Yíxīng zǐshā

Amateyi abumba ngezitsha zobumba ase-Yixing (Yíxīng 宜兴) cishe ayinto ephawuleka kunazo zonke esikweni laseShayina letiye: into yobumba enezimbotshana, ‘ephefumulayo’ enombala womhlabathi owosiwe, abathandi abayibheka njengengxenye engenakuhlukaniswa yokunambitheka kwetiye uqobo. Lesi sihloko asigxilile etiyeni uqobo, kodwa sengxenyeni yobumba kanye nobuciko, okunzima ukucabanga ukuphisa i-wulong ne-puer ngaphandle kwakho.

Umsuka Ne-Terroir

Idolobha lase-Yixing liseningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Jiangsu (Jiāngsū 江苏), ogwini olusentshonalanga lwechibi i-Taihu (Tàihú 太湖), emngceleni wezifundazwe i-Zhejiang ne-Anhui. Kulapha, emagqumeni azungeze isifunda sase-Dingshu (Dīngshǔ 丁蜀), kutholakala uhlobo oluthile lwetshe lentlenga — i-zisha (zǐshā 紫砂), ngokwezwi nezwi ‘isihlabathi esinsomi’.

Umthombo ohamba phambili wempahla eluhlaza kuthathwa ngokwendabuko njengentaba i-Huanglongshan (Huánglóngshān 黄龙山). I-Zisha akulona ubumba olujwayelekile lobumbi, kodwa yidwala elinamathela ngamatshe amancane agqinsiwe, atholakala ngezingqimba phakathi kwezinye izingqimba zamatshe. Ngemva kokumbiwa, kumele lichotshozwe, libulwe umoya, futhi ligaywe ngaphambi kokuba lisebenziseke. Ukwakheka kwamaminerali — okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-iron oxide, i-quartz, i-mica, ne-kaolinite — kunquma umbala wemikhiqizo eqediwe, kanye nesici sayo esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe: lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvuleka okuphindwe kabili, lapho into yobumba ihlala ingena umoya kodwa ingavuza.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ‘yase-Yixing’ isho ngokuyinhloko ukuhlobana ngokwendawo kwempahla yokusetshenziswa nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi yezandla. Imithombo yamatshe asezingeni eliphezulu ilinganiselwe, futhi ukumbiwa okunamandla ezindaweni ezithile eminyakeni ethile kuholele emigomeni nasekuvinjelweni kwesikhashana — imininingwane eqondile yokuphatha ingcono ukucaciswa ngemithombo yendawo.

”Izinhlobo” Zobumba

Uma itiye linezinhlobo zesihlahla, i-zisha inezinhlobo ezihlukene zamadwala, futhi yizo lezi ezibeka isimo somkhiqizo:

• I-Zini (zǐní 紫泥) — ‘ubumba olunsomi’, olusabalele kakhulu futhi oluyisisekelo. Ngemva kokushiswa eziko, lunikeza amathoni ansundu-nsomi, ansundu ngokumnyama.
• I-Hongni / I-Zhuni (hóngní 红泥 / zhūní 朱泥) — ‘obomvu’ kanye ‘nobomvu ngokusagazini’ bobumba abanensimbi eningi. I-Zhuni inikeza umbala obomvu ngokugqamile osabomvu ngokuphuzi, ukushwabana okubonakalayo lapho kushiswa eziko, nomsindo okhalayo owuhlobo oluthile; ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngayo amateyi amancane e-wulong.
• I-Benshan Lüni (běnshān lǜní 本山绿泥) — ‘ubumba oluluhlaza’, emva kokushiswa eziko luthola amathoni aphuzi, asacwebe ngokunsundu.
• I-Duanni (duànní 段泥, ngezinye izikhathi 团泥) — itshe elixutshwe ngenye indlela, elinikeza imibala ekhanyayo ephuzi ngokumpunga nensundu ngokumpunga.

Empeleni, izingcweti zivame ukwenza ingxube bese zifaka ama-oksidi amaminerali ukuze zithole umbala ofunekayo, ngakho-ke uhla lwemibalo lungaphezulu kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa okuyisisekelo.

Ubuciko Nobuchwepheshe

Into yobumba yase-Yixing ihluke ngokuphelele emsebenzini ojwayelekile wokubumba: itiye eliyi-zisha lakudala libunjwa hhayi ngesondo lombumbi, kodwa ngendlela yokuhlanganisa ngesandla kusuka kumapuleti nobambo lobumba.

Amasu abalulekile:

• I-Dapian (dǎpiàn 打片) — ukushaywa kobumba ngesando sokhuni lube amapuleti amancane alinganayo.
• Ukuhlanganisa umzimba — ngokusuka epuletini eligotshwe laba isilinda (kumamumo ayindilinga) noma ngezinhlangothi ezihlukene eziyizicaba (kumateyi ‘ajiyomethrikhi’ e-fangqi, fāngqì 方器).
• Ukwenziwa ngokuhlukana nokunamathiselwa komlomo, isibambo, isivalo kanye nekinobho yesivalo, ukufakwa okucophelelayo kwesivalo emqaleni wetiye.
• Ukweshelela nokucinanisa ingaphezulu ngamathuluzi akhethekile — lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuminyana kwendawo yobumba.

Ukushiswa eziko kwenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (ngokulinganiselayo cishe ngo-1100–1200 °C, izindlela eziqondile zincike ohlotsheni lobumba naseziko). I-Zisha ishiswa eziko ngaphandle kocwebezelo: ingaphezulu elimatshe, elinokumahhadlahhadla — ‘yindawo ewubumba’ ecwengekile nje engenalutho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuthintana netiye nangokusulwa, ithola ukucwebezela okuthambile — i-patina, abaqoqi abayibiza ngokuthi ‘isikhumba setiye’.

Amazinga Nokuvikelwa Kwegama

I-zisha yobumba yase-Yixing eShayina inesikhundla somkhiqizo onenkombandlela yendawo evikelwe (dìlǐ biāozhì 地理标志产品), okuhlanganisa ngokomthetho igama nendawo yokukhiqiza kanye nempahla eluhlaza. Kukhona nezinga likazwelonke lezimboni lwemikhiqizo ye-yixing zisha, elilawula amatemu, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi; inombolo eqondile yombhalo ayinikezwanga lapha, njengoba kufanele ihlolwe ngokuhambisana nohlelo lwakamuva. Empeleni, imakethe iqondiswa ngokwengeziwe iziqu zeziqu zezingcweti (isibonelo, izitebhisi ‘zengcweti yobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla’), kodwa lolu hlelo luhlola ababhali, hhayi impahla ngokwayo.

I-Zisha Ilithinta Kanjani Itiye Nendlela Yokuliphisa

Inzuzo eyinhloko ye-zisha emisebenzini yetiye ihlobene nezici ezintathu zendawo yobumba:

1. Ukuvuleka ‘nokuphefumula’. Izimbotshana ezincane zibamba ukushisa ngokuthambile futhi zivumela izindonga ukuba ‘ziphefumule’ kancane, lokho, ngokomcabango wabasebenzi, kunciphisa amanothi ahlabayo wokugxiliswa okuqinile.
2. Umthamo wokushisa. Indawo yobumba ewugqinsi ibamba kahle izinga lokushisa — lokhu kubalulekile ematini adinga izinga eliphezulu elizinzile.
3. ‘Inkumbulo’ yempahla. Indawo enezimbotshana ithatha kancane kancane iphunga letiye. Kusukela lapha isiko lakudala ‘lokukhethekile’: itiye elilodwa liphiselwa uhlobo olulodwa lwetiye, ukuze kungahlanganiswa izinhlobo.

Ngaphansi kwe-zisha, amatiye aqinile, anephunga elimnandi futhi ‘amnyama’ avuleka kahle kakhulu: ama-wulong aseWuyi (yánchá 岩茶), i-puer endala ne-shu, amatiye amnyama nabomvu. Amatiye aluhlaza namhlophe athambile, ngokuphambene, avame ukuphiswa ngobumba lwe-porcelain noma engilazini, lapho ukuvuleka ‘kungadli’ iphunga elicashile.

Izeluleko ezingokoqobo:

• Itiye elisha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa liyahlanzwa futhi ‘liphuziswe’ — liyashiswa bese kuthelwa itiye lalolo hlobo elenzelwe lona.
• Okwe-wulong ne-puer, amanzi abilayo awela kahle; umthamo omncane (imvamisa 100–200 ml) ulungele ukuthelwa ngesitayela se-gōngfū chá 工夫茶.
• Ukugeza itiye ngaphakathi kwenziwa ngaphandle kwezinto zokuhlanza, ukuze kuphazamiseki iphunga eliqoqiwe; ngaphandle liyasulwa futhi lipholishwe ngebhulashi elihlanzekile noma ngendwangu.

Umlando Nesiko

Ukudlondlobala kwetiye lase-Yixing kwenzeka ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Ming (Míng 明), lapho eShayina indlela yokuphisa itiye lamaqabunga ngokugxilisa ezitsheni yasakazeka — esikhundleni samatiye angaphambili agaywe aba yimpuphu. Itiye elincane lobumba lalifanelana kahle nalomkhuba omusha.

Kuhlobene nalobuciko igama eliyingxenye yenganekwane lika-Gongchun (Gōngchūn 供春), isiko elimbiza njengomunye wezingcweti zokuqala ezidumile. Ngasekupheleni kwe-Ming, kwasebenza u-Shi Dabin (Shí Dàbīn 时大彬), ogama lakhe lihlotshaniswa nokusungulwa kwamafomu akudala kanye nobuchule bokuhlanganisa ngesandla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakheka iqembu lonke lezingcweti, futhi itiye le-zisha laphenduka into yokuqoqwa: kwafakwa izimpawu-izigxivizo kulo, lahlotshiswa ngokubaza, i-calligraphy, kanye nokudweba, futhi ababhali babandakanywa emsebenzini. Kanjalo izitsha zaba ingxenye yesiko ‘lezazi’ lokuphuza itiye.

Namuhla i-Dingshu iyisiko lasemnyuziyamu kanye nemboni enkulu: kusukela emisebenzini yezingcweti eziyingqayizivele enenani eliphezulu kuya ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi. Lokhu kuphindeka kabili kwemakethe kudala inkinga eyinhloko yomthengi — ubuqiniso.

Ungawuhlukanisa Kanjani I-Zisha Yangempela

Akukho ‘sivivinyo somlingo’ esijwayelekile esikhona, kodwa kunendlela yezinkomba eziphusile:

• Ingaphezulu. I-zisha yangempela i-matte, inesakhiwo samaminerali anezinhlamvu, ngaphandle kokucwebezela kocwebezelo. Ukucwebezela okubushelelezi kakhulu, ‘okunjengepulasitiki’ noma okuvanishiwe kuyasolisa.
• Umsindo nobumba. Emkhiqizweni oshiswe kahle eziko, umsindo lapho ushaywa kancane esivalweni kungcono ukhaliphe kunokuba ubuthuntu; kodwa umsindo uncike kakhulu ohlotsheni lobumba, ngakho-ke lokhu kuwuphawu olusizayo nje kuphela.
• Ukuhlanganiswa. Etiyini elihle elenziwe ngesandla, iminonjana yobuciko iyabonakala: ukufakwa okunembile kwesivalo, ukusikeka okuhlanzekile komlomo, ukuthululeka kwamanzi ngokushelelayo.
• Iphunga. Iphunga elinamandla lamakhemikhali noma ‘le-parfum’ etiyini elisha — kuwuphawu olubi.
• Intengo nemvelaphi. ‘Ubumba oludala olungavamile’ okuthiwa lutholakala ngentengo ephansi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kusho inqwaba ejwayelekile efakwe umbala. Ukushiwo okusobala kwendawo yokusebenzela kanye nentengo enengqondo kunokwethenjelwa ukudlula izinganekwane ezihlabahlosile.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imikhiqizo efakwe imibala ngokuzenzisa ngama-oksidi kanye ‘nokwenziwa okusha okwenziwe kwangathi kudala’ kuyinto ejwayelekile, ngakho-ke lapho kuthengwa okungathi sína, umuntu uqondiswa idumela lomthengisi kanye nengcweti, hhayi kuphela ukubukeka kwangaphandle.

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I-Yixing zisha — yisimo esingajwayelekile, lapho izitsha ziba ngumhlanganyeli ogcwele wokunambitheka: impahla, ubuciko, kanye nesiko lamakhulu eminyaka lapha kuhlangene ngokuqinile njenge-terroir nohlobo etiyeni uqobo. Kulowo osebenzisayo, lokhu kusho umthetho olula — ukukhetha itiye elithembekile, elishiswe kahle eziko elenzelwe itiye elithile bese uvumela isikhathi senze okunye.