I-Báishā Hóngchá

• Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — elithelisiwe ngokupheleleyo (i-oxidized).
• Isigaba: Amatiy abomvu aseHainan; itiye lesifunda elifakwe ohlelweni lwezindinganiso ze-tuántǐ biāozhǔn (团体标准, tuántǐ biāozhǔn, ‘izinga leqembu’) lesifunda saseBhayisha. Likhiqizwa kokubili ngefomethi ye-gōngfū hóngchá (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá) kanye neye-gǔshù hóngchá (古树红茶, gǔshù hóngchá) kusetshenziswa izinto ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala.
• Indawo yemvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHainan (海南省, Hǎinán Shěng), i-Baisha Li Autonomous County (白沙黎族自治县, Báishā Lízú Zìzhìxiàn). Izindawo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza: i-Yáchā Zhèn (牙叉镇, Yáchā Zhèn), i-Qīfāng Zhèn (七坊镇, Qīfāng Zhèn), i-Bāngxī Zhèn (邦溪镇, Bāngxī Zhèn), kanye nendawo ye-Baisha State Farm (白沙农场, Báishā Nóngchǎng) endaweni yomgodi wemeteorite.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: ≈ 19.2° N, 109.3° E (isikhungo se-Baisha County).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: I-Baisha ingesinye sezifunda zokuqala zetiye e-Hainan, umlando wayo uhlangene kakhulu namasiko abantu base-Li (黎族, Lízú). Uhlobo lwetiye lasendle oluyijikijolo elimnyama lwatholakala kulesi sifunda ngekhulu le-19: ngo-1882 isazi sezitshalo saseMelika u-Henry Benjamin Hance (香便文, Xiāng Biànwén) wabhala phansi izihlahla zetiye zasendle eduze kwendawo ebizwa nge-“Shímǎntīng” (什满汀), okwaba ngobunye ubufakazi bokuthi umsuka wetiye use-China. Abantu base-Li emakhulwini eminyaka babebuthela amahlamvu amakhulu etiye lasendle ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni nasekusebenziseni ekhaya. Ukutshalwa kwetiye ngezimboni kwaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950: ngo-1958 kwasungulwa i-Baisha State Farm, okwakuyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okuhleliwe kwamasimu etiye. Ekuqaleni ipulazi laligxile ezinhlotsheni zamakhulu endabuko nezaseYunnan, likhiqiza ikakhulukazi itiye elibomvu lokuthengisa ngaphandle. Ngo-1985 itiye laseHainan elibomvu elichotshoziwe (红碎茶, hóng suì chá) lawina indondo yegolide emqhudelwaneni womhlaba wamatiy abomvu e-Great Britain. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1990, ngemuva kokwehla kokuthengiswa kwetiye elichotshoziwe, i-Baisha yagxila etiyeleni eliluhlaza, okwaba wuphawu lwesifunda — i-Báishā Lǜchá (白沙绿茶, Báishā Lǜchá) eyaziwayo yathola isimo somkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kophawu lwendawo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn). Nokho, ngeminyaka yama-2020 itiye elibomvu liyavuselelwa: ngo-2023 izinga le-tuántǐ biāozhǔn ‘I-Baisha Hongcha’ (团体标准《白沙红茶》) lashicilelwa ngokusemthethweni ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezinga lemboni yetiye yesifunda, kanti inkampani i-‘Bóshā’ (薄沙, Bóshā) yakhiqiza uchungechunge lwe-‘Báishā Gǔshù Hóngchá’ (白沙古树红茶) kusetshenziswa izinto zezihlahla ezindala.
• Igama: ‘Bai’ (白) — ‘okumhlophe’, ‘Sha’ (沙) — ‘isihlabathi’: igama lesifunda libhekisela ogwini olumhlophe lwesihlabathi lwemifula yasendaweni. ‘Hong Cha’ (红茶) — ‘itiye elibomvu’. Ngakho-ke, igama eliphelele lihunyushwa ngokuthi ‘itiye elibomvu lase-[sifundeni] saseBhayisha’.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Báishā Hóngchá iyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko letiye laseHainan elivuselelwayo. Isifunda i-Baisha, esifakwe kwi-Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (海南热带雨林国家公园, Hǎinán Rèdài Yǔlín Guójiā Gōngyuán), sibeka umkhiqizo waso lapho kuhlangana khona imvelo namasiko abantu base-Li: itiye libhekwa njengokubonakala kwengqikithi ethi ‘Izintaba Eziluhlaza Namanzi Ahlanzekile — Izintaba Zegolide Nezesiliva’ (绿水青山就是金山银山). Ngo-2021 i-Baisha yangena phakathi kwezindawo eziyisisekelo zikazwelonke ‘zezintaba ezimbili’ (两山实践创新基地). Ngo-2024 engqungqutheleni yokuqala yomhlaba yokunambitha itiye laseHainan lasehlathini lemvula (2024首届自贸港海南雨林大叶茶全球品鉴招商大会) itiye elibomvu laseBhayisha lethulwa njengomunye wemikhiqizo esemqoka.

3. Incazelo Yezithombo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa:

• Uhlobo / I-Cultivar: Isisekelo sezinto ezingavuthiwe sakhiwa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamahlamvu amakhulu:
  • I-Hǎinán Dàyè Zhǒng (海南大叶种, Hǎinán Dàyè Zhǒng) — uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwaseHainan oluyingqayizivele, oluyingxenye yomndeni wama-assamica (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), olwaqashelwa njengohlobo lukazwelonke ‘Huá Chá No. 16’ (华茶16号, GSCT16) ngo-1984. Iqabunga likhulu, linenyama, futhi linezinga eliphezulu lama-polyphenols.
  • I-Yúnnán Dàyè Zhǒng (云南大叶种, Yúnnán Dàyè Zhǒng) — yalethwa e-Hainan ngeminyaka yama-1950–60; nayo ingaphansi kwe-var. assamica. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulazi amaningi asebenzisa izinto ezisuka ezihlahleni ezindala zasendle neziyingxenye yasendle (古茶树, gǔ cháshù), iminyaka yezinye zazo efinyelela eminyakeni engama-300–380.
• Ukubutha: Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, itiye eBhayisha libuthwa cishe unyaka wonke, kuhlanganise nobusika: ukubuthwa kokuqala kwangaphambi kwentwasahlobo kuqala ngoDisemba — lokhu kuyi-‘chūnchá’ (春茶) yokuqala kunazo zonke e-China. Izinkathi eziwukhiye — intwasahlobo yokuqala (Disemba–Februwari), intwasahlobo (Mashi–Apreli) kanye nekwindla (Septemba–Oktoba).
• Izinga lokubutha: Ihlumela elilodwa (单芽, dān yá) kumabanga aphezulu; ihlumela elilodwa neqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶, yī yá yī yè) noma ihlumela elilodwa namahlamvu amabili (一芽二叶, yī yá èr yè) emaqoqweni ajwayelekile. Ukubuthwa ngesandla.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Iqabunga elisha, elingonakalanga elinamathupha agqamile asagolide (金毫, jīn háo); ngaphandle komonakalo womshini nezimpawu zezilokazane.

4. Indawo Okutshalwa Kuyo Nezimpawu Zayo:

• Ukuphakama kokuhluma: 200–600 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Amanye amaqoqo ezihlahla zasendle atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezifinyelela ku-1,400 m emithambekeni ye-Límǔ Shān (黎母山, Límǔ Shān).
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-tropiki esinamanzi amaningi. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka cishe li-22–23°C, imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka engu-1,800–2,000 mm. Ukuvalwa kwehlathi lesifunda kungaphezu kuka-83%, okuhlinzeka ngenkungu evamile ekuseni nakusihlwa endaweni yomgodi wemeteorite. Isici esiyingqayizivele — umehluko obonakalayo wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku ezindaweni ezinezintaba, okunomthelela ekunqwabelaneni kwezakhi ezinuka kamnandi eqabungeni.
• Inhlabathi: Ubungqayizivele obuyinhloko — indawo yomgodi wemeteorite (陨石坑, yǔnshí kēng) eneminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-700,000, ethatha indawo engaba ngu-10 km engaba semngceleni. I-breccia ye-impact yalomgodi iqukethe amaminerali angaphezu kuka-48, okunikeza inhlabathi ukuhlukahluka okuhlukile kokwakheka kwezakhi ezincane. Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwenhlabathi — inhlabathi ebomvu yesitini eyi-lateritic (砖红壤, zhuān hóng rǎng), ethuthukiswe emadwaleni e-basalt: ene-asidi encane (i-pH 4.5–5.5), ejulile, enokuqukethwe okuhle kwezinto eziphilayo. Yilokhu kumbiwa kwenhlabathi okuhlukile komgodi okwakha iphrofayili yokunambitha eyingqayizivele yetiye laseBhayisha — kubhekiwe ukuthi izinhlobo ezifanayo ezitshalwe emamitheni angu-3 ukusuka emgodini ziveza itiye elikhombisa kancane kakhulu.
• Ubucwepheshe bezolimo: Eminyakeni yamuva isifunda sithuthukisa kakhulu ukutshalwa kwetiye ngendlela ephilayo: indawo yezingadi ezitifikethiwe eziphilayo yeqa ama-mu angu-3,500 (≈ 230 ha). Ingqikithi yendawo yamasimu etiye e-Baisha — ngaphezu kwe-10,000 mu (≈ 680 ha), okungaba yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yazo zonke izitshalo zetiye e-Hainan. Kusetshenziswa izindlela eziphilayo: ukungasetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa, ukusetshenziswa komanyolo ophilayo, ukufulela, ukuhlanganiswa nokuphathwa kwehlathi lase-tropiki.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

I-Báishā Hóngchá ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bakudala be-gōngfū-itiye elibomvu obushintshelwe ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu zase-tropiki:

• Ukubutha (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ukubutha ngesandla amahlumela athambile ngezikhathi zasekuseni.
• Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Ukubuna ngokwemvelo kumathileyi oqalo endaweni enomoya omuhle noma ngaphandle emthunzini. Isikhathi esiyimahora angu-12–18 kuye ngomswakama. Inhloso — ukwehlisa umswakama kuze kufinyelele ku-60–64% nokwenza kusebenze izinqubo ze-enzyme. Isimo sezulu sase-tropiki sase-Hainan sivumela ukubuna ngokwemvelo unyaka wonke.
• Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusonga ngomshini ukuze kugqashuke izindonga zamangqamuzana kanye nokukhishwa kwamajusi. Izinto ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu zase-Hainan zidinga ukusongwa okunamandla nokuthatha isikhathi eside kunezinhlobo zamahlamvu amancane.
• Ukuvutshelwa / i-oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-25–30°C nomswakama ongu-90–95% isikhathi esingamahora angu-3–5. Izinto ezingavuthiwe zase-Hainan zamahlamvu amakhulu, ezicebile ngama-polyphenols, ziveza ukuvutshelwa okunamandla nokwakheka kwenani elikhulu lama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, okuhlinzeka ngobukhulu nokugqama okuyisici kwencibilikisi.
• Ukomiswa / ukushisisa (烘干, hōnggān): Ukulungiswa kwephrofayili engu-100–120°C. Amapulazi amaningi asebenzisa ukumiswa ngezigaba ezimbili: ukomiswa kokuqala ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu bese kulandela ‘ukuqedela’ ngo-80–90°C, okuqinisa amanothi oju ne-caramel.
• Ukuhlelwa (分级, fēnjí): Ukwehlukaniswa ngezingxenyana, ukuhlukaniswa kwamabanga e-tip neqabunga.

Ochungechungeni lwe-‘Gǔshù Hóngchá’ kusuka ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala ubuchwepheshe buhamba kancane: ukubuna okwemvelo okuthatha isikhathi eside kanye nokuvutshelwa okulingene ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphunga okuyinkimbinkimbi.

6. Izimpawu Zokunambitha:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okuqinile, okuminyene, okufana nentambo. Iqabunga likhulu, linamathupha asagolide amaningi (金毫, jīn háo). Umbala — kusuka kokunsundu okumnyama kuya komnyama okunemibalabala yegolide.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ithoni evelele yoju inamanothi ezithelo ezomisiwe zase-tropiki (i-longan, i-litchi), ithuba elincane likakhokho we-cocoa. Emaqoqweni asezintweni ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala — kukhona ukujula okwengeziwe ‘kwehlathi’, okufana nengxolo yesihlahla efudumele.
• Iphunga lencibilikisi: Lifudumele, liyagubuzela. Emanothini aphezulu — uju nezithelo ezivuthiwe zase-tropiki; esesikhathini esiphakathi — i-caramel, ubhatata oshisayo omnandi; esisekelweni — ukufutheka okuhle nokubaba. Iphunga lihlala isikhathi eside, lisala enkomishini engenalutho (杯底香, bēi dǐ xiāng).
• Ukunambitha: Kuminyene, kunamafutha, ‘nomzimba’ ogqamile (厚实, hòushí). Izincibilikiso zokuqala zembula ubumnandi obucebile obunamathunzi oju ne-caramel. Ezincibilikisweni ezimaphakathi kuvela inothi leminerali — ‘inkumbulo’ yenhlabathi yemeteorite. Umunyu umnene, ulinganisele kahle. Ukunambitheka kwangemuva (回甘, huígān) kude, kufudumele, kunobumnandi obucacile boju nokubaba okuncane kukapelepele.
• Umbala wencibilikisi: Kubomvu kwe-amber, kugqamile futhi obala, kunomnsalo wegolide ogqamile (金圈, jīn quān) emaphethelweni enkomishi. Ngokuya ngokuqhubeka kokuphakwa — kusuka ku-amber omnyama kuya kobomvu wethusi.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphakiwe): Amahlamvu amakhulu avuleka ngokuphelele nangokulinganayo; umbala kusuka kokubomvu kwethusi kuya konsundu; iqabunga linwebeka, linenyama, ligcina ubuqotho.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

• Ama-Polyphenol: Uhlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwase-Hainan luphawuleka ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-polyphenol etiye — kufinyelela ku-35% eqabungeni elisha (ngokuqhathanisa, ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile zamahlamvu amancane — 20–25%). Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa ama-catechin aguqulwa abe ama-theaflavin (TF, 1–2%) nama-thearubigin (TR, 10–15%), ahlinzeka ngokugqama kwencibilikisi ‘nomzimba’ wokunambitha.
• Ama-Amino Acid: I-L-theanine, i-glutamic acid, i-aspartic acid. Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid — cishe u-2–3% wesisindo esomile. I-L-theanine inesibopho sokunambitha kwangemuva okubushelelezi nokumnandi.
• Ama-Alkaloid: I-caffeine — cishe u-4–6% wesisindo esomile (ngaphezulu kwesilinganiso ngenxa yohlobo lwamahlamvu amakhulu lwe-assamica); i-theobromine ne-theophylline ngamanani amancane.
• Amavithamini: Amavithamini eqembu B (B₁, B₂, B₆), uvithamini C (eqabungeni elisha — kufinyelela ku-200 mg/100g, emva kokuvutshelwa kwehla kakhulu), uvithamini P (rutin).
• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-selenium. Ukumbiwa okuyingqayizivele kwenhlabathi yemeteorite kungase kucebise itiye ngama-microelement angavamile.
• Amafutha Abalulekile Nezingxube Ezinukayo Ezingashintshi: Inhlanganisela ye-terpene alcohols (i-linalool, i-geraniol, i-nerol), kanye nemikhiqizo yokusabela kwe-Maillard, ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokumiswa — i-furanone, i-maltol, okwakha iphunga loju ne-caramel.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

• Kunomphumela omnene wokuqinisa ngenxa yenhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine: kuvusa amandla ngaphandle ‘kwe-caffeine jump’, kukhuthaza ukugxilisa ingqondo okuzolile.
• Kunomsebenzi we-antioxidant ngenxa yama-theaflavin nama-thearubigin, asusa ama-free radical.
• Kusiza ukugaya ukudla ngokunethezeka: itiye elibomvu elivela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu livame ukunconywa ngemva kokudla okunamafutha ngenxa yezinto ezimunyu kanye nokumunyu okumnene.
• Kweseka impilo yohlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ngokusetshenziswa okulingene: ama-flavonoid akhuthaza ukunwebeka kwemithambo.
• Kunomphumela ogqamile wokufudumeza, okwenza kube itiye lasebusika elifaneleke (yize linemvelaphi yase-tropiki).
• Kuqukethe ama-microelement ahlobene nokwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwaminerali kwenhlabathi yemeteorite, okungase kwenyuse inani lokudla okunomsoco.
• Ama-polyphenol etiye elibomvu anomphumela wokulwa nokuvuvukala futhi asize ukugcina isimo sesikhumba esinempilo ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile okulingene.
• Itiye elibomvu elifudumele lisusa ukukhathala okuqondakalayo futhi lidala umuzwa wokunethezeka ngokwengqondo — umphumela oqiniswa yiprofil yephunga loju ne-caramel ye-Báishā Hóngchá.

9. Ukudidiyela (Ukupheka):

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95°C. Emaqoqweni avela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlumela (单芽) — 85–90°C; emaqoqweni ajwayelekile amahlamvu — 90–95°C.
• Inani letiye: 5–6 g ku-100–120 ml.
• Isitsha: I-gàiwǎn (盖碗, gàiwǎn) — ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu ukuveza iphrofayili yephunga; iteapot le-porcelain noma lengilazi; iteapot ye-Yixing yodaka olubomvu ukuze uthole isici esizungezayo, ‘esinomzimba’ wencibilikisi.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha ngamanzi ashisayo bese uwachitha.
  2. Thela itiye, ulivumele ‘liphefumule’ esitsheni esifudunyeziwe imizuzwana engu-15–20.
  3. Ukuhlambulula akuyona impoqo, kodwa kuyavunyelwa — isincibilikiso esisheshayo (imizuzwana engu-1–2) seqabunga elisongeke ngokuqinile.
  4. Isincibilikiso sokuqala: imizuzwana engu-8–10.
  5. Isibili kuya kwesine: imizuzwana engu-10–15.
  6. Kusuka kwesesihlanu, yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana engu-5–10.
  7. Iqoqo lekhwalithi elihle limele izincibilikiso ezingu-6–10; amaqoqo e-gǔshù — kufinyelela kwezingu-12–15.
• Indlela ehlukile: Indlela yaseNtshonalanga — 3–4 g ku-200 ml, kufakwe imizuzu engu-3–4 ngo-90°C. Futhi i-Báishā Hóngchá ifaneleka kahle ekuphekeni okubandayo (冷泡, lěng pào): 5 g ku-500 ml wamanzi abandayo, amahora angu-8–12 efrijini.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Isitsha esivala umoya esingabonisi (ithini likathayela, isikhwama se-vacuum se-foil), ukuvikela ekukhanyeni, umswakama, iphunga langaphandle nokushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa.
• Izinga lokushisa elifanele: 15–25°C, umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-60%. Akudingi ukugcinwa efrijini (ngokuphambene netiye eliluhlaza).
• Itiye elibomvu elisha elivela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu linambitheka kahle ezinyangeni zokuqala ezi-12–18, kodwa amaqoqo ekhwalithi (ikakhulukazi avela ezihlahleni ezindala) angakwazi ‘ukuzungeza’ futhi azuze ukujula phakathi neminyaka engu-2–3 ngokugcinwa okufanele. Ukuthuthuka okuyisici — ukuthamba kokumunyu, ukukhula kwamanothi oju ne-caramel.

11. Intengo Nokugwema Ukukopela:

• Intengo: Amaqoqo ajwayelekile e-Báishā Hóngchá — kusuka ku-300 kuya ku-800 yuan nge-500 g (kuye ngebanga). Amaqoqo avela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zezihlahla ezindala (古树红茶) kanye ne-‘Jīn Háo’ (金毫) enethiphu — kusuka ku-1,000 kuya ku-3,000+ yuan nge-500 g. Amaqoqo aphilayo atifikethiwe omkhiqizo ‘Bó Shā’ (薄沙) athatha ingxenye yentengo ephezulu.
• Uzogwema kanjani ukukokotela:
  1. Thenga kubathengisi abathembekile abanokulandeleleka kweqoqo kuze kufike epulazini elithile. Bheka ukuthi kukhona uphawu lwe-‘Baisha Tea’ kanye nokuhambisana ne-tuántǐ biāozhǔn (团体标准).
  2. Hlola iqabunga: i-Báishā Hóngchá yangempela evela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu ihluke ngeqabunga elikhulu ngokubonakalayo futhi elinenyama uma liqhathaniswa namatiye abomvu amancane e-Fujian noma e-Yunnan.
  3. Hlola iphunga: kumele lihlanzekile, libe nophunga loju nezithelo, ngaphandle kokubola, isikhunta noma ‘ukuthoswa’ ngokweqile.
  4. Hlola incibilikisi: umbala obomvu we-amber ogqamile, obala, umnsalo wegolide ogqamile (金圈). Incibilikisi enodaka noma efile iwuphawu lwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezingelihlosile noma ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe.
  5. Qaphela amanani aphansi ngokusolisayo ‘e-gǔshù hóngchá’ — amaqoqo angempela avela ezihlahleni ezindala anomthamo olinganiselwe.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• I-Baisha iyona ndawo kuphela emhlabeni yokutshalwa kwetiye etholakala endaweni yomgodi wemeteorite. Umgodi oneminyaka engu-70,000 ubudala nobubanzi obungaba ngu-3.7 km uqukethe i-impact breccia enamaminerali angaphezu kuka-48, okunika inhlabathi yendawo ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuyingqayizivele, okungenakuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye indawo yetiye emhlabeni.
• I-Baisha ikhiqiza itiye lasentwasahlobo lokuqala kunazo zonke e-China: ukubuthwa ‘kwe-chūnchá’ kuqala ngoDisemba, lapho kwezinye izifundazwe eziningi zetiye izihlahla zetiye zisabuthongo ubusika. Itiye eliluhlaza laseBhayisha linegama elingekho emthethweni elithi ‘iphunga lokuqala lwangaphambi kwentwasahlobo le-China’ (华夏第一早春香茗).
• Ngo-1882 isazi sezitshalo semishini saseMelika u-Henry Benjamin Hance wathola izihlahla zetiye zasendle emahlathini aseBhayisha, okwaba ngobunye ubufakazi engxoxweni yamazwe ngomhlaba ngendawo yemvelaphi yetiye — futhi kwaqinisekisa ukuqala kwe-China.
• Isifunda saseBhayisha siyingxenye ye-Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park — ipaki likazwelonke elincane kunawo wonke e-China (lasungulwa ngo-2021). Izihlahla zetiye zasendle epaki zivikelwe umthetho njengomthombo wezakhi zofuzo ongandile.
• Ngo-2022 kwenziwa ucwaningo lokuqala lwe-carbon emkhiqizweni wetiye e-Hainan: itiye eliluhlaza ‘i-Bó Shā’ lathola uphawu lwe-carbon (碳标签, tàn biāoqiān), laba itiye lokuqala esiqhingini ‘nendlela yekhabhoni’ eqinisekisiwe. Umsebenzi ofanayo uyenzelwa netiye elibomvu.
• Ngokwemininingwane ye-Hainan University, esifundeni saseBhayisha kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-30 zezitshalo ezisetshenziswa abantu bendawo base-Li ukulungisa amatiy e-herbal-‘liángchá’ (凉茶): itiye lasendle, itiye le-parasite (寄生茶), itiye ‘i-zhègūchá’ (鹧鸪茶) nokunye. Lesi siko le-ethnobotanical esicebile sisebenza njengengemuva lapho kuthuthukiswa khona ukukhiqizwa kwamanje kwe-Báishā Hóngchá.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiy Abomvu:

• I-Wǔzhǐshān Hóngchá (五指山红茶, Wǔzhǐshān Hóngchá): ‘Umakhelwane’ oseduze — itiye elibomvu elivela esifundeni esiseduze sase-Wuzhishan. Kusetshenziswa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezifanayo (i-Hǎinán Dàyè Zhǒng), kodwa indawo yokutshala yehlukile: i-Wuzhishan iphakeme kakhulu (ifinyelela ku-1,000+ m), okunikeza isici esincane esilula, esinezimbali. I-Baisha iyazuza ngokunambitheka kwangemuva okuneminerali ‘yomgodi’.
• I-Diān Hóng (滇红, Diān Hóng): Itiye elibomvu laseYunnan oluvela ohlotsheni olufanayo lwe-assamica (var. assamica). I-Diān Hóng, ngokuvamile, igqama kakhulu emananothini oju nopelepele, inamandla ‘e-muscat’. I-Báishā Hóngchá — inesici se-tropiki ngokwengqikithi: amanothi e-longan ne-litchi, umzimba othambile, ukumunyu okunolaka okuncane.
• I-Yīngdé Hóngchá (英德红茶, Yīngdé Hóngchá): Itiye elibomvu elivela esifundazweni sase-Guangdong, futhi elivela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu (i-Yínhóng No. 9 nezinye). I-Yīngdé Hóngchá — iyisitayela ‘sakudala’ sase-Guangdong: ubumnandi obulingene, amanothi kashokoledi ne-rose eyomile. I-Báishā Hóngchá yehluka ngezithelo zase-tropiki ezigqamile kanye nesisekelo seminerali.
• I-Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng (正山小种, Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng): Itiye elibomvu lamahlamvu amancane lase-Fujian elivela esiqiwini sase-Wuyi. Ngokwesitayela — isitayela esihluke ngokuyisisekelo: amanothi entuthu-ephayini (ezingxenyeni ezibhemayo) noma amanothi e-longan nezimbali (ezingxenyeni ezingabhenywa), ‘umzimba’ othambile, onjengosilika. I-Báishā Hóngchá — inesilinganiso esihlukile sokunambitha: iminyene, ‘inamafutha’, inezithelo zase-tropiki kanye nesisekelo seminerali, okuyisici sezinto ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu zase-tropiki.
• IHainan Hóng Suì Chá / INánhǎi CTC (南海CTC红碎茶, Nánhǎi CTC Hóng Suì Chá): ‘Umfowabo omdala’ ongokomlando we-Báishā Hóngchá — itiye elibomvu elichotshoziwe, elalikhiqizwa eNánhǎi Tea Factory (南海茶厂) esifundeni sase-Ding’an kusetshenziswa izinto ezingavuthiwe zamahlamvu amakhulu ezifanayo, kodwa ngobuchwepheshe be-CTC. Ngokuphambene ne-Báishā Hóngchá enamaqabunga aphelele, inguqulo ye-CTC yayigxile emakethe yokuthekelisa kanye nokusetshenziswa nobisi noshukela. Imboni yayeka ukusebenza, kodwa ifa layo liyingxenye yomlando wetiye elibomvu lase-Hainan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Báishā Hóngchá — itiye elibomvu elinozalo ‘lwasemkhathini’ oluyingqayizivele: elikhule endaweni yomgodi wemeteorite wasendulo, enhlabathini eyi-lateritic enokwakheka okuhlukile kwaminerali, kusuka ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezinamandla zamahlamvu amakhulu zohlobo lwe-assamica. Leli tiye lihlanganisa ukuphana kwe-tropiki — ubumnandi boju, ukugcwala kwezithelo, ‘umzimba’ onamafutha — nenothi leminerali elingenakuphindwaphindwa kunoma iyiphi enye indawo. I-Báishā Hóngchá ifaneleka kahle kulabo abafuna enye indlela esikhundleni se-Diān Hóng noma i-Jīn Jūn Méi yakudala futhi belungele ukuthola i-tropiki i-Hainan — isifundazwe sase-China esiseningizimu kakhulu, lapho intwasahlobo ifika ngoDisemba, futhi itiye limunca amandla ehlathi lase-tropiki kanye nenkumbulo yokushayisana kwasemkhathini okwenzeka eminyakeni engu-700,000 edlule.