Imephu yezinhlobo zephunga lama-dancong (香型, xiāngxíng)

Ama-Fenghuang dancong (fènghuáng dāncōng, 鳳凰單叢) — ama-ulong asuka eNtabeni iFenghuang e-Guangdong, avame ukuhlukaniswa hhayi ngokuma kweqabunga noma imboni, kodwa ngokuyinhloko ngephunga. Uhlelo oselumisiwe lwezinhlobo zephunga (xiāngxíng, 香型) — luwukhiye wokuzulazula oyinhloko kumakhulukhulu ezihlahla zomlando kanye namashumegama emakethe afana no-通天香, 夜來香 kanye no-八仙.

Kungani ama-dancong enemephu ehlukile yamaphunga

Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zetiye, uhlobo lunqunywa yicultivar nendawo. Kuma-Fenghuang dancong ngokomlando kusebenza umgomo ohlukile: izihlahla ezindala eziyingqayizivele (kukhona kuqhamuka khona 單叢 — “isihlahla esisodwa”) zakhethwa izingcweti ngokomlingiswa wetiye eseliphele, futhi amashumishumi eminyaka kwanqwabelanisa inhlanganisela yezihlahla ezinamagama. Ukuze kuhlelwe le nhlanganisela, ngo-1996 kwenziwa ucwaningo lwemithombo ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Dai Suxian (Inyuvesi Yezolimo YaseNingizimu China), olwaqinisa ukuhlukaniswa kube izinhlobo ezinkulu eziyishumi zephunga (十大香型). Yilesi sakhiwo esiyisisekelo sakho kokubili amaatlasi ezemfundo namakhathalogi ezohwebo.

Kubalulekile ukucacisa kusengaphambili into ejwayelekile kumadancong ebizwa nge-同名異物 / 異物同名 — “igama elifanayo ezihlahleni ezahlukene” kanye “namagama ahlukene esihlahleni esisodwa”. Ngakho-ke, i-香型 — akulona uhlobo lwesayensi yezitshalo oluqinile, kodwa imephu echazayo ngephunga elivelele; uhlobo olulodwa lungatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ngaphansi kwamagama asondelene.

Izinhlobo eziyishumi ezisemthethweni

Izinhlobo ezinkulu eziyishumi, ezaqiniswa ucwaningo lwango-1996, zigxile kuzilinganiso zezimbali, izithelo nezinongo:

• 黃栀香 (huángzhīxiāng) — i-gardenia;
• 芝蘭香 (zhīlánxiāng) — i-orchid;
• 蜜蘭香 (mìlánxiāng) — i-honey orchid;
• 桂花香 (guìhuāxiāng) — i-osmanthus;
• 玉蘭香 (yùlánxiāng) — i-magnolia;
• 薑花香 (jiānghuāxiāng) — imbali ye-ginger;
• 夜來香 (yèláixiāng) — i-tuberose;
• 茉莉香 (mòlìxiāng) — i-jasmine;
• 杏仁香 (xìngrénxiāng) — i-alimondi;
• 肉桂香 (ròuguìxiāng) — i-cinnamon.

Eceleni kwazo kukhona ungqimba lwezinhlobo ezincane: 柚花香 (imbali ye-pomelo), 橙花香 (imbali yewolintshi), 楊梅香 (i-waxberry), 附子香, 黃茶香, kanye no-苦種 (“uhlobo olubabayo”) nokunye. Lezi zigaba ziyadingeka ukuze kufakwe izihlahla ezinomlingiswa ongahunyushwa kulezi zilinganiso eziyishumi.

Imephu ngezinombolo: ukuthi irejista yakhiwe kanjani

Ubukhulu balolu hlelo bubonakala kahle ngesakhiwo samakholweshini ayizethenjwa. Encwadini ethi “Atlas” ka-Chen Shaoping (《中國鳳凰單叢茶圖譜》) izigaba 3.1–3.17 zinikeza khona amadancong ayi-214 “amele kakhulu”, kanti isigaba 3.18 (增录) sengeza amanye ayi-11 — esewonke ayi-225 amarekhodi. Amaphasipoti anemifanekiso esahlukweni esithi “名丛图文” somqulu othile 《凤凰单丛》 (2020) asabalalisa lawo madancong ayi-225 ezigabeni eziyi-18 kanje:

• 黄栀香 — izihlahla ezingama-71;
• 芝兰香 — ezingama-38;
• 其他清香 (“amanye amaphunga alula”) — ezingama-47;
• 桂花香 — eziyi-9; 杏仁香 — eziyi-6; 蜜兰香 — eziyi-5; 姜花香 — eziyi-5;
• 玉兰香 — eziyi-4; 肉桂香 — eziyi-4; 夜来香 — eziyi-4; 柚花香 — eziyi-4; 附子香 — eziyi-4; 黄茶香 — eziyi-4; 苦种茶 — eziyi-4;
• 杨梅香 — ezi-2; 茉莉花香 — ezi-2; 橙花香 — esi-1;
• 增录 — eziyi-11.

Kulokhu kwehlukaniswa kubonakala into ebalulekile: izinhlobo 黃栀香 (i-gardenia) kanye no-芝蘭香 (i-orchid) zikhononda ngokwezinombolo, kanti, isibonelo, i-橙花香 imelwe isihlahla esisodwa kuphela. Okusho ukuthi “izinhlobo eziyishumi” azilingani ngobukhulu, futhi isigaba esibanzi se-其他清香 siyavuma ngokusobala ukuthi ingxenye yezihlahla zomlando ayihambelani naleli shumi eliyisilinganiso.

Iphasipoti ngalinye lesihlahla lichazwa ngesethi efanayo yezinkambu: 香型 (uhlelo) / 单丛名·别名 (igama nezifaniso) / 株系 (uhlobo) / 树龄 (ubudala) / 海拔 (ubude ngaphezu kolwandle) / 产地村·管理人 (indawo nomphathi) / 特征特性, 树高·树幅, 成叶·叶色, 春茶采期 (izikhathi zokuvunwa kwentwasahlobo), 单株春产干茶 (isivuno setiye elomile esihlahleni esisodwa), 品质特点 (izwa). Kuma-名丛 ahlukanisiwe angama-32 kunikezwa nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali: 茶多酚 (i-polyphenols), 咖啡碱 (i-caffeine), 氨基酸 (ama-amino acids), 水浸出物 (izinto ezikhiphekayo).

Amagama aqavile emephini

I-夜來香 (yèláixiāng, i-tuberose) — akulona isihlahla esisodwa, kodwa wuhlobo olugcwele lwephunga, futhi kurejista limelwe ngamaphasipoti ama-4. Isiqondiso — iphunga lasebusuku, elimnandi lezimbali le-tuberose; igama lingaphansi kweqembu lamagama “ngephunga”.

I-八仙 (bāxiān, “abangafi abayisishiyagalombili”) — igama lemakethe elaziwayo, elibhekisela endabeni yamasiko yobuDao; ngokwemithetho yokuqamba lesi isibonelo somdlandla wamasiko. Emephini ye-香型 amagama afana nalawa ahlelwa ngephunga lawo elivelele, hhayi ngenganekwane.

I-通天香 (tōngtiānxiāng) — elinye igama lokuhweba elinomsindo ophakeme ochungechungeni “ngephunga” (ngokomqondo “iphunga elifinyelela emazulwini”), elitholakala njalo emakethe.

I-鸭屎香 (yāshǐxiāng) — yisimo esibonakalayo sokungaqondakali kwegama: kumqulu othile isihlahla sidlula ngaphansi kwegama elithi 鸭屎香, kanti kwiphasipoti eskeniwe enemifanekiso — njenge-鸭屎单丛 esigabeni se-杏仁香 (uhlobo lwe-alimondi, indawo 3.5.4). Lokhu kuwumfanekiso ocacile wokuthi isihlahla esisodwa sisayinwa kanjani ngokuhlukile ezincwadini ezahlukene.

Lapho kuqhathaniswa amakholweshini amabili, amagama angama-217 kwangu-225 afana; ingxenye yokungezwani — ingeyokubhala kuphela (黄栀香 uma kuqhathaniswa no-黄枝香 ohlotsheni olulodwa) noma ihlobene nezifaniso ezichazayo (ngokwesibonelo, 宋种黄枝香 ↔ 乌岽宋茶 / 东方红).

Umqondo wamagama

Ukuqonda imigomo yokuqamba kuyasiza ekufundeni imephu. Izihlahla ziqanjwa: ngephunga (夜來香, 通天香), nge-flavour yetiye, ngokuma kweqabunga, ngokuma kwesihlahla nomqhele, ngokubukeka kwetiye eseliphele, ngendawo ekhulele kuyo, ngenkathi noma isehlakalo, ngemidlandla yamasiko (八仙), ngokuboleka emhlabeni wezilwane nezinto, kanye namagama ayinhlanganisela (复式命名). Ngakho-ke uhlobo olulodwa lungavela kukhathalogi ngaphansi kwamagama amaningana.

Ukunambitheka nokwenziwa

Ngaphakathi kwemephu ye-香型 isisekelo esivamile sawo wonke ama-dancong sinqunywa yindlela yokucubungula njenge-ulong — ukuvutshelwa okuyingxenye ngokusebenzisa i-做青 (ukunyakazisa nokubunisa iqabunga eliluhlaza) bese kulandelwa ukoshwa (焙火). Kulesi sisekelo uhlobo luqinisa isici esikhulu sephunga esaziwayo: i-黃栀香 — i-gardenia eqoqwe ndawonye, i-芝蘭香 — i-orchid ephakeme, i-夜來香 — imbali yasebusuku emnandi, i-杏仁香 — i-alimondi eyinhlaka. Okujwayelekile kuma-dancong yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi inothi lasentabeni (山韵) lezitshalo ezindala kanye nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside ngemuva (回甘).

Ngokuyinhloko ama-dancong avezwa kahle ngokufaka okuminyene nokugxilisa isikhashana esitsheni esincane ngamanzi ashisayo: kungale ndlela lapho izendlalelo zephunga zisuswa khona ngokulandelana, bese kuthi izinga lokoshwa nobudala besihlahla kubonakale ekugcwalisweni komzimba nasekuzinzeni.

Ungahlukanisa kanjani ekusebenzeni

• Okokuqala bheka i-香型, hhayi igama elihle: uhlobo lunikeza isiqondiso sephunga, kuyilapho amagama afana no-八仙 noma i-通天香 angabhekisela ezihlahleni ezahlukene.
• Khumbula nge-同名異物: ukufana kwegama akuqinisekisi ukufana kwempahla eluhlaza; cacisa uhlobo (株系), indawo yokuzalwa kanye nezikhathi zokuvunwa.
• Ukuze uthole ukwethembeka kwezemfundo, thembela emthonjeni oyinhloko — 《中國鳳凰單叢茶圖譜》 ka-Chen Shaoping, 《潮州鳳凰茶樹資源志》 kanye nomqulu othi 《凤凰单丛》; sebenzisa izinkundla nezindawo zokubonisela zabathengisi kuphela uma unombhalo wokuqinisekisa.
• Cabangela izindlela zokubhala (栀/枝) nezifaniso ezichazayo — lesi isici esijwayelekile sezincwadi, hhayi amatiye ahlukene.

Isiphetho

Imephu ye-香型 — luphawu oluvele ngokomlando, olwahlelwa ngo-1996, okuwulimi iNtaba iFenghuang echaza ngalo amatiye ayo. Izinhlobo ezinkulu eziyishumi zinikeza iziqondiso, izigaba ezincane kanye nesigaba se-其他清香 kufaka konke okunye, futhi amagama anomsindo — 夜來香, 通天香, 八仙, 鸭屎香 — akha umqondo kuphela uma sazi ukuthi abhekisele kuliphi iphunga nakusiphi isihlahla esithile.