I-Baojing Huangjin Cha · new.thetea.app

I-Baojing Huangjin Cha (保靖黄金茶, Bǎojìng Huángjīn Chá — “itiye elisagolide lwaseBaojing”) yitiye eluhlaza elidumile laseHunan, elibizwa nangokuthi “itiye ongaliphuza njengomfanekiso wasemnyuziyamu” (可以喝的文物, kěyǐ hē de wénwù). Yiwona kuphela itiye eChina igama laso elixhumene negolide langempela: ngonyaka we-1539, umhloli waseMing uLu Jie (陆杰, Lù Jié) kanye neqembu lakhe badliswa ushevu wezifo zasentabeni (瘴气, zhàngqì) lapho bengene ekujuleni kweentaba zaseXiangxi; welashwa ngamahlamvu etiye ayesesihlahleni seminyakanyaka somuzi wamaMiao—kwathi ngokubonga wanikeza isalukazi isigaxa segolide (一锭黄金), wase ebiza umuzi ngokuthi “iGold Village” (黄金村, Huángjīncūn). Kusukela lapho, kwasungulwa isisho esithi “isiyingi segolide ngesiyingi setiye” (一两黄金一两茶). Ucwaningo lwesimanje luyakuqinisekisa lokhu: izinga lama-amino acid lifinyelela ku-7,47%—esinye sezinga eliphezulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Engadini yasendulo yasetiyeni yaseGold Village kusekhona izihlahla ezingama-2057 zangezikhathi zeMing neQing, esidala kunazo zonke sineminyaka engama-417.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: Itiye eluhlaza (elingavutshelwanga). Ngokwakheka—okomoya (针芽状, kwezinga eliphakeme kakhulu) nokweshiya (眉形, kwezinga lokuqala). Ngobunjiniyela—okugazingiwe okomiswe ngamalahle.
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo ogunyazwe ngokwesikhombisi sendawo yezwe (国家地理标志产品, 2010). Ngo-2020, wafakwa ohlwini lwezimpawu zendawo eziqashelwa ngokuhlanganyela phakathi kweChina neYurophu. Umklomelo wegolide weForamu yetiye eluhlaza laseChina (2008). “Amazinga amane aphezulu nezimpawu ezine eziphelele” (四高四绝, sì gāo sì jué)—yifomula esemthethweni yekhwalithi. Uhlobo olutshalwayo i“Huangjin 1” (黄金1号)—uyinhlobo yesizwe eyisibonelo (国家优良品种).
Umsuka: IChina, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isiqinti esizimele saseXiangxi Tujia nelaseMiao (湘西土家族苗族自治州), isifunda saseBaojing (保靖县, Bǎojìng Xiàn). Indawo evikelwe nge-GI ingesifunda sonke. Inhliziyo yesifunda: ilokishi laseHuluzhen (葫芦镇), indawo yaseGold Village (黄金村, “iGold Village”)—yikhaya lomlando laleli tiye, indawo okwatholakala kuyo izihlahla zasendulo ezingama-2057; ilokishi lase Lüdongshanzhen (吕洞山镇). Ngo-2022, kwase kune-155 000 mu (10 333 ha), inani eliphelele lalingama-23,16 bhiliyoni wama-yuan.
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: 109°12′—109°33′ ubude basempumalanga, 28°24′—28°36′ ububanzi basenyakatho.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Ngokwesiko:

Umlando: Inganekwane ka-1539 (明嘉靖十八年): Umphenyi-mkhulu wezifundazwe iHu neGuang, u Lu Jie (陆杰, 都御史), ehambela ukuhlola, wajula ezintabeni zaseXiangxi. Abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu eqenjini lakhe baphathwa “yisifo sasezintabeni” (瘴氣, zhàngqì—umalaleveva noma izifo ezifanayo zasendaweni eshisayo). Isalukazi sakwaMiao senza amahlamvu esihlahla setiye esasineminyaka eyikhulu, sapha abagulayo—bonke basinda. Emangele, uLu Jie wasinika isalukazi isigaxa segolide, wathumela itiye enkantolo njengesipho (贡品), wabe eseqamba umuzi ngegama elithi “iGold” (黄金村). Kanjalo kwavela isisho esithi “一两黄金一两茶”—“isiyingi segolide ngesiyingi setiye”.

Umlando wanamuhla: Ngo-1994, isazi sezolimo uZhang Xiangsheng (张湘生, Zhāng Xiāngshēng) wenza impumelelo: waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ubunjiniyela bokuzala okungahlanganisi izimbewu (无性繁殖) ezihlahleni zasendulo zasetiyeni zaseGold Village, wakhiqiza izinhlobo ezitshalwayo “Huangjin 1” (黄金1号) kanye no“Huangjin 2” (黄金2号)—okwaxazulula inkinga eyayikhona amashumi eminyaka yokonga izinhlobo zofuzo.

Ngo-2008—umklomelo wegolide weForamu yetiye eluhlaza. Ngo-2010—ukuvikelwa kwe-GI. Ngo-2020—ukufakwa ohlwini lwezimpawu zendawo phakathi kweChina neYurophu. Ngo-2022—155 000 mu, inani—23,16 bhiliyoni wama-yuan.
Igama:
- “Baojing” (保靖)—igama lesifunda esiseXiangxi esinezintaba.
- “Huangjin” (黄金)—“igolide”: kukhomba ngqo enganekwaneni ngesigaxa segolide esanikezwa isalukazi sakwaMiao.
- “Cha” (茶)—“itiye”.
Ukubaluleka ngokwesiko: I-Baojing Huangjin Cha iyitiye lomphakathi wamaMiao (苗族, Miáozú), esinye sezizwe zasendulo kakhulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. Inganekwane yokuphiliswa komhloli uLu Jie ayiyona nje indaba enhle, kodwa iwuphawu lwengxoxo yamasiko: ukuhlakanipha kwamaMiao (ulwazi lwezakhiwo eziphilisayo zetiye) kwasindisa izimpilo zezikhulu zamaHan, kwathi ngokubonga itiye lathola igama negolide. Izihlahla zasendulo ezingama-2057 (izingadi eziyisikhombisa zangezikhathi zeMing neQing, esidala kunazo zonke—iminyaka engama-417)—ziwumnyuziyamu ophilayo ngaphandle, okuvela lapho igama lesidlaliso elithi “可以喝的文物”—“itiye ongaliphuza njengomfanekiso wasemnyuziyamu”.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

Uhlobo / Okutshalwayo: Isisekelo—Baojing Huangjincha Quntizhong (保靖黄金茶群体种)—uhlobo lwendabuko olunamaqabunga amancane lwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, lokuzala ngokobulili. Kumelana kahle nezimo ezinzima. Izinhlobo ezitshalwayo eziyizimbumbulu:
- Huangjin 1 (黄金1号)—uhlobo oluyisibonelo lwesizwe. Luhluma kakhulu ekwasekuqaleni. Ama-amino acid—7,47%—elinye lamazinga aphezulu emhlabeni.
- Huangjin 2 (黄金2号)—ukugcina ubumnene okuphezulu. Okwakhiwa okusongekile.
- Huangjin 168 (黄金168号)—okungaba namandla.
Ukuvuna: Intwasahlobo. Kunamazinga amathathu:
- Teji (特级): Amahlumela aphelele (≥90%). Amancane, aqinile, anoboya. Iphunga le chestnut. Ama-amino acid ≥6%.
- Yiji (一级): Ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa (≥80%). Isisampula samanzi ≥45%.
- Eriji (二级): Ihlumela elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili. Ukumelana ≥4 wokuphuza kuphinde kugcotshwe.

4. Isifunda kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Indawo: Isizinda sokuqalisa sezintaba zaseWulingshan (武陵山脉腹地)—yikhona khona leyo ntaba okuhlala kuyo iGuzhang Mao Jian, kodwa isifunda esihlukile.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: 300–1200 amamitha. Isizinda—500–800 m.
Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi—16,1°C, imvula yonyaka—1400 mm, isilinganiso sonsuku zaminyaka zonke ezinomnkantsha —>180. Ukwehluka kosuku—>10°C. Ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kukhuthaza ukuqoqeka okuphezulu kwama-amino acid.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu-ephuzi (红黄壤), i-pH 4,5–5,5. Okuphilayo okungaphezulu kuka-2,0%. Iqukethe ngokwemvelo i-selenium (0,82 mg/kg) kanye ne-zinc. Amahlathi amboze 70,27%. Ukugcwala kwama-ayoni angenasici—13 000/cm³. Isifunda sithweswe isitifiketi ngokuthi “Indawo yaseChina enomoya-mpilo wemvelo” (中国天然氧吧).
Ifomula ethi “四高” (Amazinga amane aphezulu): Ama-amino acid (7,47%), ama-polyphenol (20%), isisampula samanzi (≈50%), i-chlorophyll (ngaphezu kwama-50% kwesijwayelekile)—wonke amane angaphezulu kakhulu kwesilinganiso.

5. Ubunjiniyela Bokukhiqiza:

Ubunjiniyela—ukungazinga ngokushisa nokomiswa ngamalahle. Ukwenqatshelwa okuphelele komanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ukendlaleka (摊放 — tānfàng): Amahora angu-6–8—isikhathi eside, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ekujuleni izandulela zama-amino acid.
Ukuvimbela (杀青 — shāqīng): Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-130°C, ngokuyiphonsa-phonsa (抛抖结合).
Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kancane, imizuzu engu-4–8.
Ukomiswa kokuqala ngokushisa (初烘 — chū hōng): Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-100°C.
Ukomiswa kokugcina ngamalahle (复烘 — fù hōng): Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-60°C, usebenzisa amalahle ezinkuni. Umswakama—≤7%.
Okukhethekile: “Ukusongeka” okuyikho ngempela (独创卷曲型工艺塑形)—akuyona imbaxa noma isicaba esijwayelekile, kodwa kuyithubu eliminyene, okuveza ubumnene kanye noboya bamahlumela.

6. Iimpawu Zezitho Zomzimba:

“Izimpawu ezine eziphelele” (四绝, sì jué): iphunga eligcwele (香气浓郁), umbala ogqamile we-emeraldi (汤色翠绿), ukunambitha okusha (入口清爽), ukunambitha okumnandi okubuyayo (回味甘醇).

Isimo sangaphandle seqabunga elomile: Amahlumela amancane, aqinile, anciphile agobene kancane (条细匀紧、翠绿稍弯), ambozwe uboya besiliva (显毫). Umbala—uluhlaza okhanyayo we-emeraldi.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihlanzekile (清香)—isozi eliyinhloko. I-chestnut emnene (嫩栗香)—ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo. I-chestnut (栗香)—kwezinga eliphezulu.
Iphunga loketshezi: Elihlala isikhathi eside, i-chestnut-ihlanzekile.
Ukunambitha: Okusha (鲜爽)—ama-amino acid afinyelela ku-7,47%, okunye okuphakeme emhlabeni. Okumnandi nokuthambile (甘醇). Ubumnandi obubuyayo—buhlezi futhi buhlala isikhathi. “Okuhlanzekile okusha, okumnandi nokunika amandla” (清鲜甘爽, qīng xiān gān shuǎng)—yifomula yezinga eliphezulu.
Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza okhanyayo kodwa obukhanyayo futhi ocacile (嫩绿明亮).
Isisekelo setiye: Amahlumela aluhlaza athambile, alinganayo anamahlumela asobala (嫩绿匀整显芽).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

“Amazinga amane aphezulu” (四高) achaza ukwehluka:

Ama-amino acid: 7,47%—elinye lamazinga aphezulu emhlabeni wonke kumatiye aluhlaza. Uma uqhathanisa: isilinganiso—3–4%, i-Anji Bai Cha—6–7%, i-Yuexi Cui Lan—6,3%. I-Baojing yilo eliqopha umlando.
Ama-polyphenol: 20%—izinga eliphakathi nendawo, elinikana ukulinganisela ngaphandle kobukrakra obuxekethile. Amandla okususa ama-radical akhululekile—aphindwe kayishumi kune-vithamini C.
Isisampula samanzi (水浸出物): ≈50%—izinga eliphakeme ngokweqile (ngokujwayelekile 32–40%). Lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe ingxenye yesisindo setiye elomile iyancibilika lapho liqalwa—kanjalo ukugcwala nokuqina kokunambitha.
I-chlorophyll: Ngomaphesenti angu-50 ngaphezulu kwesijwayelekile—lokho kuchaza umbala oqhakazile we-emeraldi woketshezi.
I-Selenium: 0,82 mg/kg—okuqukethwe okubalulekile okuvela enhlabathini ye-selenium yaseWulingshan.
Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine—okuphakathi nendawo.

8. Izakhiwo Ezisizayo:

Umsebenzi omelana ne-oxidation: Ama-polyphenol 20%—amandla aphindwe kayishumi kune-vithamini C.
Ukulawula “okuthathu okuphakeme” (降三高): Ama-polyphenol ehlisa amafutha, ama-catechin elawula ushukela—ngamaphesenti angu-30 ngaphezulu kwetiye eluhlaza olijwayelekile.
Umthelela onika amandla (提神醒脑): Ama-amino acid amaningi kanye ne-caffeine—ukugxilisa okuthuthukisiwe.
Okubalulekile: akusiyona incwadi yezokwelapha.

9. Ukwenziwa (Ukuphuza):

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85°C; kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (单芽)—75°C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml (1:50).
Inkepitshi: Ingilazi yegilasi noma i-gaiwan.
Inqubo: Kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu—indlela yokuqala amanzi bese kufakwa itiye (上投法). Kwezinga lokuqala—indlela emaphakathi (中投法). Kwezinga lesibili—indlela yokugcina amanzi (下投法). Ukuphuza okokuqala—amasekhondi angu-30, bese ungeza amasekhondi angu-15 kwezilandelayo.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Endaweni evalekile, efrijini ngo-0–5°C. Uma lisanda kuthengwa—“ukulivikela” izinsuku ezi-3. Ngemva kokuvulwa—inyanga engu-1.

11. Intengo Nokwenziwa Okungelona Iqiniso:

Thenga okunophawu lwe-GI; hlola umsuka ovela esifundeni i-Baojing; hlola ubusha nokumnandi okungenakuqhathaniswa; intengo eyehle ngokusolisayo—ingumgunyathi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

“一两黄金一两茶”—“isiyingi segolide ngesiyingi setiye”—inganekwane yango-1539 yaba yifomula yenani: umhloli uLu Jie wakhokha ngegolide ngetiye elalisindise ithimba lakhe.
Izihlahla zetiye zasendulo ezingama-2057 zangezikhathi zeMing neQing (izingadi eziyisikhombisa zomlando), esidala kuzo—iminyaka engu-417—yilo msele omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo zetiye eziyimifanekiso yasemnyuziyamu eHunan.
Ama-amino acid angu-7,47%—elinye lamazinga aphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kumatiye aluhlaza. Uma kuqhathaniswa: i-gyokuro yaseJapan, engundebengqondo emtiyeni yaseJapan—5–7%.
Isisampula samanzi ≈50%—cishe ingxenye yesisindo setiye elomile iyancibilika emanzini. Lokhu kuchaza ukugcwala nokuqina kokunambitha okuhlukile.
Impumelelo yesazi sezolimo uZhang Xiangsheng (1994)—kwasetshenziswa okokuqala ubunjiniyela bokuzala okungahlanganisi izimbewu ezihlahleni zasendulo zaseBaojing, okwasindisa izakhi zofuzo ekushabalaleni.
Ukufakwa ohwini lwezimpawu zendawo eziqashelwa yi-China neYurophu (2020)—ukuvikelwa kwebhrendi ethi “保靖黄金茶” endaweni ye-EU.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza “aseqopha umlando” ngama-amino acid:

I-Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶): Evela eZhejiang. Amahlumela asagqabo, ama-amino acid 6–7%. I-Anji—“ubumnandi obuhlanzekile”, ngaphandle koboya; i-Baojing—“ubumnandi begolide”, enoboya kanye nenganekwane yomlando.
I-Yuexi Cui Lan (岳西翠兰): Evela eAnhui. Ama-amino acid ≥6,3%. I-Yuexi—“ubumnandi be-orchid”; i-Baojing—“ubumnandi be-chestnut-okusha” kanye nesisampula esiphezulu samanzi.
I-Guzhang Mao Jian (古丈毛尖): Eyakubo eXiangxi. Ukumelana kuze kufike kuma-15 wokuphuza. I-Guzhang—undebengqondo wokuqina; i-Baojing—undebengqondo wama-amino acid (7,47%).
I-Gyokuro yaseJapan (玉露): Ephekiwe ngomphunga, efihliwe. Ama-amino acid 5–7%. I-Gyokuro—“i-umami yasolwandle”; i-Baojing—“ukusha kwezintaba” onephunga elihlukile.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Baojing Huangjin Cha—itiye elakhokhelwa ngegolide. Inganekwane ka-1539, izihlahla zasendulo ezingama-2057, ama-amino acid angu-7,47% aphawulwe emlandweni, kanye nefomula yamazinga amane aphezulu nezimpawu ezine eziyisiphetho—konke lokhu kwakha itiye elingenakuqhathaniswa ngokuhlanganisa ukujula komlando nephelo lamakhemikhali. Isalukazi sakwaMiao esaphilisa umhloli waseMing sasingawazi amagama anjengokuthi “L-theanine” noma “isisampula samanzi”—kepha sasazi ukuthi itiye laso liyasindisa izimpilo. Emakhulwini amahlanu eminyaka kamuva, isayensi iqinisekisile ukuhlakanipha kwaso ngezinombolo: ama-amino acid angu-7,47%, isisampula samanzi esingu-50%, i-chlorophyll engaphezulu ngama-50%. Isiyingi segolide ngesiyingi setiye—nanamuhla lokho kuyinzuzo efanele.