i-Bǎohóngchá · new.thetea.app

i-Bǎohóngchá (宝洪茶, bǎohóngchá) iyitiyela eliluhlaza elingokomlando elivela esifundeni sase-Yiliang esifundazweni sase-Yunnan, okuwukuphela kwetiyi eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga amancane e-Yunnan (云南唯一的小叶种茶) esifundazweni esidumile ngama-pu’er nama-dianhong anamaqabunga amakhulu. Leli tiye, elathola igama eliwubunkondlo elithi “i-Long Jing yase-Yunnan” (云南龙井茶), lidume ngephunga lalo elimnandi ngendlela emangalisayo: isisho sendawo sithi “Uma uthosa itiye endlini, iphunga lehlela egcekeni” (屋内炒茶院外香, wūnèi chǎochá yuànwài xiāng). Isazi nengcweti yezolimo sangesikhathi seMing u-Xu Guangqi (徐光启, Xú Guāngqǐ) encwadini yakhe ethi “Nongzheng Quanshu” (农政全书, “Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wezolimo”) wabiza i-Bǎohóngchá ngokuthi “ukuphelela okukhulu phakathi kwamatiye” (茶之极品).

1. Izigaba Nomsuka:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingagaywanga). Lingeyeqembu lamatiye aluhlaza athosiwe ayizicaba (扁形炒青绿茶, biǎnxíng chǎoqīng lǜchá) — yilolu hlobo lokubunjwa olufana nolwe-Long Jing.
Isigaba: Itiye elidumile ngokomlando lase-China (中国历史名茶). Itiye elinikelwayo (贡茶, gòngchá) lesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing — kusuka ngonyaka wama-36 wokubusa kuka-Jiajing (嘉靖, 1557) kuze kube inkathi ka-Xianfeng (咸丰, 1851–1861). Ngo-2016 ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bafakwa kwirejista yamagugu angaphatheki esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Ngo-2024 kwathola indondo ekhethekile ye-“Zhongcha Bei” (中茶杯).
Indawo yomsuka: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), idolobha i-Kunming (昆明, Kūnmíng), isifunda i-Yiliang (宜良县, Yíliáng Xiàn). Indawo lapho kukhiqizwa khona ihlanganisa izilokodlwana ezingu-15 nezigodi zesifunda. Ingqikithi yendawo yetshe lethanga yintaba i-Baohongshan (宝洪山, Bǎohóng Shān), izindawo ezizungeze isigodlo samaBuddha i-Baohongsi (宝洪寺, Bǎohóng Sì). Izingadi zetiye eziyingqikithi zenza amaphesenti angama-90 omkhiqizo, zigxile emadolobhaneni ase-Jiangtoucun (江头村) naseDacunzi (大村子).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-24°55′ womkhawulo osenyakatho, u-103°10′ womkhawulo osempumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

Umlando: Umsuka we-Bǎohóngchá uhlobene nesigodlo samaBuddha i-Baohongsi, esasungulwa entabeni enegama elifanayo. Ngokwemibhalo yendawo, ngesikhathi seTang (618–907) umsunguli wesigodlo (开山和尚, kāishān héshàng) waletha izithombo zetiye ezinamaqabunga amancane evela esifundazweni sase-Fujian wazitshala emithambekeni yentaba ezungeze ithempeli. Ekuqaleni itiye lalibizwa ngokuthi “i-Xiangguosicha” (相国寺茶, “Itiye Lesigodlo i-Xiangguo”).

Ngezikhathi ze-Ming (1368–1644) ne-Qing (1644–1912) i-Bǎohóngchá yafakwa ohlwini lweminikelo yombusi (贡茶). Isikhathi seminikelo — kusukela ngo-1557 (unyakawama-36 wokubusa kuka-Jiajing) kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-19 (inkathi ka-Xianfeng) — singesinye sezinde kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye ase-Yunnan. Isazi u-Xu Guangqi wasinikeza isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu encwadini yakhe yezolimo.

Ekhulwini lama-20: ngo-1934 kwasungulwa ubuchwepheshe bangempela be-“juhong” (橘红, “obomvu-okhwantalakisi”) — ibanga eliphezulu elinoboya obuningi obusagolide. Ngo-1958 entabeni i-Baohongshan kwamiswa ifa likaHulumeni lezindlu zetiye, kwaqala ukuvuselelwa komkhiqizo wezimboni. Ngo-2016 ubuchwepheshe be-Bǎohóngchá bangena kwirejista yamagugu angaphatheki e-Yunnan.
Igama:
- “I-Baohong” (宝洪) — “Umfula Oyigugu”: igama lentaba nesigodlo samaBuddha.
- “I-Cha” (茶) — “itiye”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Bǎohóngchá iwumkhiqizo oyingqayizivele wokushintshisana ngamasiko okuphakathi kwezifunda: izihlahla zetiye zase-Fujian, ezayiswa yizindela zamaBuddha e-Yunnan eminyakeni engaphezu kwenkulungwane edlule, zajwayela indawo yetshe lethanga ephakeme yase-Yunnan futhi zakhiqiza itiye elingafani namanye amatiye ase-Fujian noma izitayela zasendulo zase-Yunnan. I-Bǎohóngchá iwu-“bhuloho” elihlukile phakathi kwamasiko etiye asempumalanga nasentshonalanga-eningizimu ye-China. Isigodlo i-Baohongsi kusaqhubeka siyisizinda sesiko letiye lesifunda.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa Ezingavuthiwe:

I-Cultivar / Uhlobo lwembewu: I-cultivar eyinhloko iyi- Yunnan Zhongxiaoyequntizhong (云南中小叶群体种, Yúnnán zhōngxiǎoyè qúntǐzhǒng) — uhlobo lwasendaweni olunamaqabunga amancane naphakathi lwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, inzalo yemiphakathi eyethulwe e-Fujian. Iqabunga liwujiyile, linamanzi amaningi, futhi “ligcina ubumnene isikhathi eside” (持嫩性强). Ukwengeza, kusetshenziswa i- Fuding Dabai Cha (福鼎大白茶) — uhlobo olukhulu lwamaqabunga olulethwe ngaphandle olunoboya obuningi, olukhulisa ingcindezi yoboya obumhlophe nobusha bokunambitheka.
Ukuvuna: Ukuvuna kwangaphambi kwentwasahlobo. Ebangeni eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) — amahlumela agcwele noma iqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuqhakaza kuphela. Ebangeni lokuqala — iqabunga elilodwa elihlukene. Ebangeni lesibili — amaqabunga amabili ahlukene.
Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Amahlumela athambile, afanayo, anganakalanga. Ukusetshenzwa kwawo ngosuku lokuvuna.

4. Indawo Yetshe Lethanga kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Ukuphakama okutshalwa kukho: Amamitha ayi-1550–1750 ngaphezu kogu lwamanzi — okuphakeme kakhulu kunamatiye amaningi aluhlaza anamaqabunga amancane e-China. Ukuba sendaweni ephakeme kwenza ukumila kuhambe kancane futhi kunqwabelane okuningi kwama-amino acid.
Isimo sezulu: I-monsoon yesifunda esishisayo. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi ngu-16°C, imvula yonyaka ingama-1200–1400 mm. Amafu nenkungu yimboza izingadi zetiye isikhathi esingamaphesenti angama-80. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi nobusuku nemini mkhulu. Ukukhanya okuningi okusakazekile kunomthelela ekwenzeni iphrofayili yokunambitheka ethambile, enoshukela.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi enombala ophuzi-bruni (黄棕壤) esisekelweni segranite, i-pH ingu-4.8–5.5, inothe ngezinto eziphilayo, i-potassium ne-selenium. Umoya nokuqhubeka kwamanzi kuhle.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Bǎohóngchá ikhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe obaboleka futhi bajwayela “izindlela eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Long Jing” (龙井”八法”) — izindlela zokuphonsa, zokuncinza, zokucindezela nokunye okwenziwa ngesandla epanini elishisayo. Yonke inqubo yenziwa ngezandla ngokuphelele.

Ukwendlala izinto ezingavuthiwe (鲜叶摊放 — xiānyè tānfàng): Ukwendlala okwesikhashana ukuze kususwe umswakama owedlulele.
“Ukubulala ubuluhlaza” / Ukumisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ukuthoswa ngesandla epanini lensimbi ephonsiwe elinokushisa okungu-140–200°C. Ingcweti isebenza ngezandla ezingenalutho (徒手炒, túshǒu chǎo) — ngaphandle kwamathuluzi ensimbi, ukuze kungonakalisi iphunga elimnandi. Kulesi sikhathi kumiswa inqubo ye-oxidation futhi kumiswa iphunga elimnandi elidumile.
Ukuphola nokubuyisela umswakama (摊凉回潮 — tānliáng huícháo): Ukuphola okuphakathi ukuze kusatshalaliswe kabusha umswakama.
Ukubumba kanye “nokwenza kucwazimule” (煇锅 — huīguō): Isigaba esibalulekile esinquma ukumile nokubukeka kwaso. Ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi (50–60°C), ingcweti icindezela futhi ipholishe izingxenye zetiye odongeni lwepani, izinike ukumile okuyisicaba, okuhle, okufana namaqabunga e-cedar noma e-spruce (似杉松叶). Ngesikhathi esifanayo “kudonswa” uboya phezulu. Sonke lesi sikhathi senza ngaphandle kwamathuluzi ensimbi — ngezandla kuphela.
Ukuhlunga nokucwasisa (筛拣 — shāijiǎn): Ukuhlelwa kokugcina, ukususa izimvithi kanye nezingxenye zetiye ezingahambisani nempatho. Umswakama oqukethwe itiyeni eseliphelele — ≤7%.

6. Izici Zezitho Zasemzimbeni:

Isimo sangaphandle seqabunga elomile: Izingxenye zetiye eziyizicaba, eziqondile, ezibushelelezi (扁直平滑), ezifana nezinalithi ze-cedar noma amaqabunga e-spruce (似杉松叶). Umbala uluhlaza obukhanyayo futhi ucwebezela ngokunamafutha (绿润). Ehlotsheni le-“Juhong” (橘红) — uboya obuningi obugolide (金毫密布).
Iphunga elimnandi leqabunga elomile: Iphunga elimnandi ngendlela emangalisayo, eliphakeme neliqhubeka isikhathi eside (高锐馥郁, gāoruì fùyù). Isici esiyinhloko amandla: “屋内炒茶院外香” (“Uma uthosa ngaphakathi endlini, iphunga lehlela egcekeni”). Kugqamile ubusha obuhlaza obumsulwa (清香), inothi elibucayi lamahlumela asemancane (嫩香) nokuthoswa kwe-cashew/ubhontshisi (豆香/栗香).
Iphunga elimnandi lomchofelo: Liqhubeka, licacile, linomumo ofanayo ophakeme. Iphunga elimnandi elisele enkomishini engenalutho (冷杯留香) lihlala isikhathi eside, okuwumaka wobuqiniso.
Ukunambitheka: Kumusha futhi kunamanzi amaningi (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-amino acid kwenza kube nokusha okucacile. Kunoshukela (甘甜, gāntián) — ubumnandi obubuya ngokushesha. Kumanzi amaningi futhi kunothile (醇厚, chúnhòu) — umchofelo wetiye unokuzwakala “okunamafutha”. Ukubaba kuncane kakhulu.
Umbala womchofelo: Oluhlaza-okuphuzi, okhanyayo nocacile (黄绿清澈).
Iqabunga eliphekiwe (iqabunga elenziwe itiye): Amathumbo athambile, afanayo, agobekayo anemibala eluhlaza.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Indawo yetshe lethanga ephakeme yase-Yunnan (amamitha ayi-1550–1750) ihlangene ne-cultivar enamaqabunga amancane kanye nokucutshungulwa ngezandla kwakha iphrofayili ebonakalayo:

I-Polyphenol (ama-catechin): Inani lazo likhulile. Zenza amandla okulwa nokuguga nokulimala kweseli kanye nohlaka oluncane lokunambitheka.
Ama-Amino acid (kuhlanganise ne-L-theanine): Inani lawo likhuphukile — yisona sizathu esibalulekile esenza ubusha nobumnandi obugqamile.
Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine inani layo liphakathi. I-theobromine, ne-theophylline.
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-selenium, i-zinc, i-manganese — anqunywa yinhlabathi ye-granite.
Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C, nama-carotenoid.
Izinhlanganisela zephunga elimnandi: Isixuku esiguquguqukayo esinothe kakhulu — yisona sinika amandla aphawulekayo ephunga elimnandi.

8. Izinzuzo Eziwusizo:

Umsebenzi wokupholisa nokuqabula (清热): Ngokwesiko, itiye athathwa njengamatiye “apholile”.
Ukusekela ukubona (明目): Ama-carotenoid ne-Vitamin C kunomthelela ekuvikeleni amehlo.
Umsebenzi wokulwa nokuguga nokulimala kweseli: Ama-catechin abhubhisa ama-radicals akhululekile.
Ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla (消食): Ama-polyphenol agqugquzela ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha.
Umphumela wokunika amandla: I-caffeine ne-L-theanine zinika ukugqashuka okuthambile.
Kubalulekile: lezi zinzuzo ezibaluliwe zincike emininingweni etholakala esidlangalaleni futhi akuzona izincomo zezokwelapha.

9. Ukuphisa:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85°C.
Isilinganiso setiye: Amagremu ama-3 ngamamagremu ayi-150 wamanzi (isilinganiso 1:50).
Isitsha: Inkomishi ye-porcelain emhlophe noma i-gaiwan — ukuhlola umchofelo oluhlaza-okuphuzi nephunga elimnandi. Ingilazi yegilasi — ukubukela ukwembulwa kwezingxenye zetiye eziyizicaba.
Inqubo (indlela yetshephu elingezansi / 下投法):
1. Fudumeza isitsha ngamanzi ashisayo, uwachithe.
2. Thela amagremu ama-3 etiye.
3. Thela amanzi engxenyeni eyodwa kwezintathu yomthamo, “manise” itiye imizuzwana engu-10, ulichithe (ukugeza).
4. Thela amanzi kuze kube yingxenye yesi-7 kweziyi-10 yomthamo.
5. Umchofelo wokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–15.
6. Amachofelo alandelayo — yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10. Itiye lingaphisa izikhathi eziyi-4–5.
Qaphela: izinga lokushisa elikahle lomchofelo ukuze uphuzwe kungaba ngu-60°C: yilapho ubusha nobumnandi kuzwakala kahle kakhulu.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Gcina esitsheni esivaleke ngendorotshwane, endaweni emnyama nepholile.
Okukahle kakhulu — esiqandisini, 0–5°C.
Isikhathi sokugcina — kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-12.
Emva kokuvulwa — kufanele kusetshenziswe phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-1–2.

11. Intengo nezemibhantshi:

I-Bǎohóngchá iyitetiye elikhiqizwa ngobuncane: amaphesenti angama-90 avela endaweni encane yentaba i-Baohongshan. Intengo incike ebangeni, isikhathi sokuvuna nohlobo (olwendabuko vs. “i-Juhong”).

Ungazigwema kanjani izimbumbulu:
- Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe abanobufakazi bomsuka osesifundeni sase-Yiliang.
- Hlaziya iphunga elimnandi: amandla awuphawu lwenkampani – “uthosa ngaphakathi endlini – iphunga lehlela egcekeni”. Iphunga elimnandi elincane, elingenasithakazelo liwuphawu lomgunyathi.
- Hlola iphunga elimnandi elisele enkomishini: iphunga elimnandi elibandayo elihlala isikhathi eside (冷杯留香) liwumaka wobuqiniso.
- Hlaziya ukuma: izingxenya zetiye eziyizicaba, eziqondile, ezifana nezinalithi zomsila. Izingxenya ezisontile noma ezingalingani — olunye uhlobo lwetiye.
- Naka intengo: intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo iwuphawu lomgunyathi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Bǎohóngchá iwukuphela kwetiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga amancane e-Yunnan: esifundazweni esidume ngama-pu’er nama-dianhong anamaqabunga amakhulu, ihlukile — “inyoni emhlophe” emhlabeni wetiye lase-Yunnan.
Isisho esithi “屋内炒茶院外香” (“Uma uthosa ngaphakathi endlini, iphunga lehlela egcekeni”) — akusona isingathekiso sasencwadini, kodwa ukuqaphela okwangempela: amandla ezinhlanganisela zephunga elimnandi ze-Bǎohóngchá aphezulu kangangokuthi lapho ithoswa iphunga elimnandi lisakazeka ngempela amamitha amaningi.
U-Xu Guangqi (1562–1633) — omunye wezazi ezinkulu zesikhathi se-Ming esedlule, isazi sezinkanyezi, sezibalo nesolimo, umbhali we-“Nongzheng Quanshu” — wabiza i-Bǎohóngchá ngokuthi “itiye lokuphelela” (茶之极品). Isilinganiso esivela emlonyeni womuntu omkhulu kangaka siyisincomo esihlukile.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuthosa i-Bǎohóngchá — ukuboleka okuqondile “kwezindlela eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Long Jing” (ukuphonsa, ukuncinza, ukucindezela, njll.), eziguqulwe ukuze zihambisane nezinto ezingavuthiwe zase-Yunnan. Lokhu kwenza i-Bǎohóngchá ibe “umzala wase-Yunnan” we-Long Jing ohlukile.
Ihlobo le-“Juhong” (橘红, “obomvu-okhwantalakisi”), elasungulwa ngo-1934, — ikilasi eliphakeme eliyingqayizivele elinoboya obugolide, elingenakho okufana nakho phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza ayizicaba.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ayizicaba:

i-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Isibonelo sokuqala “nothisha”. I-Long Jing inephunga elimnandi kakhudlwana, ubhontshisi/ama-cashew, kanye ne-“umami” egqamile. I-Bǎohóngchá inephunga elimnandi ngokugqamile, elinamandla, nephunga elimnandi eliphakeme “eliqhumezayo”.
i-Meitan Cui Ya (湄潭翠芽): EseGuizhou. Nayo iyisicaba, nayo “ikhuthazwe yi-Long Jing”. I-Meitan “inobuchwepheshe obungewona owomdabu” (amaphesenti angama-95 okuzenzakalelayo); i-Bǎohóngchá yenziwa ngezandla ngokuphelele, inesizinda esijulile somlando.
i-Emei Zhu Ye Qing (峨眉竹叶青): EseSichuan. Iyisicaba, iluhlaza okotshani, “iqabunga lomhlanga”. I-Zhu Ye Qing ilula futhi “ihlanzekile”; i-Bǎohóngchá inamandla amaningi ephunga elimnandi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Bǎohóngchá iyitiyela eliyisiphambano: “isivakashi” sase-Fujian esinamaqabunga amancane ezweni lamaqina amakhulu ase-Yunnan anamaqabunga amakhulu, aligcinanga nje ngokuzinza emithambekeni ephakeme yase-Baohongshan — lakha esalo isitayela esihlukile, esingafani nanoma yisiphi esinye. Ukukhanya kwephunga elimnandi okungakholakali — “uthosa ngaphakathi endlini, iphunga lehlela egcekeni” — akukho okuqhathaniswa nakho phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza ayizicaba. Ukunambitheka okusha, okunoshukela, okunamafutha, ukubunjwa okuyizicaba “kwezinalithi zomsila” kanye nomlando wamaBuddha weminyaka eyinkulungwane kwenza i-Bǎohóngchá ibe ngelinye lamatiye aluhlaza angavamile nathathwa kancane e-China — itiye lalabo abafuna into eyivelakancane ngempela.