Bìluóchūn

I-Bìluóchūn (碧螺春, bìluóchūn) ingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza amakhulu aseShayina, aqukethwe ohlwini olungokomthetho ‘Lwamatiye Ayishumi Adumile aseShayina’ (中国十大名茶). Idunyiswa ‘ngokuphelela okune’ (四绝) kwayo: isimo sobuhle — imizulane egoqeke ngokuqinile efana namagobolondo eminenke; umbala wobuhle — oluhlaza-siliva nohlaza okhanyayo; iphunga elicebile — amanothi aqinile ezimbali nezithelo; ukunambitheka okumsulwa — kusha, kunoshukela futhi kumnandi. Ngenxa yobumnene bayo nobucwebile, le tiye yathola igama lesibongo elithi “inhliziyo yetiye” (茶中仙子, chá zhōng xiānzǐ).

1. Isigaba Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavutshelwanga). Lingaphansi kwetiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá) elinesimo esigoqeke ngendlela yomoya.

• Isigaba: Iyingxenye yohlu ‘Lwamatiye Ayishumi Adumile aseShayina’ (中国十大名茶, Zhōngguó shí dà míngchá). Umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo (地理标志产品). Ngo-2011, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ngesandla i-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn bangeniswa kwiRejista yamaGugu angabonakali eSizweni e-PRC ezingeni likazwelonke, kwathi ngo-2022 bangeniswa ohlwini lwamaGugu angabonakali eSintu yi-UNESCO ngaphansi kwesiqephu “Amasu endabuko aseShayina okukhiqiza itiye namasiko ahambisana nawo”. Ukukhiqizwa kulawulwa yizinga likazwelonke i-GB/T 18957-2008.

• Indawo: IShayina, isifundazwe saseJiangsu (江苏, Jiāngsū), idolobha laseSūzhōu (苏州, Sūzhōu), isifunda saseWúzhōng (吴中, Wúzhōng). Itiye likhiqizwa eziqhingini zaseDòngtíng Shān (洞庭山, Dòngtíng Shān) phakathi kwechibi iTàihú (太湖, Tàihú) — ngokunembile, ezintabeni ezisempumalanga (洞庭东山, Dòngtíng Dōngshān) nasentshonalanga (洞庭西山, Dòngtíng Xīshān). Isizinda sokukhiqiza sigxile emalokishini ase-Dōngshān (东山镇, Dōngshān Zhèn) naseJīntíng (金庭镇, Jīntíng Zhèn, ngaphambilini iNtaba yaseNtshonalanga). Itiye elivela kule ndawo kuphela elinelungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi “i-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn” (洞庭碧螺春).

• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe i-31°05′ enyakatho, i-120°22′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Amasiko okutshala itiye eDòngtíng Shān aqala enkathini yamaSuí namaTáng (Ikhulu le-6 kuya kwele-10), lapho itiye lendawo lalizwakala ngamagama anjenge “Dòngtíngchá” (洞庭茶) kanye ne “Xiàshārénxiāng” (吓煞人香, xiàshārénxiāng — ngokwezwi nezwi “iphunga elimangalisayo”). Leli gama lokugcina liwubufakazi obugqamile bomphakathi bokuthi iphunga elingajwayelekile lalabashaya kanjani abantu bakuleso sikhathi.

  Inguquko emlandweni wetiye ixhumene negama loMbusi uKāngxī (康熙, Kāngxī) wohlanga lwaseQīng. Ngomnyaka wamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili wokubusa kwakhe (1699), uKāngxī wahambela iChibi iTàihú. Umbusi waseSūzhōu, uSòng Luò (宋荦, Sòng Luò), wethula itiye lendawo kumbusi. UKāngxī wahlatshwa umxhwele yizimfanelo zalo, kodwa igama lomphakathi elithi “Xiàshārénxiāng” walibona lingafanele, walinika igama elisha: “Bìluóchūn” (碧螺春) — elahlanganisa imifanekiso emithathu: “umbala oluhlaza okotshani” (碧), “isimo esiyizindilinga esifana nomnenke” (螺) kanye “nentwasahlobo — isikhathi sokuvuna” (春). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-Bìluóchūn yaba ngomunye ‘wamatiye wokwethulwa’ (贡茶, gòngchá) asenkantolo yasebukhosini.

  Esikhathini samanje, itiye laqhubeka nokuthola udumo: ngo-1915, i-Bìluóchūn yathola indondo yegolide embukisweni wePanama-Pacific; ngo-1959 yafakwa ohlwini olusemthethweni ‘Lwamatiye Ayishumi Adumile aseShayina’. Ngo-2022, ubuchwepheshe bayo bangeniswa ohlwini lwamaGugu angabonakali eSintu yi-UNESCO.

• Igama:

  • “Bì” (碧) — “okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka”, “okuluhlaza okotshani”: likhomba umbala wokusetshenziswa kwetiye nekhasi elomile.
  • “Luó” (螺) — “umnyama”, “ukuzungeleza”: lichaza isimo sekhasi eligoqeke ngendlela efana negobolondo elincane.
  • “Chūn” (春) — “intwasahlobo”: ligcizelela ukuthi itiye livunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuphela.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Bìluóchūn iyikhadi lokuvakasha laseSūzhōu nalonke isifunda saseJiāngnán (江南), ifanekisela isiko elicwengekile ‘lezivande zaseningizimu’. Itiye lihlotshaniswa kakhulu nomfanekiso weTàihú — elinye lamachibi amakhulu aseShayina — nezindawo zalo eziyiziqhingi, lapho izivande zetiye sezikhulile khona amakhulu eminyaka zihlangene nezihlahla zezithelo. I-Bìluóchūn yethulwa njengesipho sikahulumeni njalo, kanti ukuvulwa kwetiye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo eDòngtíng Shān kungumcimbi obalulekile wesifunda.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nemikhiqizo Ehlaza:

• Uhlobo / Isithombo: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn yoqobo kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwendawo lomdabu — i-Dòngtíngshān Qúntǐzhǒng (洞庭山群体种, Dòngtíngshān Qúntǐzhǒng) — Camellia sinensis var. sinensis yokuzalanisa ngembewu (ngokobulili). Lolu hlobo lunamacembe amancane luphawuleka ‘ngokukwazi ukugcina ubumnene isikhathi eside’ (持嫩性, chí nèn xìng): amahlumela ahlala ethambile isikhathi eside. Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali ibonakala ngesilinganiso esihambisanayo sama-polyphenol nama-amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ): okuqukethwe yi-amino acid yetiye kungaphezu kuka-2.5%, okuqinisekisa ubusha noshukela ogqamile. I-Qúntǐzhǒng ngokuyihlo ebanga iphunga elidumile lezimbali nezithelo le-Bìluóchūn.

• Ukuvunwa: Ukuvuna kuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yitiye ‘elivunwa ngaphambi kwe-Qīngmíng’ (明前茶, Míngqián chá) — elivunwa kusukela ekulinganisweni kwemini nobusuku entwasahlobo (Chūnfēn, 春分, ~20 Mashi) kuze kube umkhosi we-Qīngmíng (清明, Qīngmíng, ~5 Ephreli). Lolu hlobo luqukethe imiqumbululu egcwele noma amahlumela athambile “iqumbululo elilodwa — ikhasi elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka” futhi luphawuleka ngobumnene obukhulu nokukhanya kwephunga. Itiye elivunwa kusukela ku-Qīngmíng kuze kube u-Gǔyǔ (谷雨, Gǔyǔ, ~20 Ephreli) — ‘itiye langaphambi kwemvula’ (雨前茶, Yǔqián chá) — linikeza ukunambitheka okuqinile nokucebile ngentengo ethengeke kakhulu. Itiye elivunwa ngemva kwe-Gǔyǔ alisabhekwa njenge-Bìluóchūn yasendulo, kodwa lingaphansi kwesigaba setiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe elijwayelekile (炒青).

• Izinga lokuvunwa: Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme kakhulu — iqumbululo elilodwa elinekhasi elisanda kuvuleka kancane (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chū zhǎn). Okwelokuqala izinga — iqumbululo elilodwa nekhasi elilodwa. Okwesibili — iqumbululo elilodwa namacembe amabili asesigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka. Ukukhiqiza amagremu angu-500 etiye elomile elisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) kudinga iziqumbululo ezingama-60 000–70 000 — lokhu kungenye yamatiye asebenza kanzima kakhulu emhlabeni.

• Izidingo zemikhiqizo ehlaza: Ziphakeme kakhulu ngokukhethekile. Amahlumela kufanele abe osayizi abalinganayo, aphelele, ngaphandle kokulimala ngomshini. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla ekuseni kakhulu. Izinto ezisanda kuvunwa zihlungwa ngokushesha ngesandla (拣剔, jiǎn tī): kususwa amacembe anezinkinga, izingcezu eziqinile, iziqu, ‘amaqabunga enhlanzi’ (鱼叶). Ukucutshungulwa kufanele kuqale ngalo lolo suku.

4. Indawo Nezimpawu Zokutshalwa:

• Isimo sezulu: Isifunda sase-Dòngtíng Shān sisesimweni sezulu esishisayo esinomoya we-monsoon onethonya elikhulu lechibi iTàihú. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile ngu-15.5–16.5°C, imvula yonyaka ingama-1200–1500 mm. Ichibi lidala isimo sezulu esincane esiyingqayizivele: amafu nenkungu kumboza izivande zetiye kuze kufike ku-80% wesikhathi, kunikeza ukukhanya okuthambile okuhlakazekile (散射光), okubhekwa njengokuhle kakhulu ezitshalweni zetiye. Umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku entwasahlobo mkhulu, okusiza ukunqwabelana kwama-amino acid nezinto ezinephunga emahlumelini amancane.

• Ukuphakama okutshalwa khona: Amamitha angu-200–350 ngaphezu kolwandle. Izivande ezinkulu ezisezingeni eliphezulu zitholakala emithambekeni yase-Dòngtíng Shān — okuyisizinda sokukhiqiza, esikhiqiza ngaphezu kuka-70% wetiye lezinga eliphezulu.

• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi ene-asidi encane (黄壤, huáng rǎng) ene-pH engu-4.5–6.0, ethambile futhi evundile, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukungena kahle kwamanzi nokungenela komoya kunenzuzo ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpande zesihlahla setiye.

• Isici esiyingqayizivele — uhlelo lokutshala okuhlanganisiwe (间作, jiānzuò): Izihlahla zetiye e-Dòngtíng Shān ngokomlando zitshalwe zihlanganiswe nezihlahla zezithelo — ikhwapheni (枇杷, pípá), i-waxberry ebomvu / iyángméi (杨梅, yángméi), amantongomane namawolintshi (柑橘, gānjú). Lokhu akusona nje isu lokuhlobisa: izihlahla zetiye zimunca izinto ezinephunga ezivela ezimbali nasezithelweni eziwayo, kanti izihlahla zezithelo zenza umthunzi wemvelo. Umphumela yiphunga elidumile “lezimbali nezithelo” (花果香, huāguǒ xiāng), elingenakukhiqizwa ngokwengeza amakha. Kungalesi sizathu i-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn yoqobo ingenakukhiqizwa kwenye indawo noma kusetshenziswa uhlobo olufanayo nobuchwepheshe obufanayo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Bìluóchūn kuyinqubo eyenziwa ngesandla ngokuphelele, eyenziwa ngomgomo othi “isandla asiyeki itiye, itiye aliyeki iketela” (手不离茶，茶不离锅). Wonke umjikelezo kusukela ekungenisweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuze kube kutholwa itiye eliphelele uthatha cishe imizuzu engama-40 ekulayisheni okukodwa (okungukuthi ukugxilisa okukodwa kwe-wok).

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎi zhāi): Ukuvunwa ngesandla kwenziwa ekuseni kakhulu. Kuvunwa imiqumbululu emnene kakhulu enamacembe amabili noma amathathu. Ngokuhambisana, ukuhlunga kokuqala kwenziwa embizeni.

• Ukuhlunga (拣剔 — jiǎn tī): Ukususa ngokucophelela ngesandla amacembe alimele, aqinile nangahambisani nezindinganiso, iziqu ‘namaqabunga enhlanzi’. Izinga lalesi sigaba linquma ngokuqondile ukufana komkhiqizo wokugcina.

• Ukuhlukanisa / ukubheda ukoma (摊放 — tān fàng): Izinto ezihlungiwe zendlalwa ngendlela ewulekile endaweni epholile, enomoya omuhle amahora ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama owedlulele uyahamba, nezinto ezandulela amakha ziqala ukwakheka.

• “Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” / Ukulungiswa (杀青 — shāqīng): Amaqabunga afakwa eketeleni lensimbi elishisayo (铁锅) ezingeni lokushisa elingu-180–200°C. Ingcweti ngezandla ezisheshayo iphakamisa futhi ixube izinto ezingavuthiwe, imise ukusebenza kwama-enzyme e-oxidation futhi iqinise iphunga elihlanzekile eliluhlaza. Lesi sigaba sithatha imizuzu embalwa futhi sidinga ukunemba okuphelele — ukushisa ngokweqile okuncane kungaletha ukunambitheka kokusha, ukungashisi kahle — ukunambitheka kotshani.

• Ukugoqeka (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Lapho izinga lokushisa leketela lehla laya ku-70–80°C, ingcweti iqala ukugoqeka: amaqabunga ayaqoqwa, acindezelwe futhi agoqeke, aqale ukwakha isimo esiyizindilinga. Uketshezi lwezingqamuzana luphumela ngaphandle, okuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okusheshayo lapho kwenziwa itiye.

• Ukugingqika ngezindilinga nokuveza uboya (搓团显毫 — cuō tuán xiǎn háo): Lesi sigaba esibalulekile nesikhulu ubuciko, esinika i-Bìluóchūn isimo sayo esidumile. Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-60–65°C, ingcweti iqoqa amaqabunga ibe amabhola amancane bese iwagingqika ngezandla ngobunono, yakhe izindilinga eziqinile. Ngasikhathi sinye kwenzeka “ukuvezwa koboya” — izinwele ezincane zesiliva (白毫, báiháo) ziyahlukana ebusweni bekhasi bese zimboze izindilinga ezigoqeke, zinike itiye ukubukeka kwalo okuyisiliva noluhlaza. Yile ndlela okuwuphawu lobuciko: lapho uboya bujulile futhi isiphetho siqine kakhulu, izinga liphezulu.

• Ukomisa ngomlilo ophansi (文火干燥 — wénhuǒ gānzào): Ukomisa kokugcina ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi elingu-50–60°C. Itiye lifinyelela esimweni esizinzile, iphunga lokugcina liyakheka. Umswakama emkhiqizweni ophelele awukho ngaphezu kuka-7%.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa:

• Ukubukeka kwekhasi elomile: Imizulane emincane, egoqeke ngokuqinile (条索纤细蜷曲), efana namagobolondo amancane eminenke (螺形). Umbala uluhlaza-siliva nohlaza okhanyayo ocashile (银绿隐翠, yínlǜ yǐncuì). Ubuso bumbozwe kakhulu uboya obumhlophe obuthambile (白毫密布). Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme kakhulu, kufana: isiphetho ngasinye sinosayizi ofanayo, ngaphandle kwemvuthuluka nezingcezu eziqinile.

• Iphunga lekhasi elomile: Linamandla, liyinkimbinkimbi, linamanothi agqamile ezimbali nezithelo (花果香馥郁, huāguǒ xiāng fùyù) — ikhwapheni, i-waxberry, izimbali zomndeni we-citrus. Phezu kwesendlalelo sezithelo — ubusha obuhlanzekile obuluhlaza kwamahlumela amancane (嫩香). Iphunga likhanya kakhulu kangangokuba lona kanye lanikeza itiye igama laso elidumile lomlando elithi “Xiàshārénxiāng” — “iphunga elimangalisayo”.

• Iphunga lokusetshenziswa: Liphakeme, linobuhle, futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (清香高雅持久). Amanothi ezimbali nezithelo ayabusa, engezwe ubusha obuhlaza obumnandi. Lapho inkomishi iphola (冷杯, lěng bēi), kuvela amanothi ojuxu ne-vanilla, ahlala enkomishini imizuzu embalwa.

• Ukunambitheka: Kusha futhi kunamanzi (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — umbono wokuqala: ubuqabavu, ubusha “obuphilayo” obubangelwa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid (≥3.5%). Ubumnandi obubuyela emuva ngokushesha (回甘迅速, huígān xùnsù) — ngemva kokuphuza kokuqala, umlomo ugcwala ubumnandi obuthambile bezithelo. Umzimba — ophakathi ngokuqina, uthambile futhi uyindilinga (醇厚, chúnhòu). Okuqukethwe yi-polyphenol (20–24%) kunikeza ukujiya okulula kwesakhiwo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuqina. Ukunambitheka kwangemva — okuhlala isikhathi eside, okuqabulayo, nomkhondo wezithelo.

• Umbala wokusetshenziswa: Oluhlaza okhanyayo, ohlanzekile futhi okhanyayo (嫩绿清澈). Lapho kwenziwa itiye engilazini, kuvela umphumela “wamagagasi eqhwa anamaparele” (雪浪喷珠) — izinwele ezimhlophe ezahlukanayo nekhasi, zintanta ekusetshenzisweni, zenza isithombe esihle.

• Inhlabathi yetiye (ikhasi elenziwe itiye): Amaqabunga athambile, aguquguqukayo, afanayo ombala oluhlaza okhanyayo, avuleke ukusuka ezindilingeni. Agcina isimo esithi “iqumbululo elilodwa — ikhasi elilodwa”. Ikhasi liphelele, ngaphandle kokulimala, linombala olinganayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali ye-Bìluóchūn inqunywa ukuvunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isithombo esinamacembe amancane, nendawo eyingqayizivele yase-Dòngtíng Shān. Ngezansi kunezinkomba ezijwayelekile zetiye elivunwa entwasahlobo:

• Ama-polyphenol (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe — u-20–24% wesisindo esomile. Ingxenye eyinhloko yi-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), enikeza amandla amakhulu okulwa nokugqoka. Ngokocwaningo lokuqhathanisa, ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant kwama-polyphenol e-Bìluóchūn kuphakeme cishe ngo-30% kunakwetiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile, okuhlobene nesilinganiso esiphezulu se-EGCG kuphrofayili ye-catechin.

• Ama-amino acid: Okuqukethwe — kungaphansi kwe-3.5% yesisindo esomile. I-L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānjīsuān) ibusa, ibangele ubusha, inothi ‘ye-umami’ nomphumela othambile wokuphumula. Izinga eliphezulu lama-amino acid kanye nezinga elilinganiselwe lama-polyphenol kwakha ukunambitheka okuhambisanayo, okuthambile nokunoshukela ngaphandle kokuqina okugqamile.

• Ama-alkaloid: Okuqukethwe yi-caffeine kusesilinganisweni esiphakathi (cishe u-3.0–4.0% wesisindo esomile). Umphumela we-caffeine wehliswa yi-L-theanine, unikeze umphumela olinganiselayo, othambile wokuvuselela. Kukhona futhi i-theobromine ne-theophylline.

• Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C — okuqukethwe kuphezulu, njengoba ukuvunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nokugazingwa ngesandla ngobunono kugcina leli vithamini elingazinzile. Amavithamini eqembu B (B₁, B₂), i-Vitamin E, ama-carotenoid (i-provitamin A).

• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-zinc, insimbi, i-manganese, i-fluoride. Iphrofayili yamaminerali inqunywa inhlabathi ephuzi ene-asidi encane yase-Dòngtíng Shān.

• Amafutha abalulekile nezinto ezinephunga: Uhlelo oluguquguqukayo lwamakha lwe-Bìluóchūn lucebe kakhulu: i-linalool, i-geraniol, i-nerol, i-cis-jasmone namanye ama-terpenoid akha iphunga eliyisakhiwo esinezimbali nezithelo. Ubungqayizivele bephunga buhlobene nohlelo lokutshala okuhlanganisiwe — ukukhula kanye nezihlahla zezithelo.

• Ushukela oncibilikayo emanzini nama-pectin: Anikeza ukusetshenziswa “umzimba” othambile nomuzwa wobumnandi.

8. Izakhiwo Ezinomusa:

• Umsebenzi we-antioxidant: Ama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) anciphisa ngempumelelo ama-radical akhululekile, anciphise ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidation nezinqubo zokuguga kwamangqamuzana.

• Umphumela wokuvuselela nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwengqondo: I-caffeine ihlanganiswe ne-L-theanine inikeze amandla aphansi, alinganiselayo ngaphandle kokukhuphuka okukhulu nokuwa okulandelayo. I-L-theanine yengeza ekugxiliseni ingqondo nasekuthuleni okunokugxilisa.

• Umphumela wokupholisa nokuqabulayo: I-Bìluóchūn ngokwesiko ibhekwa njengamatiye “apholile” (性凉, xìng liáng), anconywa ngesikhathi esishisayo ukuze kuthuliswe ukoma futhi kususwe ukushisa kwangaphakathi.

• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya: Ama-polyphenol etiye akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okugaya, asize ekuhlukaniseni amafutha futhi asuse ukuzizwa usinda ngemva kokudla.

• Ukuqinisa inhlelo yenhiziyo nemithambo: Ama-polyphenol ne-Vitamin C asiza ukwehlisa amazinga e-LDL-cholesterol futhi aqinise izindonga zemithambo.

• Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane: Ama-catechin avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ayizimbangela emlonyeni, aqabulule ukuphefumula.

• Ukusekela imetabolism: I-caffeine nama-catechin ashukumisa izinqubo ze-metabolic, asize ekuhlukaniseni amafutha.

• Kubalulekile: lezi zakhiwo ezibaluliwe zisekelwe emininingweni etholakala emithonjeni evamile mayelana nokwakheka kwetiye eliluhlaza futhi akuzona izeluleko zezokwelapha.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85°C (amanzi abilayo apholile isikhathi esicishe sibe yimizuzu emi-2). Ungalokothi usebenzise amanzi abilayo — ukushisa ngokweqile kulimaza imiqumbululu emnene kakhulu, kubangele ukuqina nokulahleka kwephunga.

• Inani letiye: Amagremu angu-3 ngamanzi angu-150–200 ml.

• Isitsha: Ingilazi (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) — iyindlela engcono kakhulu, ivumela ukubuka umphumela odumile “wamagagasi eqhwa anamaparele” nokuvuleka kwezindilinga emanzini. Kuvunyelwe i-gài wǎn yeporcelain emhlophe (白瓷盖碗) ukuze kulawuleke kahle iphunga. Akunconywa ukusebenzisa iketela le-Yíxīng (紫砂壶) — isivalo esiqinile nezindonga ezinemigodi “kuyacisha” iphunga elintekenteke.

• Inqubo (indlela yokudluliswa okuphezulu / 上投法, shàng tóu fǎ):

  1. Fudumeza ingilazi ngamanzi ashisayo, uwachithe.
  2. Thela amanzi (80–85°C) aze afinyelele ku-7/10 womthamo wengilazi.
  3. Thela amagremu angu-3 etiye — izindilinga zizoqala ukuwela kancane, zivuleke futhi “zidine” emanzini.
  4. Linda aze amaqabunga azinze (cishe imizuzwana engu-30–40).
  5. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala sekulungile — phuza, ujabulele ubusha namanothi okuqala ezithelo.
  6. Okwesibili nokwesithathu — yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana eyi-10 isikhathi ngasinye. Itiye limelana nokusetshenziswa okugcwele oku-3.

• Qaphela: indlela “yokudluliswa okuphezulu” (kuqala amanzi, bese kuba itiye) iyindlela yasendulo ye-Bìluóchūn. Ivimbela ukusha kwemiqumbululu ethambile futhi ivumela ukubuka ukuvuleka kwekhasi. Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokuphuza licishe libe ngu-60°C: yilona lapho ubumnandi nobusha buzwakala kahle kakhulu.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Gcina esitsheni esivaleka kahle — embizeni ye-porcelain, yengilazi noma kathayela — endaweni emnyama nepholile, kude namaphunga angaphandle.
• Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokugcina ngu-0–5°C (esiqandisini), endaweni ehlukile, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nemikhiqizo enamaphunga aqinile. Ukuvaleka kahle kwekhava kubaluleke kakhulu: itiye limunca kalula umswakama futhi lifake kalula amaphunga angaphandle.
• Gwema ukukhanya, umswakama nokushisa — izitha eziyinhloko zetiye eliluhlaza.
• Ngemva kokuvula iphakethe, kunconywa ukuthi itiye liphuzwe phakathi nenyanga eyodwa ukuze kugcinwe ubusha obukhulu.
• Isikhathi sokugcina uma imigomo igciniwe — sifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-12, kodwa ukuze uthole ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthi liphuzwe phakathi nezinyanga eziyisi-6 ngemva kokuvuna.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

I-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn ingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza abiza kakhulu eShayina. Intengo inqunywa izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile: isikhathi sokuvuna (itiye langaphambi kwe-Qīngmíng libiza ngokuphindwe kaningi kunelangaphambi kwe-Gǔyǔ), izinga (特级 lidla iziqumbululo ezingama-60–70 eziwaka ngamagremu angu-500), ukucutshungulwa ngesandla noma ngomshini, kanye nobuqiniso bemvelaphi ephuma endaweni eyinhloko yase-Dòngtíng Shān. Indawo yezivande zetiye endaweni eyinhloko incane, okwenza ukuswelakala okungapheli komkhiqizo woqobo.

Izinkomba zentengo (ngonyaka ka-2024): izinga eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) langaphambi kwe-Qīngmíng — kusuka kuma-yuan angu-1,200 ngamagremu angu-50 nangaphezulu; izinga lokuqala (一级) — ama-yuan angu-300–500 ngamagremu angu-500; izinga lesibili nelesithathu — lishibilika kakhulu.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukugebengwa:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe, abasebenza ngokukhethekile ngamatiye aseSūzhōu, futhi uhlole ukuthi kunophawu lwendawo olugunyaziwe.
  • Hlola uboya: i-Bìluóchūn yoqobo esezingeni eliphezulu imbozwa kakhulu uboya besiliva. Kodwa uboya obunamandla obuyimpuphu obuhlukanayo lapho uthinteka bungakhombisa ukwengeza okwenziwe ngamabomu.
  • Hlola iphunga: i-Bìluóchūn yoqobo inuka izithelo ezintsha nezimbali — ngokwemvelo, ngobuningi, ngaphandle kwamanothi ‘afeza uphawu’ noma amakhemikhali. Ukwengeza amakha kuzwakala ngokuklaba futhi kuphela masinyane.
  • Hlola ukusetshenziswa: okuhlanzekile, okukhanyayo, okuluhlaza okhanyayo. Ukusetshenziswa okudungekile noma okungakhanyi kuyimbangela yokungabaza.
  • Naka intengo: uma “i-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn” ithengiswa ngentengo yetiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile — kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi yitiye laseSìchuān, eGuìzhōu noma kwezinye izifunda, elikhiqizwe ngobuchwepheshe obufanayo, kodwa elingenayo imvelo yase-Dòngtíng Shān.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Ukukhiqiza i-jīn eyodwa (500 g) ye-Bìluóchūn esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, kudingeka kuvunwe futhi kucutshungulwe iziqumbululo ezingama-60 000–70 000 — lokhu kungenye yezinkomba ezisebenza kanzima kakhulu emhlabeni wetiye.

• “Amagagasi eqhwa anamaparele” (雪浪喷珠, xuělàng pēnzhū) — igama lesibongo lomphumela ovelayo lapho kwenziwa itiye: izinwele ezimhlophe ziyahlukana ezindilingeni ezivuleka bese zintanta ekusetshenzisweni okuluhlaza, zakhe isithombe sekhephu eliwayo.

• Uhlelo lokutshala okuhlanganisiwe (lokutshala itiye kanye nezihlahla zezithelo) e-Dòngtíng Shān alukwazi ukwenziwa kabusha ngendlela yokwenziwa. Imizamo eminingi yokulingisa ‘iphunga lezithelo’ ngokusebenzisa amakha iholele emphumeleni ohlukile koyokuqala.

• UKāngxī, owanika itiye igama elithi “Bìluóchūn”, wayaziwa njengomthandi omkhulu wobuciko obucwengile. Ukuqamba kabusha kwe “Xiàshārénxiāng” kube “Bìluóchūn” — kungenye yezibonelo ezidumile ‘zokuqamba igama lombusi’ emlandweni wezokupheka waseShayina.

• I-Bìluóchūn ingenye yamatiye ambalwa aseShayina, lapho ukwenziwa kwawo ngokwesiko kusetshenziswa indlela ‘yokudluliswa okuphezulu’ (上投法): kuqala amanzi ayathethwa, bese kuthululelwa itiye. Kwamaningi amanye amatiye aluhlaza, umyalelo ophambene uyemukelwa.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza adumile aseShayina:

• Xīhú Lóngjǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Kusuka esifundazweni saseZhèjiāng. Ikhasi eliyisicaba, iphunga lezinhlamvu zamakhasteni nobhanana, ukunambitheka “okuhlelekile” okunenothi le-‘umami’ elivelele. I-Bìluóchūn iyaphikisana ngokuphelele ngesimo (isiphetho vs. isicaba) kanye nephrofayili yephunga (ezimbali nezithelo vs. amakhasteni nobhanana). Uma i-Lóngjǐng iwubukhali “bezakhiwo”, i-Bìluóchūn iwubumnene “bobuciko”.

• Huángshān Máo Fēng (黄山毛峰, Huángshān Máo Fēng): Kusuka esifundazweni saseĀnhuī. Ikhasi elisesimweni ‘sezilimi zezinyoni’ elinoboya obumhlophe, iphunga lezimbali elithambile, ukunambitheka okuthambile. I-Máo Fēng ithambile futhi imnene, i-Bìluóchūn ikhanya futhi inezithelo kakhulu, inephunga elinamandla ngokwengeziwe.

• Tàipíng Hóu Kuí (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóu Kuí): Kusuka esifundazweni saseĀnhuī. Amaqabunga amakhulu ayisicaba, iphunga lama-orchid, ukunambitheka okujulile kotshani. Umehluko ubonakala ngokusobala: i-Hóu Kuí iyikhasi elikhulukazi phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza adumile, i-Bìluóchūn ingelinye lamancane kakhulu.

• Ānjí Bái Chá (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Kusuka esifundazweni saseZhèjiāng. Itiye eliluhlaza elenziwe ngamahlumela a-albhino anamazinga aphezulu kakhulu ama-amino acid (6–7%). I-Ānjí Bái Chá — “ubumnandi obumsulwa ne-umami” ngaphandle kokuba nezithelo, kanti i-Bìluóchūn ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuceba nobuningi bephunga lezimbali nezithelo.

• Liù’ān Guā Piàn (六安瓜片, Liù’ān Guā Piàn): Kusuka esifundazweni saseĀnhuī. ‘Izinhlamvu zethanga’ eziyizicaba ezivela emacembeni kuphela, ngaphandle kwemiqumbululu. Ukunambitheka kuqinile futhi kunomkhondo wotshani, okunamanothi ezinhlamvu ezigazingiwe. I-Bìluóchūn — imnene, ilula futhi inephunga ngokwengeziwe.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Bìluóchūn iwukubonakaliswa kwentwasahlobo enkomishini yetiye: isiphetho ngasinye esincane esigoqekile, lapho sivuleka emanzini afudumele, sinikela ngephunga lezivande eziqhakazayo zase-Dòngtíng Shān, ubusha benkungu yasekuseni phezu kweTàihú nobumnandi bezithelo zokuqala. Lena itiye labo abafuna hhayi nje isiphuzo, kodwa isipiliyoni sobuhle — kusukela ekucabangeni “kwamaparele eqhwa” engilazini kuya ekungathandekini okude kwezithelo ngemva kokunambitheka, okukhumbuza ukuthi amatiye amahle kakhulu azalwa lapho imvelo nobuciko bomuntu buse kuhlanganeni okuphelele.