Anhua Songzhen; isinaliti likaphayini lase-Anhua

Anhua Songzhen; isinaliti likaphayini lase-Anhua (安化松针, Ānhuà sōng zhēn — “Isinaliti Likaphayini Lase-Anhua”) yitiya eluhlaza elidumile laseHunan, eliyingxenye ye-”Zinhlithi Ezintathu Ezidumile ZaseShayina” (中国三针, Zhōngguó Sānzhēn) kanye ne-Nanjing Yuhua Cha kanye ne-Enshi Yulu. Idalwe ngo-1959 — njengomfowabo waseHunan u-Gaoqiao Yin Feng — ‘njengesipho seminyaka eyishumi ye-PRC’. Itiye lidunyiswa ngesimo salo esimsulwa esifana nenalithi: amahlumela amancane, aqondile, azacile, akhumbuza izinaliti zikaphayini wasezintabeni, ame mpo engilazini, akha “ihlathi likaphayini” elincane. Isigaba sokubunjwa — ukugingqwa ngesandla komhlumela ngamunye okwemizuzu engama-40 ngokwezinga elithi “yindilinga, iminyene, iqondile” (圆、紧、直) — sinzima kangangokuthi izingcweti zisibiza ngokuthi “ubuciko bokulwa obungenakuqhathaniswa” (绝世武功, juéshì wǔgōng).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi:

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingabilisiwe). Liyingxenye yamatiye aluhlaza akhethekile agazingiweyo (特种炒青绿茶, tèzhǒng chǎoqīng lǜchá) anesimo senalithi (针形茶, zhēnxíng chá). Liyisibonelo esihle sokubunjwa kwesimo senalithi phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza aseShayina.
Isigaba: Enye ye-”Zinhlithi Ezintathu Ezidumile ZaseShayina” (中国三针). Enye “Yamatiye Amathathu Amakhulu AseHunan” (湖南省三大名茶, ngo-1962). Iwine izindondo eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa indondo yegolide eMbonini Wamazwe Ngamazwe Yase-Ulaanbaatar (乌兰巴托国际博览会金奖). Ngo-2021 ubuchwepheshe bafakwa kuhlu lwamagugu angaphatheki esifundazweni saseHunan.
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isifunda sase-Anhua (安化县, Ānhuà Xiàn). Umnyombo we-terroir yintaba i-Yuntaishan (云台山, Yúntái Shān) — inkaba yezintaba endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-500, ehlale isongwe amafu. Kulapha eYuntaishan lapho kunesiteshi setiye saseBaojiachong (褒家冲茶场, Bāojiāchōng Cháchǎng) — indawo okwadalwa kuyo i-Anhua Songzhen.
Izixhumanisi zomhlaba: Cishe 28°23′ enyakatho, 111°13′ empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwesiko:

Umlando: Isifunda sase-Anhua singesinye sezifunda ezindala kakhulu zokulima itiye eHunan ezinomlando ohlehlela emuva enkathini yeThang. Emithonjeni yamaThang kukhulunywa “ngezingcezu Ezacile zaseQujiang” (渠江薄片, Qújiāng Bópián) — itiye lakuqala lase-Anhua. Enkathini yeSong, itiye lase-Anhua lafakwa ohlwini lwezipho zombusi (贡茶). I-Anhua Songzhen yesimanje yadalwa ngo-1959 esiteshini setiye saseBaojiachong esifundeni sase-Anhua — njengesipho sesikhumbuzo seminyaka eyishumi ye-PRC. Ososayensi betiye basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bendabuko betiye lentela njengesisekelo futhi bakha indlela yasekuqaleni yokubunjwa kwesimo senalithi ngesandla okwemizuzu engama-40. Ngo-1962 ubuchwepheshe bamiselwa ngokugcwele, futhi itiye laqashelwa njengelinye la-“Matiye Amathathu Amakhulu AseHunan” — kanye ne-Junshan Yinzhen kanye ne-Gaoqiao Yin Feng. Okulandelayo — ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke: indondo yegolide eMbonini Wamazwe Ngamazwe Yase-Ulaanbaatar kanye nezindondo eziningi zangaphakathi. Ngo-2021 — ukufakwa kobuchwepheshe kuhlu lwamagugu angaphatheki eHunan.
Igama:
- “Ānhuà” (安化) — igama lesifunda. Ngokwezwi nezwi: “Ukuthula nokuguqulwa.”
- “Sōng” (松) — “uphayini”: ichaza isimo seqabunga letiye, esifana nesinaliti sikaphayini.
- “Zhēn” (针) — “inaliti”: igcizelela ubuncane, ukuqonda, nokuba nesiqongo esicijile komhlumela.
Ukubaluleka kwesiko: I-Anhua yisifunda esanikeza umhlaba izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zetiye: i-Anhua Heicha (安化黑茶, “itiye elimnyama lase-Anhua”) elidumile — olunye lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha ezinkulu zetiye laseShayina — kanye ne-Anhua Songzhen — isibonelo setiye eliluhlaza elinjengenalithi. Amatiye amabili avela esifundeni esisodwa, izigxobo ezimbili zomhlaba wetiye — ukusuka kokumnyama okubilisiwe kuye kokuluhlaza okuthambile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-Anhua isebenzisa uhlelo “lokutshalwa ndawonye kwetiye nezithelo” (茶果间作) — ukutshalwa kwetiye ndawonye nezihlahla zezithelo (i-loquat, i-wax myrtle) — okufana nohlelo oludumile lwase-Dongtingshan lwe-Biluochun.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza:

Izinhlobo / I-cultivar: Izinhlobo ezimbili:
- Anhua Quntizhong (安化群体种) — uhlobo lwendabuko lwasendaweni lwe-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Iqabunga — linamanzi, “linamandla aphezulu okugcina ubumnene” (叶质肥厚持嫩性强). Linikeza ukunambitheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okunezingqimba eziningi.
- Xiangbolü (湘波绿, Xiāngbōlǜ) kanye Baihao Zao (白毫早, Báiháo Zǎo) — izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe, ezikhethwe esizindeni sezitshalo sase-Yuntaishan. Ukuqala kokuphila ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid.
Ukuvunwa: Ngaphambi nje komkhosi we-Qingming (清明, ~5 Ephreli). Izinga — iqhuma elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa eliqala ukuvuleka (一芽一叶初展). Okulahliwe: amaqabunga onakaliswe izinambuzane, amahlumela ansomi, amaqabunga anamazolo (露水叶). Impahla eluhlaza entsha, ethambile, emsulwa kuphela.
Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Ziphakeme ngokwedlulele — izinga elithi “无虫伤叶、紫叶、露水叶” (akukho monakalo wezinambuzane, ubunsomi, namazolo). Ukucutshungulwa — ngosuku lokuvuna.

4. I-Terrorir kanye Nezici Zokutshala:

Indawo: Umgwaqo osenyakatho we-Xuefengshan (雪峰山脉, Xuěfēng Shānmài). Indawo yezintaba enezihosha ezijulile nemifudlana eminingi.
Isimo sezulu: I-monsoon ephakathi ne-subtropical. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile — 16.2°C, imvula yonyaka — 1682 mm. Amafu amaningi, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku.
Ukuphakama kwendawo: Ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Umnyombo — intaba i-Yuntaishan, ehlale isongwe amafu (igama lisuka lapha: 云台 — “ipulatifomu yamafu”).
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi (红壤、黄壤), ethuthuke emadwaleni e-slate (板页岩风化), enothe nge-phosphorus ne-selenium. I-asidi — elinganiselayo. Iphrofayili ejulile, ukungena kwamanzi okuhle.
Uhlelo lwe-intercropping (茶果间作): Njengase-Dongtingshan (ikhaya le-Biluochun), izihlahla zetiye e-Anhua ngokomlando zitshalwe zixubene nezihlahla zezithelo — i-loquat (枇杷) ne-wax myrtle (杨梅). Izihlahla zetiye zimunca izinto ezinuka kamnandi ezivela ezimbalini nasezithelweni, zakha “iphunga lemvelo lezimbali nezithelo” (天然花果香韵).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ubuchwepheshe be-Anhua Songzhen — izigaba eziyisishiyagalolunye, nokubunjwa ngesandla okubalulekile okwemizuzu engama-40. Lobu bungobunye bobuchwepheshe obunzima kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza.

Ukunabisa (鲜叶摊放 — xiānyè tānfàng): Ukunabisa isikhashana ukuze kunciphe amanzi.
Ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ekhasini lensimbi ekushiseni okungu-140°C noma esigubhungeni. Ukumisa ngokushesha kwe-oxidation.
Ukugingqa (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Izigaba ezintathu — “kancane → kakhulu → kancane” (轻-重-轻).
Ukugazinga okuphakathi (炒坯 — chǎopēi): Kuma-70–80°C — ukuhwamuka komswakama kanye nokuqala kokwakheka kwephunga elimnandi.
Ukupholisa (摊凉 — tānliáng): Ukupholisa okumaphakathi nokusabalalisa kabusha komswakama.
Ukubunjwa — “ubuciko bokulwa obungenakuqhathaniswa” (整形 — zhěngxíng): Isigaba esibalulekile futhi esinzima kakhulu. Kuma-50–70°C ingcweti ngesandla emizuzwini engama-40 iginqika umhlumela ngamunye, iwunikeza isimo esihle ngokwezinga elithi “圆、紧、直” — “yindilinga (engxenyeni), iminyene, iqondile.” Lesi sigaba saqanjwa izingcweti ngokuthi “绝世武功” — “ubuciko bokulwa obungenakuqhathaniswa,” njengoba sidinga ukunemba okuphelele: ukucindezela ngamandla kakhulu kwephula umhlumela, ukucindezela buthaka kakhulu akunikezi isimo esiqondile; ukushisa ngokweqile — kubulala iphunga elimnandi, ukungashisi ngokwanele — kushiya umswakama.
Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào): Ukomisa kancane ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ngokuholela ekushiseni, kuma-35–40°C — elinye lamazinga aphansi kakhulu okomisa kokugcina phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza. Ukuhamba kancane — yisihluthulelo sephunga elimnandi elijulile nelihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukuhlunga nokuhlukanisa (筛拣 — shāijiǎn): Ukuhlunga kokugcina, ukususa amahlumela angafanele.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amahlumela aqondile, azacile, ahlelekile, ngokwesimo — “izinaliti zikaphayini” eziphelele (细直挺秀似松针). Ubude — bulinganayo. “Ubude, ukuqonda, indilinga, ukubushelelezi, ukuminyana, nokuzacile” (长直圆浑紧细, cháng zhí yuán hún jǐn xì) — ifomula ephelele yesimo. Umbala — uluhlaza okotshani obumunyu, ongaguquki (翠绿匀整). Ubulembu obusiliva — bubonakala (白毫显露).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Elihlanzekile, eliphakeme, elihlala isikhathi eside (清香高雅持久). Inothi le-castnut (栗香) — lakheka esigabeni sokugazinga okuphakathi. Iphunga elithambile lamahlumela amancane (嫩香). Iphunga lesimbali nesithelo — kungenxa yohlelo lwe-intercropping nezihlahla zezithelo.
Iphunga lomunyu: Elihlanzekile, elinephunga elimnandi (香气馥郁, xiāngqì fùyù). Iphrofayili ye-castnut nentsha. Ihleli isikhathi eside.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokunamanzi (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid. Okumnandi nokuthambile (甜醇, tiánchún) — ubumnandi obubuya ngemuva okusobala (回甘明显). Okuminyene (醇厚) — ingxube yangaphakathi enothile. Ifomula yokunambitha eyisici: ukubaba kokuqala okuncane (微苦) kuguquka ngokushesha kube ubumnandi (迅速转甘甜) — okunye “kokushintsha” okushesha kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza.
Umbala womunyu: Uluhlaza ngobumnene, uhlanzekile, ukhanya futhi uyabonakala (嫩绿透亮).
Umphumela obonakalayo ngesikhathi sokwenza itiye: Lapho kuthululwa amanzi engilazini, amahlumela ehla kancane futhi ame mpo, akhe “ihlathi likaphayini” elincane — omunye wemiphumela ebukekayo kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye anjengenalithi.
Izinsalela zetiye: Amahlumela athambile, azacile, aphilayo anombala oluhlaza ogqamile. Iqabunga liphelele, akukho monakalo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Imvelaphi yezintaba eziphakeme, isimo sezulu esincane samafu, inhlabathi ye-slate ene-selenium, nohlelo lwe-intercropping kwakha iphrofayili eyisici:

I-Polyphenols (catechins): Okuqukethwe okukhulu. Kunikeza amandla e-antioxidant kanye nesakhiwo sokunambitheka.
Ama-amino acid (kuhlanganisa i-L-theanine): Okuqukethwe okuphezulu — kungenxa yezintaba eziphakeme nokukhanya okuningi okuhlakazekile. Kunikeza ubusha kanye nobumnandi obusheshayo obubuya ngemuva.
Ama-alkaloid: I-caffeine — okuqukethwe okulinganiselayo. I-theobromine, i-theophylline.
I-Carotenoids ne-vitamin A: Okuqukethwe okuphezulu — kunikeza ukusekela kwamehlo (明目).
Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C, amavithamini B, i-vitamin A.
Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus, i-selenium, i-manganese.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo:

Umphumela wokupholisa (清热消暑): Ngokwesiko unconywa ngesikhathi esishisayo.
Umphumela we-antioxidant: Ama-catechin anciphisa ama-radical akhululekile.
Ukulawulwa kwephrofayili ye-lipid (降脂减肥): Ama-catechin asheshisa ukugaya amafutha emzimbeni.
Ukusekela kwamehlo (明目): Inothe nge-carotenoids ne-vitamin A.
Umphumela wokuvuselela: I-caffeine ne-L-theanine.
Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya ukudla: Ama-polyphenol avuselela ama-enzyme.
Okubalulekile: lezi zincomo zisekelwe emininingwaneni etholakala esidlangalaleni futhi akuzona izeluleko zezokwelapha.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85°C.
Inani letiye: Amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml wamanzi (isilinganiso esingu-1:50).
Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi — kungukukhetha okuphoqelekile ukuze kubukwe “ihlathi likaphayini”: izinaliti ezime mpo — umbukiso omkhulu obonakalayo waleli tiye.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza ingilazi, ulahle amanzi.
2. Thela itiye.
3. Thela amanzi kufike ku-1/3 wevolumu, nyakazisa ingilazi — “vula iphunga elimnandi” (摇香润茶).
4. Faka amanzi aze afike ku-7/10. Misele eceleni imizuzu eyi-1-2.
5. Ukwenza kabusha okulandelayo — yandisa ngesekhondi eli-1-2. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokwenziwa izikhathi ezi-3-4.
Qaphela: thela amanzi ngasodongeni lwengilazi (沿杯壁缓流), hhayi ngqo etiyeni — uma kungenjalo izinaliti “ziyalala” futhi ngeke zime mpo. Buka ukuthi amahlumela ehla kancane futhi eyoma “njengehlathi likaphayini” — lo mbukiso ufanele ukulinda imizuzu embalwa.

10. Ukugcinwa:

Gcina esitsheni esivalekile, endaweni emnyama nepholile.
Okuncomekayo — esiqandisini kuma-0–5°C.
Isikhathi sokugcina — esifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-12.
Ngemva kokuvula — phuza phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-1-2.

11. Intengo Kanye Namanyela:

I-Anhua Songzhen — itiye elinomkhiqizo olinganiselwe: umnyombo — yisiteshi setiye saseBaojiachong kanye nentaba i-Yuntaishan. Amagreyidi amathathu (特级, 一级, 二级).

Ukugwema amanyela:
- Thenga kubadayisi abathembekile, okuncanyelwa umkhiqizo wasesiteshini setiye saseBaojiachong (褒家冲茶场) noma uphawu “三十九铺” (Sanshijiu Pu).
- Hlola isimo: “izinaliti” eziqondile eziphelele — “ezinde, eziqondile, eziyindilinga, ezibushelelezi.” Amahlumela agobile, aphukile, noma angalingani — uphawu lomgunyathi.
- Hlola “ihlathi likaphayini”: lapho kwenziwa itiye engilazini yengilazi izinaliti kufanele zime mpo.
- Hlola iphunga: elihlanzekile, eline-castnut nntsha, nezwakaliso lezimbali nezithelo.
- Naka intengo: ephansi ngokusolisayo — uphawu lomgunyathi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

I-Anhua Songzhen — enye “yeZinhlithi Ezintathu Ezidumile ZaseShayina” (中国三针): i-Nanjing Yuhua Cha (eyaseNanjing), i-Enshi Yulu (eyaseHubei) kanye ne-Anhua Songzhen (eyaseHunan). “Izinaliti” ezintathu — izifundazwe ezintathu, ama-terroir amathathu ahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthathu obuhluke ngokuphelele (ukugazinga, ukubila ngesitimu kanye nokushisa kancane).
Ukubunjwa ngesandla okwemizuzu engama-40 — “绝世武功” (“ubuciko bokulwa obungenakuqhathaniswa”) — esinye sezigaba ezinde kakhulu zokubunjwa ngesandla phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza. Uma kuqhathaniswa: ukugingqwa kwe-Longjing kuthatha ~imizuzu eyi-10, kanti ukubunjwa kwe-Biluochun kuthatha ~imizuzu eyi-15.
Isifunda sase-Anhua sinikeze umhlaba izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zetiye: i-Anhua Heicha (安化黑茶, “itiye elimnyama” — olunye lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo zetiye laseShayina) kanye ne-Anhua Songzhen (eliluhlaza). Izigxobo ezimbili ze-terroir eyodwa — ukusuka ekubiliseni iminyaka eminingi kuye kubusha obusheshayo.
Uhlelo “茶果间作” (i-intercropping yetiye nezithelo) — ukutshalwa kwetiye ndawonye ne-loquat ne-wax myrtle — kufana nohlelo oludumile lwase-Dongtingshan lwe-Biluochun. I-Anhua ingesinye sezifunda ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwe-Jiangsu ezisebenzisa le ndlela.
Ukomisa kuma-35–40°C — elinye lamazinga aphansi kakhulu okomisa kokugcina phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza. Uma kuqhathaniswa: amatiye amaningi omiswa kuma-60–80°C. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi ngokwedlulele lilondoloza kakhulu ama-amino acid nezinto ezinuka kamnandi.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza “anjengenalithi”:

Nanjing Yuhua Cha (南京雨花茶): Evela eNanjing. Futhi “iyinaliti,” futhi ingeyakwa-”Zinhlithi Ezintathu Ezidumile.” I-Yuhua — inesimbali ngokwengeziwe, inophawu “lenguquko”; i-Songzhen — ine-castnut nesithelo ngokwengeziwe, inomfanekiso “kaphayini.”
Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Evela eHubei. Futhi “iyinaliti,” futhi ingeyakwa-”Zinhlithi Ezintathu Ezidumile.” I-Yulu — ibiliswe ngesitimu (蒸青), inesici “saseJapan”; i-Songzhen — igazingiwe (炒青), inenothi le-castnut laseHunan.
Gaoqiao Yin Feng (高桥银峰): Uzakwabo waseHunan. Futhi wango-1959, futhi “uyisipho seminyaka eyishumi.” I-Yin Feng — “inesiliva” kakhudlwana futhi igingqiwe; i-Songzhen — “inophayini” kakhudlwana futhi iqondile.
Xinyang Maojian (信阳毛尖): Evela eHenan. Futhi injengenalithi, futhi ine-castnut. I-Xinyang — iminyene kakhudlwana futhi “isenyakatho,” ngobuchule “be-woko ekabili”; i-Songzhen — izacile kakhudlwana, ngokubunjwa ngesandla okwemizuzu engama-40 kanye nezwakaliso lezithelo.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Anhua Songzhen — itiye lapho isimo sibe wubuciko. Imizuzu engamashumi amane yokugingqwa ngesandla okungapheli, “ubuciko bokulwa obungenakuqhathaniswa” bengcweti, eguqula umhlumela othambile wasentwasahlobo ube “yisinaliti sikaphayini” esimsulwa, — kanye nomphumela: izinaliti ezincane eziluhlaza, ezime mpo engilazini yengilazi, kuhle kwehlathi lasezintabeni elincane esiqongweni samafu sase-Yuntaishan. Iphunga elimnandi le-castnut nesithelo (ifa le-intercropping ne-loquat), ukuguquka okusheshayo ukusuka ekubabeni okuncane kuye kubumnandi obuthambile kanye “nezinaliti ezintathu ezidumile” epasipoti — konke lokhu kwenza i-Anhua Songzhen ibe itiye elihle kakhulu kulabo abazisa ukuphelela okubonakalayo ngokungaphansi kokunambithisayo, — futhi abazimisele ukubuka “ihlathi likaphayini” engilazini, ngaphambi kokuphuza isiphunga sokuqala.