200–500 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Amasimu etiye asezindaweni eziphakeme (ngokwesibonelo, ingadi yetiyela iFubo esentabeni iSanmaoji, 三帽髻) atholakala ngaphezu kuka-500 m.

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngonyaka lingu-22.7°C, imvula ephakathi ngonyaka icishe ibe ngu-1 900 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingu-342. Isigodi saseBaitang, esizungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu, sakha isimo sezulu esincane esinenkungu njalo, ubusika obupholile nokwehluka okubonakalayo kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku — izimo ezivumela ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezinuka kamnandi.

• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ene-asidi yasentabeni ene-pH engu-5.0–5.5, inqwaba ye-humus ejulile kanye nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo okungu-2–3%. Amadwala angaphansi yi-granite ne-laterite, ahlinzeka ngokudonsa kahle kwamanzi nokugcwalisa ngamaminerali. Ukuba phakathi kweziqiwi ezimbili zikazwelonke — iLuofushan neXiangtoushan (okuwukuphela kwendawo engakathintwa yesiqiwi sikazwelonke e-Chu Jiang Delta) — kuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka komoya namanzi.

• I-Agrotechnics: EBaitang kuningi ukutshalwa kwetiye okuncane okwenziwa yimindeni: cishe yonke imindeni engaphezu kuka-6 000 yabalimi kuleli dolobhana inengadi yetiyela yayo enkulu kusuka ku-1–2 kuya ku-10+ mu. Idolobhana linama-cooperative amaningi etiye angaphezu kuka-60 kanye namabhizinisi, kuhlanganise nelilodwa “eliphambili kwezolimo” esifundazweni (省级农业龙头企业). Ukutshalwa kwenziwa ngomgomo othi “akukho mquba wamakhemikhali, akukho zibulala-zinambuzane” — itiyela laseBaitang libekwa njengeli “lemvelo, eliluhlaza, elinempilo” (天然、绿色、健康). Ukuthena, ukuhlaka, ukufaka umquba wemvelo — yizindlela eziyinhloko zezolimo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

IBolo Hongcha ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa impahla eluhlaza enamahlamvu amancane yaseBaitang efanayo neye-Baitang Shān Chá eluhlaza yasendulo, kodwa ngobuchwepheshe bokubiliswa ngokuphelele. Impahla eluhlaza enamaqabunga amancane ye var. sinensis ikhiqiza itiyela elibomvu elinesimo esihlukile kunaleyo enamaqabunga amakhulu: lithambile kakhulu, linephunga eliqhakazile njengezimbali futhi alinabo ubuhlungu obedlulele.

• Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ukuvuna ngesandla ekuseni kwamahlumela athambile.
• Ukwetha (萎凋, wěidiāo): Ukwetha kwemvelo noma okuhlangene (endlini enomoya) isikhathi esingamahora angu-10–16. Inhloso ukwehlisa umswakama weqabunga ube ngu-60–65% nokuqala izinqubo zokuqala zokuvutshelwa.
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusonga ngomshini ukuze kucekelwe izindonga zamangqamuzana. Iqabunga elincane lisongeka kalula futhi ngokushesha kunempahla enamaqabunga amakhulu, okudinga ukulawula ingcindezi ngokuqikelela.
• Ukuvutshelwa/ukuxutshwa komoya-mpilo (发酵, fājiào): Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-24–28°C nomswakama ophezulu, isikhathi esingamahora angu-3–4. Impahla enamaqabunga amancane esilinganiso sayo esiphezulu sama-amino acid kuya kuma-polyphenols yakha iphunga elimnandi, elinezimbali.
• Ukomiswa (烘干, hōnggān / 干燥, gānzào): Ukuqiniswa kwephunga lephunga ezingeni lokushisa elingu-100–110°C. Abanye abakhiqizi basebenzisa ukuqedela okulula ezingeni lokushisa elingu-80–85°C ukuze kuthuthukiswe amanothi e-caramel.
• Ukuhlunga (分级, fēnjí): Ukwehlukaniswa ngokwengxenye nekhwalithi, ukuhlukanisa amabanga aphezulu, amaqabunga nezinhlanganisela.

Amanye amapulazi (ngokwesibonelo, uGuanghua Shipin, 光华食品) akhiqiza namatiye abomvu anephunga elimnandi asuselwe empahleni yaseBaitang: itiyela likalamula (柠檬山茶), i-chenpi (陈皮茶), i-lychee (荔枝茶).

6. Izici Zokuzwa:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okuqinile, okuqinile, okuncane; iqabunga lilincane, lilingene, linobuhle obuphawulekayo bamahlamvu amancane. Umbala umnyama onsundu ngokunsundu kuya komnyama, namachopho agqamile agolide emabangeni aphezulu.

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Limnandi, lingokwemvelo, linamanothi ezimbali zasendle ezomile, ithinteka kancane yizingcwecwana zezinyosi, nokunambitheka okuncane okushisayo. Iphunga alikho “likhulu” futhi “lisindayo” njengelamatiye abomvu aseGuangdong anamaqabunga amakhulu — kunalokho linjengokuthi “licijile futhi lide” (细长, xì cháng), njengoba kuchazwa ngetiyela laseBaitang.

• Iphunga lokugxilisa: Lifudumele, lizungezile, linamanothi agqamile ezinyosi, esinkwa esimnandi kanye ne-caramel encane. Ekuchithweni okuphakathi kuvela amanothi ezithelo ze-longan ne-lychee eyomile — umkhondo we-terroir yaseGuangdong. Kumaqembu enziwe ngempahla enamahlumela ansomi — kuba khona inothi lezithelo ezengeziwe.

• Ukunambitheka: Kugxilile futhi kuminyene (浓厚, nónghòu) etiyeleni elinamahlamvu amancane, kunoshukela ogqamile, ubuhlungu obuthambile kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside “okubuyisa ubumnandi” ngemva kokugwinya (回甘, huígān). Ukulinganisela okuvumelanayo “kwe-gan-hua-xiang” (甘、滑、香) — okumnandi, okushelelayo, okunephunga elimnandi — indlela yakudala yetiyela laseBaitang, esebenza nasekuhlobeni okubomvu.

• Umbala wokugxilisa: Ubomvu-amber, ogqamile, osobala. Ukhanya kancane futhi “uthambile” kunamatiye abomvu anamaqabunga amakhulu — usondele kubomvu bezinyosi obunokukhanya okusagolide.

• Ingaphansi letiyela (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Amaqabunga amancane, alinganayo, anombala ofanayo; umbala uba yithusi-umbala obomvu kuya onsundu ngokunsundu. Iqabunga liyagobeka, ligcina isakhiwo esiphawulekayo samahlamvu amancane.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenols: Impahla enamaqabunga amancane ye var. sinensis iqukethe inani elilinganiselwe lama-polyphenols (18–25% eqabungeni elisha), okuthi ngemva kokuvutshelwa kunikeze isilinganiso esivumelanayo sama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin ngaphandle kobuhlungu obedlulele.
• Ama-Amino Acid: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu ngokuqhathaniswa kwama-amino acid (3–4% wesisindo esomile), kuhlanganisa ne-L-theanine, okuchaza ubumnandi bemvelo obugqamile nokuthamba kokunambitheka.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-Caffeine — 2.5–3.5% wesisindo esomile (okujwayelekile ezinhlotsheni ezinamahlamvu amancane); i-theobromine, i-theophylline ngamanani amancane.
• Ama-Anthocyanin: Emaqenjini anamahlumela ansomi (紫芽) — okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-anthocyanin, anomsebenzi wokulwa nokugqwala.
• Amavithamini: B₁, B₂, P (rutin), amanani amancane kavithamini C.
• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-iron — okuwukubonakala kwenhlabathi yasentabeni enothe ngezinto eziphilayo esifundeni saseLuofushan.
• Amafutha Abalulekile: Inhlanganisela yezidakamizwa ze-terpene (linalool, geraniol), eziphawulekayo ematiyeni asezintabeni anamahlamvu amancane; imikhiqizo yokusabela kwe-Maillard — maltol, furfural.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Ikhuphula amandla ngobumnene futhi isekela ukugxila ngenxa yokuqukethwe yi-caffeine okulingene uma kuhlanganiswa ne-L-theanine — umphumela “wokuphaphama okuzolile”.
• Inomsebenzi wokulwa nokugqwala obangelwa ama-theaflavin, ama-thearubigin kanye (emaqenjini anamahlumela ansomi) ama-anthocyanin.
• Isiza ukugaya — ngokwesiko, itiyela laseGuangdong liphuzwa ngesikhathi nangemuva kokudla ukwenza kube lula ukugaywa kokudla okunamafutha (okubaluleke kakhulu esimeni sokudla kwaseCanton).
• Isekela ithoni yemithambo yegazi ngokuphuzwa njalo ngokulinganisela ngenxa yama-flavonoid nama-polyphenols.
• Inomphumela omncane wokufudumeza, isusa umuzwa wokukhathala.
• “Itiyela lamaDaoist laseLuofushan” (罗浮道茶) ngokwesiko lihlotshaniswa nokuzivocavoca “kwe-yangsheng” (养生, “ukunakekela impilo”) — ukugcina ukulinganisela komzimba jikelele.
• Ama-Anthocyanin empahleni enamahlumela ansomi anezinto zokunciphisa ukuvuvukala futhi asiza empilweni yamehlo.

9. Ukwenza Itiyela:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95°C.
• Inani letiyela: 4–5 g ku-100–120 ml (impahla enamaqabunga amancane ikhipha ngokushesha kunaleyo enamaqabunga amakhulu, ngakho umthamo uphansi kancane).
• Izitsha: I-Gaiwan (盖碗) — inketho ejwayelekile; igedlela le-porcelain; igedlela lobumba laseChaozhou (潮州砂壶) — ifanele esimweni saseGuangdong. Igedlela lengilazi ligqamisa umbala omuhle wokugxilisa.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo.
  2. Thela itiyela; hlola iphunga leqabunga elomile elifudunyeziwe.
  3. Ukugeza, ngokuvamile, akudingeki — itiyela elinamaqabunga amancane lidlulisela ukunambitheka ngokushesha.
  4. Ukuchitheka kokuqala: imizuzwana engu-5–8 (iqabunga elincane livuleka ngokushesha).
  5. Ukuchitheka kwesibili kuya kwesine: imizuzwana engu-8–12.
  6. Kusukela ekuchithekeni kwesihlanu, khulisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10.
  7. Ngokuvamile kuchithwa izikhathi ezingu-6–8; amabanga aphezulu — aze afike kwezingu-10.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha esivaleka kahle, ukuvikela ekukhanyeni, umswakama, nephunga.
• Izinga lokushisa elifanele lingu-15–25°C, indawo eyomile emnyama. Ifriji ayidingeki.
• Amatiye abomvu enziwe ngempahla enamaqabunga amancane yaseBaitang aphuzwa kangcono kakhulu ezinyangeni eziyi-12–18 zokukhiqizwa. Amaqembu ekhwalithi angavuthwa aze afike eminyakeni emi-2, ethola ukuthamba nokujula kwamanothi ezinyosi.

11. Intengo Nokugwema Imikhiqizo Yomgunyathi:

• Intengo: I-Bolo Hongcha ejwayelekile ethengiswayo — kusuka ku-200 kuya ku-500 yuan nge-500 g (jin). Amabanga aphezulu namaqembu enziwe ngempahla enamahlumela ansomi — kusuka ku-1 000 yuan nangaphezulu nge-jin. I-Baitang Shān Chá (eluhlaza) — inkomba yemakethe: intengo ephakathi ngu-200–300 yuan nge-jin emaqenjini ajwayelekile, 500+ yuan emabangeni aphezulu.

• Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:

  1. Thenga ngama-cooperative namabhizinisi aseBaitang (ngokwesibonelo, “Fubo” (福波), “Sangesong” (三棵松), “Baitang Chun” (柏塘春), “Longtou Yihao” (龙头一号)) anomkhondo weqembu.
  2. Hlola iqabunga: itiyela langempela laseBaitang linamahlamvu amancane, licijile, lihle; uma unikezwa “iBolo Hongcha” enziwe ngeqabunga elikhulu noma elimahhadla — cishe akuyona impahla ye-Baitang yangempela.
  3. Hlola iphunga: lihlanzekile, lingokwemvelo, ngaphandle kwamanothi “ashisiwe” noma abolile. “Ubude obucashile” obuphawulekayo (细长) bephunga kuyisici esihlukile.
  4. Hlola ukugxilisa: kusobala, kuthambile-amber, ngaphandle kokudideka.
  5. Qaphela amanani aphansi kakhulu: itiyela langempela elinamahlamvu amancane elivunwa ngesandla laseBaitang ngeke libe nentengo ephansi ngenxa yobunzima bokuvuna kanye nemiqulu enomkhawulo.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Ngokwenganekwane, izihlahla zokuqala zamatiye eLuofushan zakhula etiyeleni elachithwa ngu-daoist uGe Hong (葛洪, Gě Hóng, 284–364) ngesikhathi somdlalo we-chess: waphonsa ngokunganaki izinsalela ngemuva, kwathi emaweni asezintabeni ngokushesha kwahluma izihlahla zetiye. UGe Hong ungomunye wama-alchemist amakhulu nama-naturalist amaDaoist, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Baopuzi” (《抱朴子》).

• Ngo-2010, ochwepheshe beGuangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences bathola eBaitang itiyela elinamahlumela ansomi (紫芽茶), baqinisekisa ukuthi liyingxenye yalelo tiye “elinsomi” uLu Yu alidumisa ku “Chajing” eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-1 200 edlule. Itiyela elinamahlamvu amakhulu elinamahlumela ansomi litholakala eYunnan, kodwa elinamahlamvu amancane — alivamile kakhulu.

• Idolobhana laseBaitang labizwa ngokuthi “iLao Hu Xu” (老虎圩, “Imakethe Yehlosi”): abantu bendawo baphuza itiyela eliningi kangangokuba bahlala belambile futhi badla inyama “njengamahlosi” — yonke inyama esemakethe iyathengwa ekuseni.

• IBolo Hongcha ingelinye lamatiye abomvu okuqala aseGuangdong athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseHong Kong njengempahla yeziphuzo zetiye ezinoshukela: kusetshenziswa leli tiye kwakhiwa amatiye kalamula kanye ne-lychee.

• I-Baitang iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke ngokwamasimu etiye aqhubekayo e-Greater Bay Area yase-Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau (粤港澳大湾区): amasimu etiye angaphezu kuka-30 000 mu, futhi cishe wonke amadolobhana angaphansi kuka-36 agxile ekutshalweni kwetiye.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Abomvu:

• I-Yingde Hong Cha (英德红茶, Yīngdé Hóngchá): Itiyela elibomvu eliyinhloko laseGuangdong — elivela ku-cultivar enamaqabunga amakhulu “Yinghong No. 9” (英红九号). I-Yingde Hong Cha — inamandla kakhulu “ngomzimba”, inamanothi kashokoledi, erozi eyomile ne-nutmeg. I-Bolo Hong Cha — ithambile: inamanothi ezimbali nezinyosi, ubuhle bamahlamvu amancane nobumsulwa bamaminerali be-terroir yasezintabeni.

• I-Dian Hong (滇红, Diān Hóng): Itiyela elibomvu laseYunnan elivela ku var. assamica. I-Dian Hong — “inamandla kakhulu”: inopelepele, izinyosi, inamandla. I-Bolo Hong Cha — isitayela esihluke ngokuphelele: ubuhle bamahlamvu amancane, ubumnandi obuphakeme, ubuhlungu obuncane, “umzimba” olula.

• I-Qimen Hong Cha (祁门红茶, Qímén Hóngchá): Itiyela elibomvu lase-Anhui elinamahlamvu amancane elinephunga eliphawulekayo “laseQimen” (祁门香) — amanothi erozi, ezithelo, aphunga kancane intuthu. Ngokwesitayela, leli yithuba eliseduze kakhulu ne-Bolo Hong Cha ngokohlobo lwempahla, kodwa isimo se-terroir sihlukile: i-Qimen — “isenyakatho” kakhudlwana, inokumuncu okuncane; i-Bolo — “isenkabeni” kakhudlwana, inezinyosi ezishisayo futhi izungezile.

• I-Chaozhou Gongfu Hong Cha (潮州工夫红茶): Elinye itiyela elibomvu laseGuangdong, kodwa elivela kwimpahla yaseChaozhou (ngokuvamile kuzinhlobo ze-dancong). Lihluke ngesimo sezimbali ne-orchid. I-Bolo Hong Cha — “iyindawo yomhlaba” kakhudlwana, inezinyosi zasezintabeni, igxile “ku-gan-hua-xiang”.

Ekuphetheni:

IBolo Hong Cha iyitiyela elibomvu elikhangayo, elithambile, elazalwa lapho kuhlangana khona izintaba ezimbili ezinkulu zaseLingnan, esigodini esinomlando wetiyela wezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Impahla enamaqabunga amancane yasentabeni — yiyona nto yaseBaitang “yetshe lasentabeni”, osekungamakhulu eminyaka isetshenziswa njengetiyela eliluhlaza, — ngendlela ebomvu ivela ngendlela engalindelekile: imnandi, izungezile, inezimbali nezinyosi, ibushelelezi obuphawulekayo nokunambitheka “okude” ngemva kokugwinya. Leli tiye lizothandwa abathandi bamatiye abomvu amancane, acwengile: labo abangawuthandi amandla nobuhlungu, kodwa ukulinganisela, ubumsulwa nalowo muzwa ongaqondakali wokusha kwezintaba, amaDaoist aseLuofushan abewubiza ngenkathi ethile ngokuthi “umoya wokuphefumula wabangafi”.