Chá gāo, chá duōfēn (TP), chá huángsù (TF)

Ngaphansi kwegama elithi “ama-extracts emithi yetiye” kusiko lamaShayina letiye nasembonini yesimanje yetiye kuqondwa izinto eziningana ezahlukene: umunxa-mhluzi ongqwabalala womlando chá gāo (茶膏), kanye nezingxenye ezikhethiwe ze-biochemical zeqabunga — ama-polyphenols (TP, chá duōfēn 茶多酚) nama-theaflavins (TF, chá huángsù 茶黄素). Okuhlanganisayo yilokhu okukodwa: akulona iqabunga, kodwa ingqikithi yalo egxilisiwe noma ehlanjululiwe.

Iyini i-茶膏 (chá gāo)

I-茶膏 — ngokwezwi nezwi “unamathiselo wetiye” noma “ukhilimu wetiye” — ingumunxa ongqwabalala noma oyingxube, otholakala ngokubilisa uketshezi lwetiye kuze kube ingxube ewugqinsi, ethi ibe yiqiniso ibe ngamatshana, amakhyubhu, noma izinhlamvu. Ngokwesimo siyisihlobo setiye elincibilikayo, kodwa ngokwesintu — siwumkhiqizo wezandla, hhayi oluyimpuphu. Ucezu lwe-chá gāo luyancibilika emanzini ashisayo, lunikeza uketshezi olusheshayo ngaphandle kwamaqabunga.

Uhlobo olwaziwa kakhulu wuhlobo lwe-pu’er — pǔ’ěr chá gāo (普洱茶膏), olwenziwa ngesithako sase-Yunnan. Kodwa ngokomlando unamathiselo wawenziwa nakwezinye izinhlobo zetiye.

Umlando: kusukela kwa-Tang kuya enkundleni yombuso ka-Qing

Ukugxilisa itiye kungenye yobuchwepheshe obudala kunabo bonke endleleni yamaShayina yokuphuza itiye. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Tang kwakukhona izinhlobo zetiye ezicindezelwe neziphekwe, futhi ngesikhathi sakwa-Song imikhiqizo yetiye egxilisiwe ibalulwa phakathi kweminikelo. Ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa, kwakheka isimiso ngokwaso se-gāo — sokubilisa uketshezi kuze kube unamathiselo (ukutholwa kwezinsuku okuqondile kwezindlela zakuqala kuyimpikiswano, ngakho-ke lapha kufanele kube nokuqapha).

Ukuqhakaza kwe-chá gāo kuhlanganiswa nenkundla yombuso ka-Qing. Kunenganekwane ezinzile yokuthi ezindaweni zokusebenzela zesigodlo (lokho okubizwa ngobuchwepheshe “benkundla” gōngtíng 宫廷) unamathiselo we-pu’er wawulungiselelwa ukusetshenziswa kombuso, ngokugcoba izikhathi eziningi bese kubiliswa kancane isithako ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Lo mkhiqizo wawuhlonishwa njengomunxa ogxilile, othwalekayo, futhi ohlala isikhathi eside. Imininingwane ethile yeresiphi yokukhiqiza esigodlweni ibhalwe ngcezwana, futhi okuningi kwalokho namuhla okubizwa “ngendlela yenkundla” — kuwukwakhiwa kabusha, hhayi ukudluliselwa okuqondile.

Yenziwa Kanjani i-chá gāo

Ngokobuchwepheshe kunezindlela ezimbili ezehluke ngokuphelele.

Ukubilisa kwendabuko (i-decoction). Itiye eselilungile (ngokuvamile i-shu- noma i-sheng-pu’er, noma itiye elimnyama) liyagcobwa izikhathi eziningi, izihlambi ziyahlanganiswa futhi zibiliswe isikhathi eside emlilweni omncane noma endishini yamanzi. Kuba khona ingxube emnyama enentaka, ezobunjwa bese iyomiswa. Le ndlela iyonga iphunga elihle, kodwa iyadla isikhathi futhi inikeza umphumela omncane.

Ukukhipha ngempahla kwesimanje kwezimboni. Iqabunga noma itiye eselilungile liyakhishwa ngamanzi ashisayo, uketshezi luhlungwa, lugxiliswe ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ezingeni lokushisa elincishisiwe (ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlanganisela ezithanda ukushisa), bese luyomiswa — ngendlela yokomisa nge-spray noma nge-vacuum. Ngale ndlela kutholakala amatshana e-chá gāo, kanye netiye elincibilikayo eliyimpuphu. I-vacuum ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi — iyisihluthulelo sokugcina iphunga nokwehlisa ukulahleka kwama-polyphenols.

Ikhwalithi kanamathiselo inqunywa isithako sokuqala, inani lezikhathi zokukhipha, isimiso sezinga lokushisa, nobumsulwa (ukungabikho kokushile, ukungcola kwangaphandle, umlotha omncane).

I-TP — ama-polyphenols etiye (chá duōfēn 茶多酚)

I-TP (tea polyphenols) — yigama elihlangene leqembu lezinhlanganisela ze-phenolic seqabunga letiye, okuthi esithakweni esisha kwakhe ingxenye enkulu yento eyomile. Iqembu elincane eliyinhloko — ama-catechins (flavan-3-ols): EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC. Ngama-catechins okuyiwona abangela ububuhlungwana, “umzimba” woketshezi nokubabayo kwalo okukrakrayo.

I-extract ye-TP itholakala eqabungeni letiye (ngokuvamile kusuka kuhle oluhlaza njengolunothe kakhulu ngama-catechins angagugiwe) ngokukhipha ngamanzi noma ngamanzi ahlanganiswe notshwala, kulandelwe ukuhlanjululwa nokugxiliswa. Lokhu kuyisithako sezimboni zokudla nezimonyo, kanye nenkomba yokuhlaziya yekhwalithi yetiye.

Ukuze kutholakale okuqukethwe ama-polyphenols nama-catechins etiyeni, kusetshenziswa izindlela zaselabhorethri ezilinganiselwe. Ohlelweni lwamaShayina lokulinganisa, lokhu kuphathwa yizinga likazwelonke lochungechunge lwe-GB/T, elichaza ukutholakala kwe-spectrophotometric ne-chromatographic kwama-polyphenols nama-catechins aphelele (inombolo eqondile yezinga ayinikezwanga ngamabomu lapha ukugwema iphutha — kufanele kuhlolwe ngohlelo lwamanje).

I-TF — ama-theaflavins (chá huángsù 茶黄素)

I-TF (theaflavins) — izibala ezi-orenji-okuphuzi, ezakheka ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa (ukuguga) kwetiye, ikakhulukazi elimnyama (hóngchá 红茶). Ziyavela lapho i-enzyme i-polyphenol oxidase iguga futhi “ithunge” ama-catechin ngambili: kanjalo kusuka kuma-flavan-3-ols angenambala kuvuka izakhiwo ezinombala ze-benzotropolone.

Ama-theaflavins — awumakaki wekhwalithi yetiye elimnyama:

• anika uketshezi ukukhanya nokucwebezela okusagolide (lelo “khala legolide” emaphethelweni enkomishi);
• abangela ububuhlungwana obusha nokuphila (briskness) ekunambitheni;
• abamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni “kokhilimu” — ukuguquka kombala koketshezi olupholayo.

Lapho kugugwa ngokuqhubekayo ama-theaflavins aguqulwa abe ama-thearubigins amakhulu futhi amnyama (TR, chá hóngsù 茶红素), anikeza umbala obomvu-nsundu “nomzimba” ogcwele. Ibhalansi ye-TF ne-TR — ingenye yamapharamitha abalulekile okuhlola itiye elimnyama: okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-theaflavins nezinga elanele lama-thearubigins kubhekwa njengophawu lwesigaba esiphezulu.

Amaphilisi ahlanjululiwe wama-theaflavins akhishwa etiyeni elimnyama ngezindlela ze-chromatographic; lona ngumkhiqizo obizayo futhi onzima ngokobuchwepheshe.

Ukunambitha Nokuhlanjululwa

茶膏. Unamathiselo uhlanjululwa ngokonga okukhulu ngempela: ucezu oluncane (olungange-ephu ngokoqobo) lwanele ngenkomishi noma ngeketela elincane. Luyancibilika emanzini ashisayo ngemizuzwana. I-chá gāo ye-pu’er inika uketshezi olujulile olumnyama-okwewayini, olucishe lube mnyama olunokuthungwa okubushelelezi, okunamafutha, amathoni anamhlabathi nawezinkuni ezinhlotsheni ze-shu kanye nokumuncu okukhanyayo kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ze-sheng. Ngenxa yokugxilisa okuphezulu, umthamo ubalulekile: ukweqisa umthamo kwenza isiphuzo sibe buhlungu futhi sibe phansi. Amanzi asetshenziswa eshisayo (cishe i-90–100 °C), ukunambitha kulawulwa ngenani lonamathiselo, hhayi isikhathi sokugcoba.

I-TP ne-TF esimweni esimsulwa — akusona isiphuzo somcimbi, kodwa izithako namazinga wokuhlaziya. Ekubunjweni kwetiye elinamaqabunga, ukulingana kwazo okulawula iphrofayili ezwakalayo: i-TP ephezulu — ububuhlungwana nokubaba okucacile; i-TF ephezulu — ukukhanya nokusha okunomdlandla; i-TR ephezulu — ukujula nokugcwala okuthambile.

Ungahlukanisa Kanjani Nokuthi Ubheke Ini

Uma uthenga i-chá gāo, qondisa ngezibonakaliso ezimbalwa:

• Ubuso nokwephuka. Unamathiselo wekhwalithi unobuso obulungile, obucwebezelayo, obungenazo imifantu namabhamuza; endaweni yokwephuka — isakhiwo esifanayo esifana nengilazi noma sinentaka ngaphandle kwezingcolile nokushile.
• Ukuncibilika. Umunxa ogxilile omuhle uncibilika ngokuphelele futhi ngokushesha, ungasali ukungcola kwenzika okungahlanjululiwe kanye nolwelwesi lwesithako esingashile.
• Ubumsulwa boketshezi. Uketshezi kufanele lucacile (ngokombala walo), ngaphandle kwamanothi “aphekiwe”, ashile, noma amakhemikhali, ngaphandle kokubaba ngokweqile.
• Imvelaphi yesithako. Okunamathisele we-pu’er kubalulekile ukucaciswa kohlobo (shu/sheng), indawo nonyaka; amafomyuleshini angacacile — ayisizathu sokuqaphela.

Izibonakaliso zomkhiqizo ongabazisayo: iphunga elibukhali elishile (ukushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokubilisa), “ukufana nokarameli” okucwebezelayo okokungemvelo, ukufana namakhemikhali okubuhlungu, ukungabi nancibilikiso okuhle nolwelwesi olunamafutha.

Lapho kuhlolwa itiye elinamaqabunga ngokuqukethwe i-TP ne-TF, kufanele sincike ezivivinyweni zaselabhorethri ezenziwe ngezindlela zokusebenza ze-GB/T: ngezindlela zasekhaya akukwazi ukukala ngokwethembeka lezi zingxenye.

Isiphetho

I-茶膏, i-TP ne-TF — ubuso obuthathu bomqondo owodwa: ukukhipha nokugxilisa ingxenye esebenzayo yeqabunga letiye. I-chá gāo ikwenza lokhu “kuwo wonke umzimba,” igcina yonke imibala ngesimo esilula somunxa ogxilile onomlando omude, okhuphukela enkundleni yombuso. I-TP ne-TF, ngokuphambene, zihlahlela itiye libe izingxenye zalo — kuma-catechins abuhlungu nasezibalani ezikhanyayo zokuvutshelwa, — zinikeza izimboni nesayensi amathuluzi aqondile wokuqonda nokulawula ikhwalithi. Lapho amazinga athile, izinombolo ze-GB/T kanye namarisiphi enkundla engangabazeki noma engabhaliwe, kuhlakaniphe kakhulu ukuvuma ukungaqiniseki kunokwandisa umlando ngeziqagelo.