càichá

Isigaba setiye elimhlophe (白茶, báichá) sincike eqoqweni lezinhlobo eziwumngcingo kodwa ezichazwe ngokuqinile: izinhlobo ezine “ezinkulu ezimhlophe” ezinamaqhuma amakhulu ezinezinombolo zokubhalisa zikazwelonke 华茶 (huáchá) kanye nohlobo oludala lomphakathi 菜茶 (càichá), okungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalo ukucabanga nge-贡眉. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuwukhiye wokuthi kungani izindawo zase-Fuding nase-Zhenghe zaba yizindawo eziyindinganiso, nokuthi kungani i-贡眉 ngokwezinga lingenakwenziwa nganoma iyiphi enye into.

Kusho ukuthini “华茶号”

Izinombolo 华茶1号, 华茶2号, 华茶3号, 华茶5号 zingamakhodi ezinhlobo zetiye ezigunyazwe kuzwelonke e-China. Zonke ezine, ezibalulekile etiyeni elimhlophe, zihlobene nesimo sokuphila esincane esifana nesihlahla (小乔木) kanye nohlobo olunamaqhuma amakhulu, olunoboya obuningi, okuvamise ukubizwa ngalo ngokuthi “omhlophe omkhulu” - 大白茶 (dàbái chá). Uboya obuminyene obusiliva beqhuma (茶毫, cháháo) kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid yikho okwenza lezi zihlahla zilungele i-白毫银针 kanye ne-白牡丹, lapho iqhuma lihlonishwa khona, hhayi iqabunga elivuthiwe.

Lapha kubalulekile ukuqaphela ngokushesha ukuhlukana kwemigomo. Ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, “大白茶” kuyinhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili zaseFuding: i-华茶1号 (福鼎大白) kanye ne-华茶2号 (福鼎大毫). Kodwa i-贡眉 ngokwezinga iyindaba ehlukile: impahla yayo eluhlaza iyinhlobo yomphakathi kuphela 群体种, okungukuthi, i-菜茶.

华茶1号 — 福鼎大白茶 (Fúdǐng dàbái chá)

Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwalo lonke itiye elimhlophe. Lidabuka e-福鼎 (Fuding) enyakatho ye-Fujian, lihlobene nohlobo oluncane olufana nesihlahla olunamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo, oluguquke laba “omhlophe omkhulu”. Luhlukaniswa ngenala ye-茶毫 kanye nephrofayili ecebile ye-theanine, enikeza ukuthambile nobumnandi okumnambithekayo.

Indima yomlando ye-福鼎大白 iyingqayizivele: kuze kube ngama-1950, lona kwakuwukuphela kwe-”大白” ekukhiqizeni, okusho ukuthi lonke itiye elimhlophe lezinga eliphezulu elineqhuma elikhulu elinoboya lalincike kulo lodwa. Ububanzi balolu hlobo bubanzi kakhulu — lusetshenziswa ku-白毫银针, 白牡丹, kanye ne-寿眉, luhlanganisa lonke uhlu lwetiye elimhlophe laseFuding.

华茶2号 — 福鼎大毫茶 (Fúdǐng dàháo chá)

“Omhlophe omkhulu” wesibili waseFuding, owangeniswa ekukhiqizweni ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950. Ngokwesimo sokuphila, kuyisitshalo esincane esifana nesihlahla, kodwa esinamaqabunga amakhulu kakade (大叶). Kuhlukile “kumfowabo omdala” ngezici ezimbili ezingokoqobo: likhiqiza isivuno esikhulu futhi likwazi ukubekezelela ukutshalwa okuminyene, futhi amaqhuma alo makhulu kakhulu.

Yingakho i-福鼎大毫 yandisa kakhulu isisekelo sempahla eluhlaza yetiye elimhlophe ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1950: lapho i-福鼎大白 yayinikeza iqhuma elicolekileyo, i-大毫 yengeze ubuningi nokukhiqiza. Ububanzi buyefana — 银针/牡丹/寿眉, futhi empeleni yilezi zinhlobo ezimbili ndawonye ezisuke zishiwo uma kuthiwa “大白茶”.

华茶3号 — 福安大白茶 (Fú’ān dàbái chá)

Uhlobo oluvela e-福安 (Fu’an), isitshalo esincane esifana nesihlahla esinamaqabunga amakhulu. Isici salo esihlukile ukusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo: i-福安大白 ayisetshenziswa kuphela etiyeni elimhlophe, kodwa futhi nasetiyeni elibomvu neliluhlaza. Ngokomthombo, lisebenza kuwo womabili amabhande, okusho ukuthi lisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene zokukhiqiza nezigaba, okuyikho okulenza libe “yihhashi elisebenzayo” elivumelana nobuchwepheshe obubanzi.

Okusho ukuthi etiyeni elimhlophe, i-福安大白 ayiyona uhlobo oluqeqeshelwe umsebenzi owodwa, kodwa oluguquguqukayo; engqikithini yamapasipoti ezinhlobo, lime eduze “nabamhlophe abakhulu” baseFuding, kodwa indima yalo ibanzi kunesigaba esisodwa.

华茶5号 — 政和大白茶 (Zhènghé dàbái chá)

Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwesifunda sase-政和 (Zhenghe) — isikhungo sesibili somlando setiye elimhlophe e-Fujian. Lesi yisitshalo esincane esifana nesihlahla esinamaqabunga amakhulu, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lesi sitshalo sivuthwa sekwephuze emvakwalo nyaka: iqhuma laso livuleka ngemuva kwesikhathi kunezaseFuding, okunika isigqi esihlukile sokuvuna kanye nohlobo oluvelele lwetiye.

Isihlahla siphakeme, iqabunga linenyama, futhi kunoboya obuningi. Iphrofayili ye-政和大白 ichazwa ngokuthi i-醇厚 — iminyene, “iqinile” futhi inothile, ngokungafani nendlela ye-Fuding elula futhi ecolekile. Ububanzi bujwayelekile “kobamhlophe abakhulu” — 银针/牡丹/寿眉, kodwa yilolu hlobo ncamashi olwakha isitayela esaziwayo sase-Zhenghe esinomsoco othize.

菜茶 — 群体种 (càichá, qúntǐ zhǒng)

Ehlukile kuzo zonke kukhona i-菜茶 — uhlobo lomphakathi lwasendaweni (群体种), olwaziwa nangokuthi “土茶” noma “小白茶”. Ngokungafani “nabamhlophe abakhulu” abasakazwa ngama-clone, lokhu akulona i-clone elilodwa, kodwa inhlanganisela yezimbewu: izihlahla ziyahlukahluka, zinamacembe amancane (灌木, 小叶), futhi zihlobene nesimo sokuphila sesihlahla. Isakazeke kuzo zontathu izifunda zomlando — 福鼎, 政和 kanye ne-建阳, futhi yi-建阳 (Jianyang) ikakhulukazi eyigcina njengefa eliphilayo.

Indima eyinhloko ye-菜茶 igxilile: iwukuphela kwempahla eluhlaza ye-贡眉. Ngokwezinga, i-贡眉 yenziwa kuphela nge-群体种, okungukuthi, nge-菜茶 — futhi ngalokhu yehluke ku-寿眉, ekhiqizwa ngezinhlobo ezinamaqhuma amakhulu. I-菜茶 inesivuno esiphansi, okuyikho okwenza i-贡眉 yangempela ibe ngumkhiqizo onqabile futhi ochazwa ngokwezinhlobo, hhayi nje “umkhiqizo wezinga eliphansi”.

Indlela Yokuzihlukanisa Empeleni

Uhlaka lwezinhlobo zetiye elimhlophe lwakhiwe ngezimbazo ezimbalwa ezilula.

• Ubukhulu kanye noboya beqhuma. Wonke amane “华茶号” akhiqiza iqhuma elikhulu, eliminyene elinoboya; i-福鼎大毫 inamaqhuma amakhulu kunawo wonke, i-福鼎大白 iyindinganiso yokucoleka kanye nephrofayili ye-theanine. Kwi-菜茶, iqhuma lincane, iqabunga lincane — lokhu kuveza ngokushesha uhlobo lomphakathi.

• Indawo kanye nesitayela. Izinhlobo zase-Fuding (华茶1/2号) zinikeza iphrofayili elula, enephunga elimnandi enenala ye-毫; i-政和 华茶5号 i-醇厚 kakhudlwana, iminyene futhi inomsoco, ngaphezu kwalokho ivuthwa sekwephuze emvakwalo nyaka. I-福安大白 (华茶3号) ivame ukuvela kabanzi nakwezinye izigaba.

• Isigaba setiye eseliphekiwe. I-白毫银针, 白牡丹, ne-寿眉 zincike “kobamhlophe abakhulu” (华茶1/2/5号, kanye ne-福安大白). I-贡眉 — yi-菜茶 kuphela. Lokhu akusikho ukuthanda okunembile, kodwa kuyimfuneko yezinga.

Umongo Womlando Namasiko

Umlando wezinhlobo zetiye elimhlophe, empeleni, umlando woshintsho olusuka ku-菜茶 luya “kobamhlophe abakhulu”. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, i-福鼎大白 yayiwukuphela kohlobo olunamaqhuma amakhulu, kanti umphakathi 菜茶 wawunesisekelo esikhulu esiphansi. Ukwavela nokusakazeka kwe-福鼎大毫 ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950, kanye nokugunyazwa “kwabamhlophe abakhulu” base-Fu’an nase-Zhenghe, kwaguqula itiye elimhlophe lisuka ekubeni ngumkhiqizo wasekhaya wabalimi laba yisigaba esimisiwe ngokwezinhlobo esinempahla eluhlaza engalindelekile.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-菜茶 ayizange ikhishwe: yagcina indawo yayo eyingqayizivele njengempahla eluhlaza eyisibopho ye-贡眉 futhi njengendawo ephilayo yokugcina izakhi zofuzo, egcinwe ngokucophelela ikakhulukazi e-建阳. Kanjalo-ke, esigabeni esisodwa kuhlala ndawonye izindlela ezimbili zokucabanga — ukumiswa kwama-clone “kwabamhlophe abakhulu” kanye nokuhlukahluka kwembewu kohlobo oludala lomphakathi.

Ukuzulazula Okufinyeziwe Ngezinhlobo

• 华茶1号 福鼎大白 — uhlobo oluyinhloko, i-毫 inala, inothe nge-theanine; ngokomlando kwakuwukuphela kwe-”大白” kuze kube ngama-1950.
• 华茶2号 福鼎大毫 — isivuno esikhulu, ukutshalwa okuminyene, amaqhuma amakhulu kakhulu; yangeniswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950.
• 华茶3号 福安大白 — isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo, isetshenziswa etiyeni elimhlophe, elibomvu neliluhlaza.
• 华茶5号 政和大白 — uhlobo oluyinhloko lwase-政和, oluvuthwa sekwephuze emvakwalo nyaka, luphakeme, lunephrofayili eyi-醇厚.
• 菜茶 群体种 — “土茶” enamahlamvu amancane, isivuno esiphansi, ukuphela kwempahla eluhlaza ye-贡眉; igcinwe e-建阳.

Lezi zinhlobo ezinhlanu zakha lolo hlaka lwezinhlobo okuphumela kulo sonke isigaba setiye elimhlophe laseShayina: kusukela eqhumeni elisiliva le-白毫银针 kuya e-贡眉 elihloniphekile nelilula.